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{{Infobox officeholder|name=Ubaidillah bin Ziyad|parents=*[[Ziyad bin Abihi]] (ayah)
*Marjanah (ibu)|image=Arab-Sasanian Dirham in the name of Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad.jpg|caption=''[[Dirham]]'' peral dengan nama Ubaidillah|allegiance=[[Kekhalifahan Umayyah]] (673–686)|death_date=Agustus 686|battles={{plainlist|
*[[Penaklukan Transoxiana oleh Muslim]]
*[[Pertempuran Karbala]]▼
*[[Pertempuran Marj Rahith]]
*[[Pertempuran Ain al-Wardah]]
*[[Pertempuran Khazir]]{{KIA}}
}}|office1=Gubernur [[Khurasan]]|successor1=[[Said bin Utsman]]|predecessor1=Ziyad bin Abihi|term1=673–676|office2=Gubernur [[Basra]]|successor2=Abdul Malik bin Abdullah bin 'Amir|predecessor2=[[Abdullah bin AmrAmru bin Ghailan]]|term2=674/75–684|office3=Gubernur [[Kufah]]|predecessor3=[[An-Nu'man bin Basyir al-Anshari]]|successor3='Amir bin Mas'ud bin Umayyah al-Jumahi|term3=679/680–683/684}}
'''UbaidillahʿUbaidillāh bin ZiyadZiyād''' ({{lang-ar|عبيد الله بن زياد}}) adalah seorang [[gubernur]] [[dinasti]] Umayyah di wilayah Basra, Kufah dan Khurasan selama masa pemerintahan khalifah [[Mu'awiyahMuawiyah bin Abu Sufyan]] dan [[Yazid bin Mu'awiyahMuawiyah]], dan panglima tentara Umayyah di bawah khalifah [[Marwan bin al-Hakam]] dan [[Abdul Malik bin Marwan]]. Ubaidillah dikenal karena perannya dalam pembunuhan anggota keluarga [[Ali bin Abi Thalib]] termasuk [[Husain bin Ali]]. Ubaidillah kemudian menjadi terkenal dalam sejarah karena perannya.
 
Ia menjabat sebagai panglima tentara di bawah khalifah [[Marwan bin al-Hakam]] dan [[Abdul Malik bin Marwan]]. Ubaidillah dikenal karena perannya dalam pembunuhan anggota keluarga [[Ali bin Abi Thalib]] termasuk [[Husain bin Ali]] di [[Pertempuran Karbala]].
Ia menggantikan ayahnya, Ziyad bin Abihi sebagai gubernur setelah kematiannya pada tahun 673. Selama pemerintahannya, Ubaidillah menekan pemberontakan [[Khawarij]] dan pendukung Ali. Dalam [[Pertempuran Karbala]] selanjutnya pada tahun 680, [[Husain bin Ali]] dan keluarganya dibunuh oleh pasukan Ubaidillah. Ubaidillah akhirnya diusir dari [[Irak]] oleh bangsawan suku Arab di tengah pemberontakan [[Abdullah bin Zubair]].▼
 
▲Ia menggantikan ayahnya, Ziyad bin Abihi sebagai gubernur setelah kematiannya pada tahun 673. Selama pemerintahannya, Ubaidillah menekan pemberontakan [[Khawarij]] dan pendukung Ali. Dalam [[Pertempuran Karbala]] selanjutnya pada tahun 680, [[Husain bin Ali]] dan keluarganyapasukan kecilnya dibunuh oleh pasukan Ubaidillah. Ubaidillah akhirnya diusir dari [[Irak]] oleh bangsawan suku Arab di tengah pemberontakan [[Abdullah bin az-Zubair]].
Ubaidillah berhasil pergi ke Suriah di mana ia berhasil membujuk [[Marwan bin al-Hakam]] untuk menjabat sebagai khalifah dan membantu membangun kembali Kekhalifahan Umayyah yang hampir runtuh. Setelah itu, ia bertempur dalam [[Pertempuran Marj Rahith]] tahun 684 melawan suku-suku pro-Ibnu Zubair dan membantu membangun kembali pasukan Umayyah. Dengan pasukan ini dia berjuang melawan pemberontak suku [[Qais]] di [[Al-Jazirah]] sebelum maju melawan pendukung Ali dan pendukung Ibnu Zubair di Irak. Namun, dia terbunuh dan pasukannya dikalahkan di [[Pertempuran Khazir]] oleh pasukan [[Ibrahim bin al-Asytar]].▼
 
