Falafel: Perbedaan antara revisi

| '''Daerah asal''': || [[Mesir]] dan [[Palestina]]

Kata '''Falāfil''' ({{lang-ar|فلافل}}) adalah sebuah bentuk plural dari ''{{transl|ar|ALA-LC|Filfil}}'' ({{lang|ar|[[wikt:فلفل|فلفل]]}}), yang artinya "lada". Kata itu sendiri menyebar dan digunakan dalam bahasa lainnya seperti <ref>''[[American Heritage Dictionary]]'', 5th edition (2011), s.v. ''falafel'' [http://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=falafel&submit.x=38&submit.y=12] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106031952/http://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=falafel&submit.x=38&submit.y=12|date=2014-01-06}}</ref> ''pilpil'' ({{lang|fa|پلپل}}) dalam [[bahasa Persia]],<ref>"پلپل", ''[[Dehkhoda Dictionary]]''</ref> dari kata [[Sanskerta]] ''{{transl|sa|pippalī}}'' ({{lang|sa|पिप्पली}}), yang artinya "lada panjang"; atau sebelumnya ''*filfal'', dari kata Aram ''pilpāl'', yang artinya "sesuatu yang berbentuk bulat dan kecil, jagung lada," yang berasal dari kata ''palpēl'', yang artinya "dijadikan bundar, gulungan". Dalam asal muasalnya, falafel artinya "penggulung, bola-bola kecil."

Asal muasal falafel tidak diketahui dan kontroversial.<ref name="Slow food">{{cite book|last=Petrini|first=Carlo|title=Slow food : collected thoughts on taste, tradition, and the honest pleasures of food|year=2001|publisher=Chelsea Green Publishing|isbn=978-1-931498-01-2|page=55|accessdate=6 Februari 2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KVf94-rwpJ8C&lpg=PP1&dq=Slow%20food:%20collected%20thoughts%20on%20taste,%20tradition,%20and%20the%20honest%20pleasures%20...%20By%20Carlo%20Petrini,%20Benjamin%20Watson&pg=PA55#v=onepage&q&f=false|author2=Watson, Benjamin}}</ref> Sebuah teori umum menyatakan bahwa hidangan tersebut berasal dari [[Mesir]],<ref name=ynet>{{cite news|last=Galili|first=Shooky|title=Falafel fact sheet|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3421119,00.html|accessdate=6 Februari 2011|publisher=Ynet News|date=4 Juli 2007|archive-date=2011-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628183259/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3421119,00.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> diyakini disantap oleh [[Koptik]] sebagai pengganti daging saat [[Prapaskah]].<ref name=Raviv>{{cite journal|last=Raviv|first=Yael|title=Falafel: A National Icon|journal=Gastronomica|date=1 Agustus 2003|volume=3|issue=3|pages=20–25|doi=10.1525/gfc.2003.3.3.20|jstor=10}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Denker|first=Joel|title=The World on a Plate: A Tour Through the History of America's Ethnic Cuisine|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|year=2003|page=41|url=https://books.google.com/?id=S_x6nrkcoUkC&pg=PA41&dq=falafel&cd=36#v=onepage&q=falafel|isbn=0-8133-4003-9}}</ref> Karena [[Iskandariyah]] adalah kota pelabuhan, hal tersebut memungkinkan hidangan tersebut dan namanya diekspor ke kawasan lainnya di Timur Tengah.<ref>{{cite book|last=Green|first=Aliza|title=Beans|url=https://archive.org/details/beansmorethan20000gree|year=2004|publisher=Running Press|isbn=978-0-7624-1931-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/beansmorethan20000gree/page/76 76]}}</ref> Hidangan tersebut kemudian bermigrasi dari kawasan utara ke [[Levant]], dimana kacang arab diganti kacang fava.<ref name="Kantor">{{cite web|title=A History of the Mideast in the Humble Chickpea|date=10 Juli 2002|author=Kantor, Jodi|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE3DF1430F933A25754C0A9649C8B63|publisher=''[[The New York Times]]''|accessdate=23 Maret 2008|archive-date=2008-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014200821/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE3DF1430F933A25754C0A9649C8B63|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="MacLeod">{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/world/lebanon-turns-up-the-heat-as-falafels-fly-in-food-fight-20081011-4yqo.html|title= Lebanon turns up the heat as falafels fly in food fight|last=MacLeod|first=Hugh|date=12 Oktober 2008|work=The Age|accessdate=10 Februari 2010|archive-date=2008-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014091818/http://www.theage.com.au/world/lebanon-turns-up-the-heat-as-falafels-fly-in-food-fight-20081011-4yqo.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> Hal tersebut menspekulasikan bahwa sejarahnya bermula pada zaman [[Firaun Mesir]].<ref name="Egyptian food and drink">{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Hilary|title=Egyptian food and drink|year=1988|publisher=Shire|isbn=978-0-85263-972-6|page=25|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X0f1IY2M6G8C&lpg=PA25&dq=fava%20beans%20egypt%20national%20food&pg=PA25#v=onepage&q&f=false}}{{Pranala mati|date=Januari 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Falafel berkembang menjadi bentuk [[makanan jalanan]] atau [[makanan cepat saji]] umum di [[Timur Tengah]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.blueridgenow.com/article/20100128/NEWS/1281035/1042?Title=Dining-with-a-Middle-Eastern-flair-&tc=ar|title=Dining with a Middle Eastern flair|last=Kelley|first=Leigh|date=January 28, 2010|work=[[Times-News (Hendersonville, North Carolina)|Times-News]]|accessdate=10 Februari 2010|archive-date=2016-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803140825/http://www.blueridgenow.com/article/20100128/NEWS/1281035/1042?Title=Dining-with-a-Middle-Eastern-flair-&tc=ar|dead-url=no}}</ref> Kroket biasanya disantap sebagai bagian dari [[meze]]. Pada saat [[Ramadan]], bola-bola falafel terkadang disantap sebagai bagian dari ''[[iftar]]'', sebuah hidangan untuk berbuka puasa harian setelah adzan maghrib. Falafel menjadi makin populer ketika [[McDonald's]] sempat menyajikan "McFalafel" di beberapa negara.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wnewsj.com/main.asp?SectionID=43&SubSectionID=200&ArticleID=172473|first=Jerry|last=Allison|title=Fast food – Middle Eastern style|date=6 Januari 2009|work=[[The News Journal]]|accessdate=6 Februari 2011|archive-date=2011-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718075130/http://www.wnewsj.com/main.asp?SectionID=43&SubSectionID=200&ArticleID=172473|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Falafel masih populer di kalangan Koptik, yang memasakkanya dengan jumlah besarpada saat hari raya keagamaan.<ref name="Roden"/>

