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{{kegunaan lain|Naga (disambiguasi)}}
[[Berkas:Friedrich-Johann-Justin-Bertuch_Mythical-Creature-Dragon_1806.jpg|jmpl|Ilustrasi naga bersayap, api bernafas oleh [[Friedrich Justin Bertuch]] dari 1806]]▼
{{untuk|kadal naga dunia nyata|Agamidae}}
▲[[
[[File:Ninedragonwallpic1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Ukiran naga dalam mitologi Tiongkok di [[Dinding Sembilan Naga]], [[Taman Beihai]], [[Beijing]] ]]
[[File:Zmei Gorynich - Ystad-2019.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Moncong kapal [[kapal panjang]] bangsa Viking di [[Ystad]] yang berbentuk kepala naga]]
'''Naga''' merupakan satu dari [[makhluk legenda]] yang memiliki karakteristik serupa reptil yang muncul dalam banyak [[cerita rakyat]] berbagai budaya di dunia. Kepercayaan terhadap naga berbeda-beda pada setiap daerah, tetapi [[naga Eropa|naga dalam mitologi barat]] sejak [[Abad Pertengahan Atas]] dideskripsikan sebagai makhluk yang memiliki sayap, tanduk, [[Quadrupedalism|empat kaki]], dan dapat mengeluarkan nafas api. Sedangkan, dalam [[Naga Tiongkok|budaya timur]], naga biasanya digambarkan sebagai makhluk tak bersayap, memiliki empat kaki, memiliki bentuk seperti [[ular]] dengan kecerdasan yang diatas rata-rata. Selain itu, naga digambarkan memiliki sifat yang merupakan gabungan dari fitur dalam ras felin, aves, dan reptil. Para mahasiswa mempercayai bahwa naga kemungkinan besar merupakan gambaran dari [[buaya]], khususnya dengan karakteristik tempat tinggalnya, yaitu di rawa-rawa ataupun hutam lebat, juga struktur tubuhnya, menjadikan hewan ini sebagai asal-usul penggambaran dari naga Oriental modern.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stromberg |first=Joseph |date=23 January 2012 |title=Where Did Dragons Come From? |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/where-did-dragons-come-from-23969126/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004073045/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/where-did-dragons-come-from-23969126/ |archive-date=4 October 2019 |access-date=2 September 2019 |website=Smithsonian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2000 |title=Archeologists Find Crocodile is Prototype of Dragon |url=http://en.people.cn/english/200004/29/eng20000429_40001.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902190613/http://en.people.cn/english/200004/29/eng20000429_40001.html |archive-date=2 September 2019 |access-date=2 September 2019 |website=People's Daily}}</ref>
{{TOC limit|3}}
==Etimologi==
[[File:Pakhangba.jpg|left|thumb|[[Pakhangba]], adalah [[dewa]] naga ular purba dalam [[mitologi Meitei]].]]
Istilah "naga" merupakan kata serapan dari [[bahasa Sanskerta]], yaitu {{IAST|nāgá}} ({{lang|sa|[[:wikt:नाग#Sanskrit|नाग]]}}) yang berarti "[[ular kobra]]" yang berasal dari penamaan [[ular kobra India]] (''Naja naja''). Sinonim untuk ''{{IAST|nāgá}}'' adalah ''{{IAST|phaṇin}}'' ({{lang|sa|[[:wikt:फणिन्#Sanskrit|फणिन्]]}}). Sebetulnya terdapat beberapa kata yang juga berarti "ular" secara umum, dan satu dari yang paling sering digunakan adalah ''{{IAST|sarpá}}'' ({{lang|sa|[[:wikt:सर्प#Sanskrit|सर्प]]}}). Terkadang, kata ''{{IAST|nāgá}}'' juga memiliki arti sebagai "ular" secara umum.<ref name=Apte>{{cite book|last1=Apte|first1=Vaman Shivram|title=The student's English-Sanskrit dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/studentsenglishs00apte_271|date=1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|location=Delhi|isbn=81-208-0299-3|edition=3rd rev. & enl.}}, p. 423. The first definition of ''nāgaḥ'' given reads "A snake in general, particularly the cobra." p.539</ref> Kata tersebut memiliki [[kata asal]] yang sama dengan ''snake'' dalam bahasa Inggris, dan kata ''snake'' berasal dari bahasa rumpun Jermanik: ''*snēk-a-'', [[Bahasa Proto-Indo-Eropa|Proto-IE]]: ''*(s)nēg-o-'' (dengan [[pergerakan s rumpun Indo-Europa|pergerakan s]]).