▲Ubaidillah berhasil pergi ke Suriah di mana ia berhasil membujuk [[Marwan bin al-Hakam]] untuk menjabat sebagai khalifah dan membantu membangun kembali Kekhalifahan Umayyah yang hampir runtuh. Setelah itu, ia bertempur dalam [[Pertempuran Marj Rahith]] tahun 684 melawan suku-suku pro-Ibnu az-Zubair dan membantu membangun kembali pasukan Umayyah. Dengan pasukan ini dia berjuang melawan pemberontak suku [[Qais]] di [[Alal-Jazirah]] sebelum maju melawan pendukung Ali dan pendukung Ibnu az-Zubair di Irak. Namun, dia terbunuh dan pasukannya dikalahkan di [[Pertempuran Khazir]] oleh pasukan [[Ibrahim bin al-Asytar]].
== Kehidupan awal ==
Ubaidillah adalah putra dari [[Ziyad bin Abihi]] yang asal usul sukunya tidak jelas; Ziyad lahir di luar nikah dan ayahnya tidak diketahui, sedangkan ibunya adalah selir dari [[Persia]] yang bernama Marjanah.<ref name="Robinson763">Robinson, p. 763.</ref> Ziyad menjabat sebagai Gubernur [[Umayyah]] di Irak dan wilayah timur provinsi tersebut, yang dikenal sebagai [[Khurasan]], pada masa pemerintahan Khalifah [[Muawiyah I]] (memerintah 661–680).<ref>Hasson 2002, p. 519.</ref>
 
== GubernurDaftar Irak dan Khurasanpustaka ==
[[File:Umayyad Caliphate. temp. Mu'awiya I ibn Abi Sufyan. AH 41-60 AD 661-680.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Umayyad Caliphate]] coin imitating [[Sasanid Empire]] ruler [[Khosrau II]]. Coin of the time of [[Mu'awiya I ibn Abi Sufyan]]. BCRA ([[Basra]]) mint; "Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad, governor". Dated AH 56 = 675/6 CE. Sasanian style bust imitating [[Khosrau II]] right; bismillah and three pellets in margin; c/m: winged creature right / Fire altar with ribbons and attendants; star and crescent flanking flames; date to left, mint name to right.]]
Ubayd Allah's father prepared Ziyad to succeed him as governor, and indeed, after Ziyad's death in 672/673, Ubayd Allah became governor of Khurasan.<ref name="Robinson763"/> A year or two later, he was also appointed to the governorship of [[Basra]].<ref name="Robinson763"/> According to historian [[Hugh N. Kennedy]], Ubayd Allah was "more hasty and given to the use of force than his father, but a man whose devotion to the Umayyad cause could not have been doubted".<ref>Kennedy 2004, p. 74.</ref>
 
In 674 he crossed the [[Amu Darya]] and defeated the forces of the ruler of [[Bukhara]] in the first known invasion of the city by Muslim Arabs.<ref>Gibb 2007, pp. 17–19.</ref> From at least 674 and 675, Ubayd Allah had coins struck in his name in Khurasan and Basra, respectively.<ref name="Robinson763"/> They were based on [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] coinage and written in [[Pahlavi script]].<ref name="Robinson763"/> The mints were located in Basra, Darabjird, [[Maysan Governorate|Maysan]], [[Narmashir]], Jayy and, to a lesser extent, [[Kufa]].<ref name="Robinson763"/> The latter was attached to Ubayd Allah's governorship in 679/680, giving him full control of Iraq.<ref name="Robinson763"/>
 