Perdebatan tentang asal muasal falafel terkadang berkembang dalam diskusi politik tentang hubungan bangsa Arab dan bangsa Israel.<ref name="Kantor"/> Pada zaman modern, falafel dianggap sebagai hidangan nasional Mesir,<ref>[[Claudia Roden]] ''A Book of Middle Eastern Food'' (Penguin, 1970) pp.&nbsp;60–61.</ref> [[Negara Palestina|Palestina]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Emma|title=It's Easier to Reach Heaven than the End of the Street|year=2006|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|location=Great Britain|isbn=978-0-7475-8559-6|page=378|url=https://books.google.com/?id=yve-_E5VwGAC&pg=PA378&dq=falafel+national+dish+palestine#v=onepage&q=falafel%20national%20dish%20palestine&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Karmi|first=Ghada|title=In Search of Fatima|year=2002|publisher=Verso New Left Books|location=U.S.A.|isbn=1-85984-561-4|page=39|url=https://books.google.com/?id=DuiB5iJ26KcC&q=falafel+national+dish#v=snippet&q=falafel%20national%20dish&f=false}}</ref> dan [[Israel]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The place of the Mediterranean in modern Israeli identity|series=Jewish identities in a changing world|volume=11|last=Nocke|first=Alexandra|publisher=Brill|year=2009|isbn=978-90-04-17324-8|page=125|postscript=.}}</ref><ref>[[Alan Davidson (penulis makanan)|Alan Davidson]], ''[[Oxford Companion to Food]]'' (Oxford University Press, 1999) p. 287</ref> Beberapa fakta bahwa Israel merampas hidangan tersebut .<ref name=Pilcher>{{cite book|last=Pilcher|first=Jeffrey M.|title=Food in World History|publisher=Routledge|year=2006|page=115|isbn=978-0-415-31146-5|url=https://books.google.com/?id=lbEVK2DSu3AC&printsec=frontcover&dq=falafel&cd=3#v=onepage&q=falafel}}</ref> Selain itu, Asosiasi Industrialis Lebanon telah melayangkan pernyataan [[pelanggaran hak cipta]] terhadap Israel terkait falafel.<ref name="Kantor"/><ref name="MacLeod"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/Ext/Comp/ArticleLayout/CdaArticlePrintPreview/1,2506,L-3605773,00.html|title=Lebanon: Israel stole our falafel|last=Nahmias|first=Roee|date=10 Juni 2008|publisher=Ynet News|accessdate=11 Februari 2010|archive-date=2009-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420082118/http://www.ynetnews.com/Ext/Comp/ArticleLayout/CdaArticlePrintPreview/1,2506,L-3605773,00.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>

