Produk alami: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Produk alami''' adalah [[senyawa kimia]] atau zat yang diproduksi dari organisme hidup.<ref name="url_Natural_product_Webster">{{cite web | url = http://www.thefreedictionary.com/natural+product | title = Natural product | year = 1913 | format = | author = Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary | publisher = Free Online Dictionary and C. & G. Merriam Co. | quote = A chemical substance produced by a living organism; - a term used commonly in reference to chemical substances found in nature that have distinctive pharmacological effects. Such a substance is considered a natural product even if it can be prepared by total synthesis. }}</ref><ref name="pmid17576412">{{cite journal | vauthors = | title = All natural | journal = Nature Chemical Biology | volume = 3 | issue = 7 | pages = 351 | date = July 2007 | pmid = 17576412 | doi = 10.1038/nchembio0707-351 | quote = "The simplest definition for a natural product is a small molecule that is produced by a biological source." }}</ref> Dapat ditemukan di alam<ref name = "Samuelson_1999">{{cite book | title = Drugs of Natural Origin: A Textbook of Pharmacognosy | author = Samuelson G | publisher = Taylor & Francis Ltd, | year = 1999 | isbn = 9789186274818 }}</ref><ref name="urlNatural Products Research—Information for Researchers | NCCAM">{{cite web | url = http://nccih.nih.gov/grants/naturalproducts | title = Natural Products Research—Information for Researchers &#124; NCCIH | author = National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health | date = 2013-07-13 | work = | publisher = U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | quote = Natural products include a large and diverse group of substances from a variety of sources. They are produced by marine organisms, bacteria, fungi, and plants. The term encompasses complex extracts from these producers, but also the isolated compounds derived from those extracts. It also includes vitamins, minerals and probiotics. }}</ref> dan biasanya memiliki aktivitas biologi dan terkadang farmakologi untuk digunakan pada [[penemuan obat]] farmasi dan [[desain obat]]. Sebuah produk ''alami'' bisa dianggap demikian bahkan untuk senyawa yang dibuat dari [[sintesis kimia]] (baik [[semisintesis]] dan [[sintesis total]]) dan telah memainkan peran sentral dalam pengembangan bidang [[kimia organik]] dengan memberikan target sintetis yang menantang. Istilah produk alami juga telah diperluas untuk tujuan komersial untuk merujuk pada kosmetik, [[suplemen makanan]], dan makanan yang dihasilkan dari sumber alami tanpa menambahkan bahan buatan.<ref name="url_NPF_about_us">{{cite web | url = http://www.naturalproductsfoundation.org/index.php?src=gendocs&ref=about_us&category=About | title = About Us | work = | publisher = Natural Products Foundation | quote = Natural products are represented by a wide array of consumer goods that continue to grow in popularity each year. These products include natural and organic foods, dietary supplements, pet foods, health and beauty products, "green" cleaning supplies and more. Generally, natural products are considered those formulated without artificial ingredients and that are minimally processed. | accessdate = 2013-12-07 | archive-date = 2013-12-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131211123544/http://www.naturalproductsfoundation.org/index.php?src=gendocs&ref=about_us&category=About | dead-url = yes }}</ref>

Dalam bidang [[kimia organik]], definisi produk alami biasanya dibatasi untuk berarti [[senyawa organik]] murni yang diisolasi dari sumber alami yang dihasilkan oleh jalur [[metabolit primer|metabolisme primer]] atau [[metabolit sekunder|sekunder]].<ref name = "Hanson_2003">{{cite book | author = Hanson JR | title = Natural Products: the Secondary Metabolite | date = 2003 | publisher = Royal Society of Chemistry | location = Cambridge | isbn = 0-85404-490-6 | quote = Natural products are organic compounds that are formed by living systems. }}</ref> Dalam bidang [[kimia medisinal]], definisi ini sering kali lebih terbatas pada metabolit sekunder.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=72549 | work = [[Stedman's Medical Dictionary]] | publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | title = Natural Products | quote = Natural products: naturally occurring compounds that are end products of secondary metabolism; often, they are unique compounds for particular organisms or classes of organisms. | access-date = 2017-06-19 | archive-date = 2016-08-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160803091030/http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=72549 | dead-url = yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Williams DA, Lemke TL | title = Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry| date = 2002 | edition = 5th | publisher = Lippincott Williams Wilkins | location = Philadelphia | isbn = 0-683-30737-1 | page = 25 | chapter = Chapter 1: Natural Products | chapterurl = https://books.google.com/books?id=KGLF4ZudTyAC&lpg=PP1&dq=isbn%3A0683307371&pg=PA25#v=onepage&q=Table%201.1&f=false | quote = Natural product: A single chemical compound that occurs naturally. This term is typically used to refer to an organic compound of limited distribution in nature (often called secondary metabolites). }}</ref> Metabolit sekunder tidak esensial untuk bertahan hidup, namun bagaimanapun juga menyediakan organisme yang menghasilkan keuntungan evolusioner.<ref name="pmid1612430">{{cite journal | vauthors = Maplestone RA, Stone MJ, Williams DH | title = The evolutionary role of secondary metabolites--a review | journal = Gene | volume = 115 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 151–7 | date = June 1992 | pmid = 1612430 | doi = 10.1016/0378-1119(92)90553-2 }}</ref> Banyak metabolit sekunder adalah [[sitotoksik]] dan telah dipilih dan dioptimalkan melalui evolusi untuk digunakan sebagai agen "perang kimia" terhadap mangsa, pemangsa, dan organisme yang berkompetisi.<ref name="pmid18762775">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hunter P | title = Harnessing Nature's wisdom. Turning to Nature for inspiration and avoiding her follies | journal = EMBO Reports | volume = 9 | issue = 9 | pages = 838–40 | date = September 2008 | pmid = 18762775 | pmc = 2529361 | doi = 10.1038/embor.2008.160 }}</ref>

Produk alami dapat diklasifikasikan menurut fungsi biologisnya, jalur [[biosintesis]], atau sumber seperti dijelaskan di bawah ini.

# Produk yang disintesis di dalam sel dan memegang peran yang besar dalam metabolisme dan reproduksi dari sel tersebut. senyawa ini termasuk ke dalam kelompok [[senyawa metabolit primer]],<ref name=Hanson>{{citation

|isbn=0854044906}}({{google books with page|K8pgDqX9CIcC|lihat|1|secondary+metabolite}})</ref>, dan

# Produk yang merupakan [[polimer]] berukuran besar yang biasanya berfungsi sebagai bagian struktural dalam sel. Contoh kelompok ini adalah [[selulosa]], [[lignin]], dan protein-protein yang menyusun struktural sel.<ref name="Hanson"/>.

# Produk yang mempunyai fungsi khusus dalam sel yang jenis dan fungsinya berbeda-beda untuk setiap [[makhluk hidup]]. kelompok ini termasuk dalam kelompok senyawa [[metabolit sekunder]].<ref name="Hanson"/>.

* {{en}} [http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/biomol.htm Natural Products page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203050704/http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/biomol.htm |date=2007-02-03 }}, William Reusch (2010) Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry, Ann Arbor, Mich.:Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry