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[[Berkas:Petit Sammy éternue.jpg|rightka|thumbjmpl|250px|''Little Sammy Sneeze'' oleh [[Winsor McCay]]]]
'''Bersin''' adalah keluarnya [[udara]] serta suara semi otonom yang terjadi dengan keras lewat [[hidung]] dan [[mulut]]. Udara ini dapat mencapai kecepatan 70 m/detik (250 km/jam). Bersin dapat menyebarkan penyakit lewat butir-butir air yang terinfeksi yang diameternya antara 0,5 hingga 5 [[µm]]. Sekitar 40.000 butir air seperti itu dapat dihasilkan dalam satu kali bersin.<ref>Cole EC, Cook CE. Characterization of infectious aerosols in health care facilities: an aid to effective engineering controls and preventive strategies. ''Am J Infect Control.'' 1998 Aug;26(4):453-64. Sneezing can transmit many diseases PMID 9721404</ref>
== Sains ==
Bersin merupakan reaksi penyesuaian untuk menyingkirkan ingus yang mengandung partikel atau gangguan asing dan membersihkan rongga hidung. Saat bersin, lelangit ("palate") lembut dan uvula lendut sementara belakang lidah naik untuk menutup sebagian rute ke mulut agar udara yang disingkirkan dari paru-paru bisa dikeluarkan melalui hidung. Oleh karena penutupan mulut adalah sebagian, sejumlah besar udara ini biasanya juga dikeluarkan melalui mulut
{{expert-subject|Medicine}}
Bersin biasanya sering dihubungkan dengan penyakit [[influenza]] atau [[pilek]]. Tetapi sebenarnya ini bukan hanya gejala penyakit influenza saja ini juga merupakan gejala [[penyakit pernapasan]] (misalnya rhinitis, dan selesma). Kadang kala kita bersin ketika pilek, [[ingus]] akan terdorong keluar dari dalam hidung. Ini dapat menularkan virus kepada orang disekitar kita. Untuk itu tutuplah [[mulut]] dan [[hidung]] dengan [[saputangan]] untuk mencegah penyebaran virus tersebut.
== Lihat pula ==
*[[Batuk]]
*[[Demam]]
*[[Sakit kepala]]
== Yang lainnya ==
== Kepercayaan dan aspek budaya ==
Pada 400 SM jenderal [[Athena]] [[Xenofon]] memberikan pidato dramatis yang mengimbau anggota-anggota pasukannya untuk mengikutinya menuju kemerdekaan atau mati dalam menghadapi tentara [[Persia]]. Ia berbicara selama satu jam berusaha memotivasi pasukannya dan meyakinkan bahwa mereka akan kembali dengan selamat ke [[Athena]], sampai seorang tentaranya menggarisbawahi kesimpulannya dengan sebuah bersin. Karena yakin bahwa bersin ini adalah tanda dari [[dewa]]ta bahwa mereka berkenan atas pasukan Athena, maka tentara-tentara itu memberi hormat kepada Xenofon dan mengikuti perintahnya.
<!--Another divine moment of sneezing for the Greeks occurs in the story of [[Odysseus]]. Odysseus returns home disguised as a beggar and talks with his waiting lover [[Penelope]]. She says to [[Odysseus]], not knowing to whom she speaks, that he will return safely to challenge her suitors. At that moment their son sneezes loudly and Penelope laughs with joy, reassured that it is a sign from the gods.[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5435812]
Among the [[Paganism|pagans]] of [[Flanders]], a sneeze was an [[omen]]. When [[Saint Eligius]] warned the pagans against their [[Druidry|druidical practices]], according to his companion and biographer [[Ouen]], he included the following: "Do not observe auguries or violent sneezing or pay attention to any little birds singing along the road. If you are distracted on the road or at any other work, make the [[sign of the cross]] and say your Sunday [[prayer]]s with faith and devotion and nothing inimical can hurt you."-->
Di [[HongariaHungaria]], [[Slowakia]] dan [[Slovenia]] dan beberapa negara [[Timur Tengah]] bersin yang terjadi setelah seseorang membuat pernyataan kadang-kadang ditafsirkan sebagai konfirmasi dari Tuhan bahwa pernyataan itu benar.
Di [[Jepang]], ada [[kepercayaan]] bahwa bersin adalah tanda bahwa ada orang lain atau seseorang yang berada jauh daripadanya yang membicarakannya atau menjelek-jelekkannya di belakangnya.
Ada keyakinan umum di [[India]] bahwa orang yang bersin mengingatterangsang atau diingatmerangsang oleh orang yang disayanginya. Kebanyakan orang India menganggap bersin sebagai sesuatu yang sehat. Tidak bisa bersin adalah sesuatu yang harus dikhawatirkan. ''[[Psychology Today]]'' melaporkan bahwa para pilmuwan India menyebut ketidakmampuan untuk bersin sebagai "asneezia"; orang India telah lama mempunyai kebiasaan untuk [[tembakau|menghirup tembakau]] sebagai cara untuk menimbulkan bersin secara artifisial.
=== OnomatopoeiaOnomatope ===
[[OnomatopoeiaOnomatope]] dalam [[bahasa Inggris]] untuk suara bersin adalah "''achew!''", "''atisshoo''" dan "achoo". Suku kata pertama sesuai dengan hirupan udara, dan suku kata kedua sesuai dengan suara bersinnya.
==== Dalam bahasa-bahasa lain ====
* [[Bahasa Arab]]" ''عطسة''" (atsa).
* [[Bahasa Persia]] "''atseh''"
* [[Bahasa Bulgaria]] "''апчих''" ("apchikh"; diucapkan "apcikh").
* [[Bahasa Wales]] "achw" (diucapkan "acu")
* [[Bahasa Spanyol]] "''atchís''" (diucapkan "acis") dan "''atchús''" (diucapkan "acus").
* [[Bahasa Portugis]] "''atchim''".
* [[Bahasa Denmark]] "''atjuu''" (diucapkan "acu").
* [[Bahasa Belanda]] "''hatsjoe''" (diucapkan "hacu"), dan "''hatsjie''" (diucapkan "haci").
* [[Bahasa Perancis]] "''atchoum''" (diucapkan "hacum").
* [[Bahasa Jerman]] "''hatschi''" (diucapkan "haci").
* [[Bahasa Ibrani]] "''apchee''" (diucapkan "apci").
* [[Bahasa Hindi]] "''chheenk''" (diucapkan "cing").
* [[Bahasa Indonesia]] "'hat-ci'".
* [[Bahasa Jepang]] "''hakushon''" atau "''kushami''". Ditulisはくしょん atau 嚏（くしゃみ).
* [[Bahasa Tionghoa]] "''penti''" (喷嚏).
* [[Bahasa Kantonis]] "''hut-chi''" (乞嚏) .
* [[Bahasa Latvia]] "''apčī''", (diucapkan "apci").
* [[Bahasa Marathi]] "''shheenka''" (diucapkan "syingka")..
* [[Bahasa Polandia]] "''apsik''" (diucapkan "apsyik").
* [[Bahasa Slovenia]] "''kihanje''" (diucapkan "kihanye")..
* [[Bahasa Turki]] "''hapşuu''" (diucapkan "hapsyu").
* [[Bahasa Rumania]] "''hapciu''" (diucapkan "hapciu").
* [[Bahasa Rusia]] "''hapchkhi''" ("апчхи") (diucapkan "apsyikh").
* [[Bahasa Urdu]] "''chheenk''" (diucapkan seperti chheenk dengan tekanan pada chh).
* [[Bahasa Norwegia]] "''atsjo''".
* [[Bahasa Tagalog]] "''hatsing''" (diucapkan "haching").
* [[Bahasa Thai]] "''Hutchew'' atau ''Hutchei''" (ฮัดชิ่ว or ฮัดเช่ย) (diucapkan"hatciu"atau "hatcei").
* [[Bahasa Tamil]] "Thummal".
* [[Bahasa Malayalam]] "Thummal".
* [[Bahasa Telugu]] "Thummu".
* [[Bahasa Eslandia]] "''Atsjú''" (diucapkan "achoo").
* [[Bahasa Somali]] "''Hindis''"
=== Tanggapan tradisional bila seseorang bersin ===
Di negara-negara berbahasa Inggris ada kebiasaan untuk setidak-tidaknya satu orang untuk mengatakan "God bless you" (Semoga Tuhan memberkati Anda) (atau hanya "Bless you" - Kiranya Anda diberkati) bila seseorang bersin. [[Tradisi]] ini berasal dari Abad Pertengahan, ketika diyakini bahwa ketika seseorang bersin, jantungnya berhenti berdenyut, jiwanya meninggalkan dutubhnyatubuhnya, dan dapat direnggut oleh roh jahat. Kini, kata-kata itu diucapkan hanya sekadar sopan-santun dan biasanya orang yang bersin kemudian menjawab "Terima kasih". Juga ketika [[Demam Merah]] pertama kali merebak, orang seringkalisering kali mati karena bersin, sehingga orang mulai mengatakan "Semoga Tuhan memberkati Anda", dengan harapan bahwa mereka akan selamat. Dalam bahasa Spanyol, orang mengatakan "Salud", yang juga berarti kesehatan.
Dalam budaya Islam yang didasarkan pada berbagai hadis dan ajaran Muhammad . Sebuah contoh dari hal ini adalah hadis riwayat Al-[[Bukhari]] dari [[Abu Hurairah]] bahwa [[Muhammad|Nabi Muhammad]] pernah berkata:<blockquote>
Di negara-negara berbahasa Inggris, kadang-kadang juga digunakan kata bahasa Jerman "Gesundheit" (yang berarti ''kesehatan'') setelah seseorang bersin. Dalam bahasa Spanyol, orang mengatakan "Salud", yang juga berarti kesehatan.
"Ketika salah satu dari kita bersin, biarkan dia berkata, "''Al-hamdu-Lillah''" (Segala puji bagi Allah), dan membiarkan saudaranya atau pendamping berkata kepadanya, "''Yarhamuk Allah''" (Semoga Allah merahmati anda) . Jika ia berkata, "Yarhamuk-Allah", kemudian biarkan [hidung itu] berkata, "Allah wa Yahdiikum yuslihu baalakum" (Semoga Allah membimbing Anda dan memperbaiki kondisi Anda)." </blockquote>
==== Dalam bahasa-bahasa lain ====
* [[Bahasa Azerbaijan]], bersin biasanya diikuti oleh jawaban ""Saglam ol"" yang berarti "semoasemoga Anda sehat"
* [[Bahasa Italia]], bersin diikuti oleh jawaban ""Salute""
* Dalam budaya-budaya berbahasa Portugis, bersin diikuti oleh jawaban "Saúde", ("Sehat"), atau "Santinho" ("santo kecil"), lainnya mengatakan "Yesus". Yang bersin kemudian menjawab "Obrigado" atau "Obrigada" (terima kasih).
* Dalam budaya [[bahasa Spanyol|berbahasa Spanyol]], bersin biasanya diikuti oleh jawaban "''Salud''", ("[[Kesehatan|Semoga Anda sehat]]") juga di tempat-tempat tertentu mereka mengatakan "''Jesús''" (Yesus) (seperti di [[Spanyol]]). Orang yang bersin kemudian menjawab "''Gracias''" (terima kasih).
* Namun, di [[Puerto Rico]], juga sangat umum bagi seseorang untuk menjawab bersin ygyang kedua dan ketiga dengan "''Dinero''" ("[[Uang]]") dan "''Amor''" ("[[Cinta]]"), mengikuti setelah jawaban awal "''Salud''".
* Bagi bangsa Brazil-[[Bahasa Portugis|Portuguese]], bersin biasanya diikuti dengan jawaban "''Saúde''", ("[[Sehat]]"), dan juga "''Santinho''" yang artinya " Kiranya Anda diberkati".
* Dalam [[Bahasa Bulgaria]], bersin biasanya diikuti dengan jawaban "''Наздраве!''", (''Nazdrave'', artinya "Demi kesehatan[mu] ", yang kemudian dijawab dengan "Мерси" (Merci) or "Благодаря" ("Blagodarya") yang artinya "Terima kasih").
* Dalam [[Bahasa Romania]], bersin biasanya diikuti dengan jawaban "''Noroc''", ("[[Semoga Beruntung]]") yang kemudian dijawab dengan “Mersi” atau “Multumesc” ("[[Terima kasih]]").
* Dalam [[BasahaBahasa Jerman]], ''[[Gesundheit]]'' (yang artinya "Sehat [bagimu]") sangat umum digunakan, tetapi juga sering digunakan pada negara yang berbahasa Inggris. Jawaban ini adalah penerus dari kepercayaan jamanzaman dahulu bahwa bersin adalah tanda sakit yang parah.
* Dalam [[Bahasa Hebrew]], "לבריאות" (''Labriyut'', artinya "Demi kesehatan[mu] ").
