Peter Goldreich: Perbedaan antara revisi

[[Medali Emas Royal Astronomical Society]] (1993)<ref name = "ORIGINS" /><ref name="psu.edu">{{cite web|url = http://www.psu.edu/ur/archives/intercom_1997/March20/CURRENT/news4.html|title = Professor of astrophysics to give lecture series on planets|access-date = 2021-01-14|archive-date = 2012-09-12|archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/6AckV0RRf?url=http://www.psu.edu/ur/archives/intercom_1997/March20/CURRENT/news4.html|dead-url = yes}}</ref><br>

'''Peter Goldreich''' (lahir 14 Juli 1939) adalah seorang [[astrofisika]]wan [[Amerika Serikat]] yang penelitiannya berfokus pada [[mekanika benda langit]], cincin planet, [[helioseismologi]], dan [[bintang neutron]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.astro.caltech.edu/department/bluebook/goldreich.html|title = Caltech Astronomy : Peter Goldreich's Research Interests|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060912125405/http://www.astro.caltech.edu/department/bluebook/goldreich.html|archive-date = 2006-09-12}}</ref> Saat ini, ia merupakan Profesor Astrofisika dan Fisika Keplanetan Lee DuBridge di [[Institut Teknologi California]]. Sejak tahun 2005, ia juga merupakan profesor [[Institute for Advanced Study|Institut Studi Lanjutan]] di [[Princeton, New Jersey]].<ref name="IASLETTER"/><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.france-science.org/home/page.asp?target=news&ID=848|title = L'Académie des Sciences remet la Grande Médaille 2006 à l'astrophysicien américain Peter Goldreich|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071027170554/http://www.france-science.org/home/page.asp?target=news&ID=848|archive-date = 2007-10-27}}</ref><ref name="IASLETTER"/> Asteroid [[3805 Goldreich]] dinamai sesuai namanya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scully.cfa.harvard.edu/~cgi/ShowCitation.COM?num=3805 |title=Citation for (3805) |publisher=Minor Planet Center }}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Pada 1966, Goldreich mempublikasikan penelitian klasik pada evolusi [[orbit Bulan]] dan pada orbit satelit alami lainnya di dalam [[Tata Surya|tata surya]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Peter Goldreich|title=History of the Lunar Orbit|journal=[[Reviews of Geophysics]]|volume=4|issue=4|pages=411|date=Nov 1966|doi=10.1029/RG004i004p00411|bibcode=1966RvGSP...4..411G}} Termed "classic" by {{cite journal|last1=[[Jihad Touma]] & [[Jack Wisdom]]|title=Evolution of the Earth-Moon system|journal=[[The Astronomical Journal]]|volume=108|pages=1943|date=Nov 1994|doi=10.1086/117209|bibcode=1994AJ....108.1943T}}</ref> Ia menunjukkan bahwa untuk setiap planet, terdapat jarak tertentu sedemikian sehingga satelit berjarak lebih dekat dengan planet dengan jarak tersebut mempertahankan kemiringan orbital yang hampir konstan terhadap ekuator planet (dengan [[Presesi nodus|presesi orbit]] sebagian besar diakibatkan oleh pengaruh pasang surut planet), sedangkan jarak satelit yang lebih jauh mempertahankan kemiringan orbital yang hampir konstan terhadap [[ekliptika]] (dengan presesi sebagian besar diakibatkan oleh pengaruh pasang surut matahari). Satelit pada kategori pertama–dengan pengecualian satelit [[Neptunus]], [[Triton (satelit)|Triton]]–memiliki orbit yang dekat dengan bidang ekuator. Ia menyimpulkan bahwa satelit tersebut terbentuk dari [[piringan akresi]] ekuator. Akan tetapi, ia menemukan bahwa Bulan, walaupun pernah berada di dalam jarak kritis terhadap Bumi, tidak pernah memiliki orbit ekuator seperti yang diperkirakan dari berbagai skenario asal terbentuknya. Hal ini disebut sebagai masalah inklinasi Bulan dengan berbagai solusi telah diusulkan.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kaveh Pahlevan & Alessandro Morbidelli|title=Collisionless encounters and the origin of the lunar inclination|journal=Nature|volume=527|issue=7579|pages=492–494|date=26 November 2015|doi=10.1038/nature16137|pmid=26607544|arxiv=1603.06515|bibcode=2015Natur.527..492P|s2cid=4456736}}</ref>