===Suppression of the Shia of Ali===
Mu'awiya died in 680 and was succeeded by his son [[Yazid I]]. Mu'awiya's designation of his son was an unprecedented act and shocked many in the Muslim community, particularly the Arab nobility of Kufa.<ref name="Kennedy77">Kennedy 2004, p. 77.</ref> They long sympathized with Caliph [[Ali]], Mu'awiya's former rival, and Ali's family.<ref name="Kennedy77"/> One of Ali's sons, [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]] dispatched his cousin [[Muslim ibn Aqil]] to Kufa to set the stage for Husayn's accession to the caliphate.<ref name="Donner178">Donner 2010, p. 178.</ref><ref name="Wellhausen147">Wellhausen 1927, pp. 146–147.</ref> Ibn Aqil garnered significant support and was hosted by a prominent pro-[[Alid]] nobleman.<ref name="Donner178"/><ref name="Wellhausen147"/> Ubayd Allah became aware of Ibn Aqil's activities, prompting the latter to launch a premature assault against the governor.<ref name="Wellhausen147"/> Ubayd Allah was holed up in his palace, but thirty men from his ''[[shurta]]'' (security forces) fended off Ibn Aqil's partisans, allowing Ubayd Allah to escape.<ref>Kennedy 2001, p. 13.</ref> He then persuaded many Kufan noblemen to back him against Ibn Aqil, who was abandoned by his supporters and slain on 10 September 680.<ref name="Wellhausen147"/><ref>Crone 1980, p. 32.</ref>
 
Husayn had already been en route to Kufa from [[Medina]] when he received news of Ibn Aqil's execution.<ref name="Donner178"/><ref name="Wellhausen147"/> Ubayd Allah was prepared for Husayn's arrival and sent troops to intercept him.<ref name="Donner178"/> They prevented Husayn and his small retinue from reaching the watered areas of the province.<ref name="Kennedy77"/> The two sides negotiated for weeks, but Ubayd Allah refused Husayn entry into Kufa while Husayn refused to recognize Yazid's caliphate or return to Arabia.<ref name="Donner178"/> In the end, a short battle was fought at [[Karbala]] on 10 October 680, in which Husayn and nearly all of his partisans were slain.<ref name="Kennedy77"/><ref name="Donner178"/><ref name="Wellhausen147"/> Husayn had never received the expected backing of his Kufan sympathizers, but the latter's resentment festered as a result of his death.<ref name="Kennedy77"/> The slaying of Husayn, a grandson of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]], perturbed many Muslims.<ref name="Kennedy77"/>
 
== Role in Umayyad succession ==
The death of Yazid in 683 led to a major leadership crisis in the caliphate, and "the power of his house seemed to collapse everywhere", in the words of Orientalist [[Julius Wellhausen]].<ref name="Wellhausen169">Wellhausen 1927, p. 169.</ref> Ubayd Allah initially neglected to support Yazid's son and designated successor, [[Mu'awiyah II|Mu'awiya II]] and secured oaths of allegiance to himself from the Basran Arab nobility.<ref name="Wellhausen169"/> In a speech addressed to them, he emphasized his connection to Basra and promised to maintain the wealth of the city's inhabitants.<ref name="Kennedy78">Kennedy 2004, p. 78.</ref> Nonetheless, the Basrans turned against him, forcing him to abandon his palace.<ref name="Kennedy78"/><ref name="Madelung301">Madelung 1981, p. 301.</ref> He was replaced by Abd Allah ibn al-Harith, a member of the [[Banu Hashim]].<ref name="Madelung301"/> Ubayd Allah took refuge with the [[Azd]]i chieftain Mas'ud ibn Amr in late 683 or early 684.<ref name="Madelung301"/> He plotted to restore his governorship by encouraging Mas'ud to form an alliance of the Yamani and Rabi'a tribes against his opponents from the [[Banu Tamim]] and Ibn al-Harith.<ref name="Madelung303">Madelung 1981, p. 303.</ref> Mas'ud took to the pulpit of Basra's mosque to stir up the revolt, but Tamimi tribesmen, under Ibn al-Harith's direction, stormed the building and killed Mas'ud.<ref name="Madelung303"/> After Mas'ud's death, Ubayd Allah fled the city practically alone in March 684, taking the Syrian desert route to [[Hawran]] or [[Palmyra]].<ref name="Kennedy78"/><ref name="Madelung301"/><ref>Wellhausen 1927, p. 175.</ref> In his rush to escape, he left his wife and family behind.<ref name="Madelung303"/>
 