[[File:Beowulf - dracan.jpg|thumb|Kemunculan kata "dracan" yang merupakan sebuah kata dalam [[bahasa Inggris Kuno]] dalam ''[[Beowulf]]''<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=OCc8TF53RhMC&pg=PA196 Beowulf; a heroic poem of the 8th century, with tr., note and appendix by T. Arnold], 1876, p. 196.</ref>]]
Dalam bahasa Inggris, kata ''dragon'' berasal dari [[bahasa Prancis Kuno]] yang masuk kedalam bahasa Inggris pada awal abad ke-13, kata ''dragon'' tersebut juga berasal dari {{lang-la|draconem}} (bentuk normatif dari {{lang|la|draco}}) yang berarti "ular raksasa, naga", dari [[bahasa Yunani Kuno]] {{lang|grc|[[:wikt:δράκων|δράκων]]}}, {{transl|grc|drákōn}} (bentuk genitif dari {{lang|grc|[[:wikt:δράκοντος|δράκοντος]]}}, {{transl|grc|drákontos}}) "ular laut, ular raksasa".{{sfn|Ogden|2013|page=4}}<ref name="LiddelScott">[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Ddra%2Fkwn2 Δράκων] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620113648/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Ddra%2Fkwn2 |date=20 June 2010 }}, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', at Perseus project</ref> Istilah naga dalam bahasa Yunani dan Latin mengacu pada ular manapun yang berukuran besar dan tidak harus sebagai makhluk mitologi.{{sfn|Ogden|2013|pages=2–4}} Kata bahasa Yunani {{lang|grc|δράκων}} kemungkinan besar berasal dari kata kerja dalam bahasa Yunani {{lang|grc|[[:wikt:δέρκομαι|δέρκομαι]]}} ({{transl|grc|dérkomai}}) yang berarti "Aku melihat", dan menjadi {{lang|grc|ἔδρακον}} ({{transl|grc|édrakon}}) dalam bentuk [[aorist]].<ref name="LiddelScott"/> Asal-usul penamaan ini yang kemungkinan menjadi sebutan untuk sesuatu yang memiliki "tatapan yang mematikan"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/dragon|title = Dragon | Origin and meaning of dragon by Online Etymology Dictionary}}</ref> atau mata yang memancarkan cahaya yang tidak biasa<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=de%2Frkomai&la=greek&can=de%2Frkomai0&prior=to/de&d=Perseus:text:1999.01.0041:card=699&i=1#lexicon|title = Greek Word Study Tool}}</ref> ataupun "tajam",<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.oup.com/2015/04/st-georges-day-dragon-etymology/|title = Guns, herbs, and sores: Inside the dragon's etymological lair|date = 25 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wyld |first1=Henry Cecil |title=The Universal Dictionary Of The English Language |date=1946 |page=334 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.64081}}</ref> juga bisa berarti untuk menggambarkan mata ular yang kelihatannya selalu terbuka dan setiap dari mata tersebut bisa melihat menembus kelopak matanya yang transparan dan bersisik, yang tertutup secara permanen. Kata dalam bahasa Yunani tersebut juga kemungkinan berasal dari basis kata {{lang|ine-x-proto|*derḱ-}} dalam [[bahasa Indo-Eropa]] yang berarti "melihat"; dan akar kata [[bahasa Sansekerta]] {{lang|sa|दृश्}} ({{transl|sa|dr̥ś-}}) yang juga berarti "melihat".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Skeat |first1=Walter W. |title=An etymological dictionary of the English language |date=1888 |publisher=Oxford Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |page=178 |url=https://archive.org/details/etymologicaldict00skeauoft}}</ref>