Goldreich dan [[Alar Toomre]] pertama kali menjelaskan proses [[pengembaraan kutub]] di dalam penelitian pada tahun 1969, walaupun bukti [[paleomagnetisme]] belum ditemukan hingga saat ini.<ref>{{cite journal|title = Did the Dinosaurs Live on a Topsy-Turvy Earth?|journal = Science|volume = 287|issue = 5452|pages = 406–407|doi = 10.1126/science.287.5452.406|year = 2000|last1 = Kerr|first1 = R. A.|s2cid = 129200632}}</ref> Goldreich berkolaborasi dengan [[George Ogden Abell|George Abell]] untuk menyimpulkan bahwa [[nebula planeter]] berevolusi dari bintang [[raksasa merah]], pandangan yang saat ini diterima secara luas.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=hb4d5nb20m&doc.view=content&chunk.id=div00002&toc.depth=1&brand=calisphere&anchor.id=0|title = University of California: In Memoriam, 1985}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://parked.ihwy.com/~barbour/jeff/books/Stars_by_Night/march_2006.html |title=The Stars by Night and Day |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008052228/http://parked.ihwy.com/~barbour/jeff/books/Stars_by_Night/march_2006.html |archive-date=2007-10-08 }}</ref> Pada 1979, Goldreich bersama dengan [[Scott Tremaine]] memperkirakan bahwa cincin F [[Saturnus]] dilindungi oleh [[satelit penggembala]], perkiraan ini kemudian dikonfirmasi melalui pengamatan pada 1980.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.solarviews.com/eng/saturnbg.htm|title = Historical Background of Saturn's Rings}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2002-190|title = Chaos Seen in Movement of Ring-Herding Moons of Saturn|access-date = 2021-01-14|archive-date = 2016-01-15|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160115062149/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2002-190|dead-url = yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = http://partners.nytimes.com/library/national/science/062789sci-nasa-saturn.html|title = New Clues Emerge in Mystery of Planetary Rings | work=The New York Times | date=8 Desember 1999 | access-date=22 Mei 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1511/is_v7/ai_5083814/pg_9|title = Voyager was on target again; in the latest unmanned triumph, Voyager 2 surveyed Uranus and sent back a real bull's-eye}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> Mereka juga memperkirakan bahwa cincin [[Uranus]] dipertahankan posisinya oleh satelit penggembala serupa, perkiraan ini kemudian dikonfirmasi pada 1986.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://ciar.ca/web/home.nsf/pages/home.0380|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071011062904/http://www.ciar.ca/web/home.nsf/pages/home.0380|url-status = dead|archive-date = 2007-10-11|title = Cosmologist Scott Tremaine receives two honors}}</ref> Goldreich bersama Tremaine memperkirakan migrasi planet 1980 yang kemudian digunakan dalam menjelaskan [[jupiter panas]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://media4.obspm.fr/exoplanets/pages_histoire/trois-premieres.html|title = The three first giant exoplanets|access-date = 2007-05-11|archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/6AckRDZ0i?url=http://media4.obspm.fr/exoplanets/pages_histoire/trois-premieres.html|archive-date = 2012-09-12|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://abob.libs.uga.edu/bobk/ccc/cc083199.html |title=PLUTO, KBOs AND A NEW THEORY OF PLANETARY FORMATION |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901094822/http://abob.libs.uga.edu/bobk/ccc/cc083199.html |archive-date=2006-09-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://intl.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/276/5317/1336?ck=nck |title=Worlds Around Other Stars Shake Planet Birth Theory |journal=Science |volume=276 |issue=5317 |pages=1336–1339 |bibcode=1997Sci...276.1336G |last1=Glanz |first1=J. |year=1997 |doi=10.1126/science.276.5317.1336 |s2cid=119044504 }}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Pada 1969, Goldreich mempublikasikan sebuah penelitian<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goldreich |first1=Peter |last2=Julian |first2=William |title=Pulsar electrodynamics |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_1969-08_157_2/page/869 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=157 |pages=869 |date=1969 |bibcode=1969ApJ...157..869G |doi=10.1086/150119 }}</ref> bersama dengan William Julian yang saat ini dipandang sebagai karya klasik pada magnetosfer pulsar. Mereka menyediakan model sederhana dan kuat dari struktur medan magnet yang tertambat pada bintang neutron serta menunjukkan bahwa medan ini dapat mengekstrak energi rotasi bintang neutron untuk memberikan tenaga pada emisi elektromagnetik. Pertimbangan serupa kemudian digunakan untuk memahami magnetosfer [[lubang hitam]] yang berputar.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Blandford |first1=Roger |last2=Znajek |first2=Roman |title=Electromagnetic extraction of energy from Kerr black holes |journal=MNRAS |volume=179 |issue=3 |pages=433–456 |date=1977 |bibcode=1977MNRAS.179..433B |doi=10.1093/mnras/179.3.433 |arxiv=astro-ph/0506302 }}</ref>