Falafel telah menjadi populer di kalangan [[Vegetarianisme|vegetarian]] dan [[Veganisme|vegan]], sebagai sebuah alternatif makanan jalanan berbahan daging,<ref name=vegtimes1>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LwcAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA20&dq=%22Falafel+Without+the+Fat%22#v=onepage&q=%22Falafel%20Without%20the%20Fat%22&f=false|work=[[Vegetarian Times]]|title=Falafel without fat|author=Grogan, Bryanna Clark|date=July 2003|pages=20, 22|accessdate=2e Februari 2011|issn=0164-8497 }}</ref> dan sekarang dijual pada campuran dalam kemasan di toko-toko makanan sehat.<ref name="Wolfe 2007">{{cite book|last=Wolfe|first=Frankie Avalon|title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Being Vegetarian|publisher=Penguin Group|year=2007|pages=175, 186|accessdate=22 Februari 2011|isbn=978-1-59257-682-1|url=https://books.google.com/?id=c0S-LmVSYgsC&pg=PA126&dq=falafel&cd=1#v=onepage&q=falafel}}</ref> Meskipun biasanya digunakan untuk membuat [[burger veggie]],<ref name="falafel burgers">{{cite book|last=Murphy|first=Jane|title=The Great Big Burger Book: 100 New and Classic Recipes for Mouth Watering Burgers Every Day Every Way|year=2010|publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com|accessdate=6 Februari 2011|isbn=978-1-4587-6463-8|page=304|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GcjxTyEMNjAC&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20Great%20Big%20Burger%20Book:%20100%20New%20and%20Classic%20Recipes%20for%20Mouth%20Watering%20...%20By%20Jane%20Murphy&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> penggunaannya secara luas lebih sebagai sumber protein.<ref name=veganvolume>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=XzJUBO3Sm_YC&pg=PA203&dq=%22Falafel%22+vitamin#v=onepage&q=%22Falafel%22%20vitamin&f=false|work=Vegan in volume: Vegan Quantity recipes for every occasion|author=Berkoff R.D., Nancy|accessdate=February 22, 2011|title=Vegan in volume: vegan quantity recipes for every occasion|isbn=978-0-931411-21-2|year=1999}}</ref> Di Amerika Serikat, falafel digunakan pada resep-resep untuk [[daging giling]], [[sloppy joe]] dan [[spageti dan bakso]] dalam hidangan vegetarian.<ref name=vegtimes2>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAQAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA36&dq=%22Falafel%22+vegetarian+times#v=onepage&q=%22Falafel%22%20vegetarian%20times&f=false|work=Vegetarian Times|title=New Ways with Falafel: The Middle Eastern favorite has evolved from a high fat sandwich stuffer to a low fat meal magician|author=Leonard, Joanne|date=October 1996|pages=36, 38|accessdate=February 22, 2011|archive-date=2016-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425025715/https://books.google.com/books?id=tAQAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA36&dq=%22Falafel%22+vegetarian+times#v=onepage&q=%22Falafel%22%20vegetarian%20times&f=false|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name=vegtimes3>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JQcAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA30&dq=%22Falafel%22+vegetarian+times#v=onepage&q=%22Falafel%22%20vegetarian%20times&f=false|work=Vegetarian Times|title=Minute Meals|author=Whitney, Winona|date=June 1991|page=30|accessdate=February 23, 2011}}</ref>