When Ubayd Allah arrived in Syria, he found it in political disarray; Caliph Mu'awiya II had died weeks into his rule and a power vacuum ensued with many Syrian noblemen, particularly from the [[Qays]]i tribes, switching allegiance to the rival, Mecca-based caliphate of [[Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr]].<ref name="Kennedy78"/> The latter had expelled the Umayyads from the [[Hejaz]] and among the exiles to Syria was [[Marwan I|Marwan ibn al-Hakam]], an Umayyad elder.<ref>Kennedy 2004, pp. 78–79.</ref> Ubayd Allah persuaded Marwan, who was preparing to recognize Ibn al-Zubayr's sovereignty, to enter his candidacy as Mu'awiya II's successor.<ref name="Kennedy79">Kennedy 2004, p. 79.</ref> The Umayyads' principal Syrian allies, the [[Banu Kalb]], had sought to maintain Umayyad rule and nominated Mu'awiya II's half-brother Khalid as caliph.<ref name="Kennedy79"/> However, the other pro-Umayyad Syrian tribes viewed Khalid as too young and inexperienced, and rallied around Marwan, who was ultimately chosen as caliph.<ref name="Kennedy79"/>
 
== Kampanye militer di Suriah dan Al-Jazirah ==
Ubaidillah berperang atas nama Marwan dan sekutu sukunya melawan suku-suku Qais dibawah pimpinan [[Adh-Dhahhak bin Qais]], seorang gubernur [[Jund Dimasyq|Damaskus]], pada [[Pertempuran Marj Rahith]] bulan Agustus 684.<ref name="Robinson763"/> Pasukan Qais dikalahkan dan Adh-Dhahhak terbunuh. Ubayd Allah was put in command of Marwan's army which, during Marj Rahit, consisted 6,000 men from a handful of loyalist tribes.<ref name="Kennedy32">Kennedy 2001, p. 32.</ref> According to Kennedy, Ubayd Allah "clearly intended to rebuild the Syrian army which had served Mu'awiya and Yazid I so well".<ref name="Kennedy32"/> In the aftermath of Marj Rahit, Ubayd Allah oversaw campaigns against rebel Qaysi tribes for Marwan and his son and successor [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan|Abd al-Malik]] (r. 685–705) in the [[Al-Jazira (caliphal province)|Jazira]].<ref name="Robinson763"/> However, Marwan's forces were too little to assert Umayyad rule throughout the caliphate.<ref name="Kennedy32"/> Thus, Ubayd Allah expanded recruitment to include various Qaysi tribes.<ref name="Kennedy32"/> He placed [[Husayn ibn Numayr al-Sakuni]] of [[Kindah]] as his second-in-command, and Shurahbil ibn Dhi'l-Kila' of [[Himyar]], Adham ibn Muhriz of [[Bahila]], al-Rabi'a ibn Mukhariq of [[Banu Ghani]] and Jabala ibn Abd Allah of [[Khath'am]] as deputy commanders.<ref name="Kennedy32"/> Other than Husayn ibn Numayr, all the other commanders were either Qaysi or had earlier supported al-Dahhak against Marwan.<ref name="Kennedy32"/>
 
In January 685, as Ubayd Allah was in [[Manbij]] preparing for the Umayyad reconquest of Iraq, Husayn ibn Numayr defeated the pro-Alid Penitents at the [[Battle of Ayn al-Warda]].<ref name="Robinson763"/><ref name="Wellhausen185">Wellhausen 1927, p. 185.</ref> Ubayd Allah had been promised by Marwan the governorship over all of the lands he could conquer from the Alids and Ibn al-Zubayr, and he may have been sanctioned to plunder Kufa.<ref name="Wellhausen185"/> For the following year, Ubayd Allah was bogged down in battles with the Qaysi tribes of Jazira led by [[Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi]].<ref name="Wellhausen185"/> By 686, Ubayd Allah's army numbered some 60,000 troops.<ref name="Kennedy32"/>
 