Pada 1995, Goldreich menerima [[Medali Sains Nasional]] atas "kontribusi abadi dan mendalam terhadap [[ilmu keplanetan]] dan astrofisika, memberikan pandangan teoretis mendasar dalam memahami rotasi planet, dinamika cincin planet, pulsar, maser astrofisis, lengan spiral galaksi, serta osilasi Matahari".<ref name = "ORIGINSIASLETTER" /><ref name = "IASLETTERORIGINS" /><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.cfm?recip_id=141|title = The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/6AckVWW5e?url=http://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.cfm?recip_id=141|archive-date = 2012-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.jinfo.org/Medal_of_Science.html|title = JEWISH RECIPIENTS OF THE US NATIONAL MEDAL OF SCIENCE|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/6AckVzRkW?url=http://www.jinfo.org/Medal_of_Science.html|archive-date = 2012-09-12}}</ref> Goldreich menerima [[Grande Médaille]] dari [[Akademi Sains Prancis]] pada tahun 2006 atas berbagai kontribusinya dalam bidang astrofisika.<ref name = "PMAAWRDS" /><ref name = "awardarchive" /><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.france-science.org/home/page.asp?target=news&ID=850|title = French Academy of Science awards Grand Medal to astrophysicist Peter Goldreich|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071027170536/http://www.france-science.org/home/page.asp?target=news&ID=850|archive-date = 2007-10-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://autonomy.caltech.edu/autonomy/TierscalablePress/Archives%20for%20Honors%20and%20Awards.pdf|title = Archives for Honors and Awards|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081031140526/http://autonomy.caltech.edu/autonomy/TierscalablePress/Archives%20for%20Honors%20and%20Awards.pdf|archive-date = 2008-10-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ias.edu/about/publications/06Fall/|title = Institute for Advanced Study: The Institute Letter|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071030071342/http://www.ias.edu/about/publications/06Fall/|archive-date = 2007-10-30}}</ref> Goldreich menerima [[Penghargaan Shaw]] 2007 dalam bidang Astronomi "atas pengakuan pencapaian sepanjang hidupnya di dalam astrofisika teoretis dan ilmu keplanetan".<ref name = "Shaw" >{{cite web|url = http://www.shawprize.org/en/laureates/2007/astronomy/Goldreich/release.html|title = The Shaw Prize – Peter Goldreich – Announcement and Citation|access-date = 14 Juni 2007|archive-date = 2008-09-08|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080908012534/http://www.shawprize.org/en/laureates/2007/astronomy/Goldreich/release.html|dead-url = yes}}</ref>

* Terpilih ke dalam [[Akademi Sains Nasional Amerika Serikat|Akademi Sains Nasional]], 1972<ref name = "IASLETTER"/><ref name="ORIGINS">{{cite web|url = http://origins.mcmaster.ca/plec/petergoldreich.html|title = Origins Institute – Public Lectures – Peter Goldreich|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/6AckSNGHJ?url=http://origins.mcmaster.ca/plec/petergoldreich.html|archive-date = 2012-09-12}}</ref><ref name = "IASLETTER"/>

* [[Lektor Henry Norris Russell]] dari [[American Astronomical Society]], 1979<ref name = "ORIGINSIASLETTER" /><ref name = "IASLETTERORIGINS" />

* [[Medali Emas Royal Astronomical Society]], 1993<ref name = "ORIGINSIASLETTER" /><ref name = "IASLETTERORIGINS" /><ref name="psu.edu"/>