==Afrika==
[[File:Set speared Apep.jpg|thumb|left|Ilustrasi yang menggambarkan dewa [[Set (dewa)|Set]] yang menombak ular [[Apep]] dikarenakan ia menyerang [[perahu Matet|Perahu Surya]] dari [[Ra]] dalam artefak serat papyrus dari era Mesir Kuno]]
'''Apep'''; Nama/ejaan lain: ''Apophis'' merupakan sebuah makhluk berwujud ular dalam [[mitologi Mesir]], makhluk tersebut tinggal di [[Duat]] yang merupakan dunia bawah Mesir.{{sfn|Ogden|2013|page=11}}{{sfn|Niles|2013|page=35}} Artefak tersebut ditulis pada sekitar 310 SM pada serat papyrus Bhemner-Rhind dan sekaligus menjadi salah satu bukti dari kisah Mesir yang menyatakan bahwa terbenamnya matahari disebabkan oleh [[Ra]] yang berangkat ke Duat untuk melawan Apep.{{sfn|Ogden|2013|page=11}}{{sfn|Niles|2013|page=35}} Dalam beberapa tulisan lain disebutkan, bahwa Apep memiliki panjang delapan orang dewasa dengan kepala yang terbuat dari [[batu rijang]].{{sfn|Niles|2013|page=35}} Badai petir dan gempa bumi diyakini sebagai akibat dari rauman Apep{{sfn|Niles|2013|page=36}} dan [[gerhana matahari]] diyakini sebagai akibat dari Apep yang menyerang Ra pada siang hari.{{sfn|Niles|2013|page=36}}
== Pandangan Terhadap Naga ==
Baris 11 ⟶ 29:
Tidak demikian halnya dengan citra naga di peradaban timur. Di Tiongkok, naga dianggap sebagai sosok yang bijaksana dan agung layaknya dewa. Naga adalah satu-satunya hewan mitos yang menjadi simbol Shio. Budaya Minangkabau mengenal dongeng [[Ngarai Sianok]] yang diciptakan oleh Sang Naga. Hiasan berbentuk naga juga sangat lekat dengan budaya Jawa, umumnya terdapat di gamelan, pintu candi dan gapura, sebagai lambang penjaga. Masyarakat Dayak juga menggambarkan Naga sebagai penguasa dunia bawah, dan [[Burung Enggang]] sebagai penguasa dunia atas. Naga di peradaban timur mendapat tempat terhormat, karena meskipun mempunyai kekuatan dahsyat yang bisa menghancurkan, tetapi tidak semena-mena dan bahkan bisa mengayomi.
Naga atau Ular menurut pandangan kebanyakan Orang Indonesia, dianggap sebagai lambang dunia bawah. Sebelum Zaman Hindu (''Neolithicum''), di Indonesia terdapat anggapan bahwa dunia ini terbagi menjadi dua bagian, yaitu dunia bawah dan dunia atas, dan masing-masing mempunyai sifat yang bertentangan. Dunia bawah antara lain dilambangkan dengan bumi, bulan, gelap, air, ular, kura-kura, buaya. Sedangkan dunia atas dilambangkan dengan matahari, terang, atas, kuda, rajawali.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://masduljoni.multiply.com/journal/item/9 |
Pandangan semacam itu juga hampir merata di seluruh bangsa Asia. Dalam cerita [[Mahabarata]] maupun pandangan kebanyakan Orang Indonesia sendiri sebelum Zaman Hindu, naga atau ular selalu berhubungan dengan air, sedangkan air mutlak diperlukan sebagai sarana pertanian.
▲== India ==
== Tiongkok ==
Baris 51 ⟶ 65:
* [[Sampung Kepala Naga Gambir Sawit]]
==
===Kutipan===
{{reflist}}
===Daftar pustaka===
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{{refend}}
== Pranala luar==
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