By the time Ubayd Allah's army approached [[Mosul]] toward Iraq, the Zubayrids under [[Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr]] had established themselves in Basra while [[Al-Mukhtar|al-Mukhtar ibn Ubayd]] took control of Kufa in the name of the Alid [[Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah|Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya]].<ref name="Kennedy81">Kennedy 2004, p. 81.</ref> Al-Mukhtar dispatched [[Ibrahim ibn al-Ashtar]] and an army composed largely of non-Arab freedmen to confront Ubayd Allah.<ref name="Kennedy81"/> The latter fended off the first wave of al-Mukhtar's troops, and proceeded to face off Ibn al-Ashtar at the [[Khazir River]].<ref name="Kennedy81"/> In the ensuing [[Battle of Khazir]], the Umayyad army was routed and Ubayd Allah was slain by Ibn al-Ashtar.<ref name="Kennedy81"/> His commanders Husayn, Shurahbil and al-Rabi'a were also killed.<ref name="Kennedy81"/> With Ubayd Allah's death, Caliph Abd al-Malik halted further advances against Iraq until 691.<ref name="Kennedy81"/>
 
'''Kematian'''
 
Pada [[Pertempuran Khazir]], Ubaidillah kepalanya dipenggal, dan kepalanya yang dipenggal dibawa ke istana al-Mukhtar. Melihat kepala yang dipenggal tersebut, orang-orang mulai berteriak ketakutan, karena seekor ular tiba-tiba muncul dan masuk ke dalam tengkorak kepala Ubaidillah, dengan masuk melalui hidung dan tinggal di dalam untuk beberapa saat. Ular tersebut keluar dan kemudian melakukan hal yang sama dua kali lagi.<ref>''(Sunan-ut-Tirmidhi, vol. 5, pp. 431, Hadeeth 3805)''</ref>
 
== Lihat pula ==
*[[Hani bin Urwah]]
*[[Syamr bin Dzil Jausyan]]
 
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
 
== Bacaan lanjut ==
*{{cite journal|last=Brock|first=Sebastian P.|author-link=Sebastian Brock|title=North Mesopotamia in the late Seventh Century: Book XV of [[John Bar Penkāyē]]'s Rīš Mellē|journal=[[Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam]]|volume=9|date=1987|pages=51–75|issn=0334-4118}}
*{{Slaves on Horses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOu7XGjKmkAC&pg=PA93}}
Baris 65 ⟶ 28:
 
== Pranala luar ==
* {{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20051118013031/http://www.grifterrec.com/coins/islam/arab_sas/arabsasanian2.html Umayyad GovernorsGubernur ofUmayyah al-Basra anddan al-KufaKufah]
* {{en}} [http://www.san.beck.org/AB13-MuhammadandIslam.html Muhammad anddan IslamicPenaklukan ConquestIslam]
 
{{s-start}}
{{succession box|title=Gubernur [[Khorasan Raya|Khurasan]]|before=[[Ziyad bin Abihi]]|after=[[Said bin Utsman]]|years=673&ndash;676673–676}}
{{succession box|title=Gubernur [[Basra]]|before=[[Abdullah bin AmrAmru bin Ghailan]]|after=Abdul Malik bin Abdullah bin 'Amir|years=674/675&ndash;684675–684}}
{{succession box|title=Gubernur [[Kufah]]|before=An-Nu'man bin Basyir al-Anshari|after='Amir bin Mas'ud bin Umayyah al-Jumahi|years=679/680&ndash;683680–683/684}}
{{s-end}}
{{bio-stub}}▼
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[[Kategori:Kematian 686]]
[[Kategori:Jenderal UmayyahArab]]
▲*[[Kategori:Pertempuran Karbala]]
 
 
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