Falafel dibuat dari [[Vicia faba|kacang fava]] atau [[kacang arab]], atau kombinasi keduanya. Penggunaan kacang arab umum di sebagian besar negara Timur Tengah.<ref name="Evening Standard 2002-2-05-02">{{cite news|url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/restaurants/article-1256574-falling-for-fine-falafel.do|title=Falling for fine falafel|last=Campion|first=Charles|date=9 Mei 2002|work=[[Evening Standard]]|accessdate=10 Februari 2010|archive-date=2013-05-05|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130505124656/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/restaurants/article-1256574-falling-for-fine-falafel.do|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Hidangan tersebut biasanya dibuat dengan kacang arab di [[Suriah]], [[Lebanon]], [[Yordania]], [[Israel]] dan [[Negara Palestina|Palestina]].<ref name=Roden>{{cite book|last=Roden|first=Claudia|title=The New Book of Middle Eastern Food|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780375405068|year=2000|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-0-375-40506-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780375405068/page/62 62]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Malouf|first=Greg|title=Artichoke to Za'atar: Modern Middle Eastern Food|year=2008|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-25413-8|page=90|url=https://books.google.com/?id=0j5c0GMrOdcC&pg=PA90&dq=egyptian+falafel+spicy#v=onepage&q=egyptian%20falafel%20spicy&f=false|author2=Malouf, Lucy|accessdate=6 Februari 2011}}</ref><ref name=Aytop106>{{cite book|title=The glutton's glossary: a dictionary of food and drink terms|first=John|last=Ayto|publisher=Routledge|year=1990|accessdate=6 Februari 2011|isbn=0-415-02647-4|url=https://books.google.com/?id=vAQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA106&dq=syria+falafel+chickpeas}}</ref> Versi ini sangat populer di wilayah Barat.<ref name="Roden"/> Varietas Mesir-nya saty-satunya yang menggunakan kacang fava.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dimbleby|first1=Henry|last2=Baxter|first2=Jane|title=The world’s best falafel recipe comes from Egypt|url=http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/mar/20/worlds-best-falafel-recipe-henry-dimbleby-back-to-basics|accessdate=23 Maret 2015|publisher=The Guardian|date=20 Maret 2015|archive-date=2023-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322094027/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/mar/20/worlds-best-falafel-recipe-henry-dimbleby-back-to-basics|dead-url=no}}</ref>

Rekor saat ini, 74.75&nbsp;kg (164.4&nbsp;lb), dicetak pada 28 Juli 2012 di Amman, Yordania.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jordantimes.com/jordan-earns-guinness-record-for-worlds-largest-falafel |title=Jordan earns Guinness record for world's largest falafel |date=29 Jul 2012 |accessdate=31 Jul 2012 |last=Abuqudairi |first=Areej |work=[[The Jordan Times]] |archive-date=2015-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513182936/http://jordantimes.com/jordan-earns-guinness-record-for-worlds-largest-falafel |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Rekor sebelumnya memiliki berat sebesar 23.94&nbsp;kg (52.8&nbsp;lb), 1.17 m dan tinggi seukuran 0.3 m, dicetalk di Festival Makanan dan Kebudayaan Yahudi Lembah Santa Clarita (AS), [[College of the Canyons]], Valencia, California, AS, pada 15 Mei 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Largest Falafel|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/4000/largest-falafel|publisher=Guinness World Records|accessdate=18 Maret 2012|archive-date=2013-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920143041/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/4000/largest-falafel|dead-url=no}}</ref>

Sebuah rekor, 5,173&nbsp;kg (11,404&nbsp;lb 8 oz), dicetak oleh Chef Ramzi Choueiri dan para pelajar dari [[Universitas Al-Kafaat]] (Lebanon) di Beirut pada 9 Mei 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=Largest serving of falafel|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/8000/largest-serving-of-falafel|publisher=Guinness World Records|accessdate=18 Maret 2012|archive-date=2023-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717181125/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-serving-of-falafel|dead-url=no}}</ref>

* [http://dinersjournal.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/02/12/recipe-of-the-day-falafel/ New York Times ''Recipe of the Day'' for February 12, 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930225106/https://dinersjournal.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/02/12/recipe-of-the-day-falafel/ |date=2019-09-30 }}