<!--* Dalam [[Bahasa Polandia]] jawaban yang umum adalah "Sto lat" yang artinya "Ratusan tahun", wishing hundred years of health to the sneezer. Another common response is "Na zdrowie" meaning "For [your good] health".
*Sneezing in [[Scandinavia]]n countries is usually replied to with ''prosit'' ("may it benefit" in [[Latin]]). In [[Finland]], however, the reply is usually ''terveydeksi'' ("for your good health"). This is similar to [[Ghana]], where a sneeze is often responded to with the wish for "Good luck!"
*In some parts of [[India]] the response to a sneeze is "Live well!". In South India, especially in [[Kerala]], it is customary to bless the sneezer. Often older Hindu people will say ''[[Ayyappa]]'' (the name of a [[Hindu]] god) or ''ammey'' ("mother" in Kerala and [[Tamil Nadu]]) after sneezing or after hearing someone sneeze, and they will tell the sneezer that someone dear to him or her is talking about them at that moment. Christians, especially Syrian Christians, respond "Eeisho" [Malayalam word for Jesus].
* In some parts of South India there is a superstition that it is a bad omen if someone sneezes just before someone is leaving for an errand, mission or task. Consequently, people often wait for some time before beginning their intended mission.
*The response in [[Turkey]] to a sneeze is similar to that in India. People often say 'May you have a long life,'(''çok yaşa'') or 'Live well,' (''iyi yaşa'') and the response is 'We'll all, together' (''hep beraber'') or 'You too will be able to see me living long' (''sen de gör'').
*In [[Islamic]] society, a sneezer generally thanks God by saying ''[[Alhamdulillah]]'' ("Praise be to God"), since Islam encourages remembering God in all situations. This is usually responded to with ''Yarhamukallah'' ("May God bestow his mercy on you") by anyone in earshot of the sneezer. This is only done twice, since with the third sneeze, the sneezer is responded to with 'Afaakallah' (May Allah heal you). If the sneezer continues sneezing and saying Alhamdulilah, others are not obliged to continue responding (unless they hear the sneeze for the first, second, or third time).
*In [[China|Chinese]] culture, a sneeze is a sign that someone is thinking about you and you might hear some one say ''yǒu rén xiǎng nǐ'' (有人想你), which translates into "someone is thinking about you". Additionally, in China, people sometimes respond by saying "bai sui" which means "(may you live)one-hundred years".
*Similarly in [[Hong Kong]], it is said that if you sneeze once or twice, someone is talking or gossiping about you. If you sneeze three times, then you are probably catching a cold.
*It is also very common for people in Hong Kong to say ''dai gut lei si'' (大吉利事) or ''ho geh'' (好0既), which both mean roughly ''bless you''
*In [[Latvia|Latvian]], people say "Uz veselību!" which means "That's for your health!". They are answered with "Paldies!" which means "Thank you!".
*According to an old [[Japan|Japanese]] belief, sneezing twice in a row is a sign that someone is talking about you.
* In [[Persian language|Persian]], After one sneezes, they say Aphiat-Basheh, and the reply is Saulamet-Basheh.
*In [[French language|French]]-speaking countries, the response to a first sneeze will usually be "À tes souhaits", which literally means "To your wishes", (implying, of course, "May your wishes come true.") A second sneeze is responded to by "À tes amours" ('To your loves'), and a third "À tes enfants" ('To your children'). To the first two of these the sneezer may respond, "Que les tiens se réalisent," ("May yours come true.") and "Que les tiennes durent toujours," ("May yours last forever") respectively.
*In [[Greece]], sneezing is usually followed by replying "''Γείτσες''", ("[[Health]]"). The sneezer then usually responds "''Ευχαριστώ''", ("Thank you")
* In [[Russia]] and [[Ukraine]], people say "Будь здоров!" ("Be healthy") in response to a sneeze. Sometimes, when somebody sneezes during a conversation, they say "Правда" ("It's a truth"), meaning that the previous statement is confirmed by sneezing.
* In [[Dutch language|Dutch]], people say "Gezondheid" ("Good health") or "Proost" ("Cheers") when a person sneezes. When someone sneezes three times in succession it is believed the next day promises good weather.
* In [[Tamil language|Tamil]], people say "Nooru" when a person sneezes, Blessing to live more than 100 years.
* In [[Telugulanguage|Telugu]], people say "Chiranjeeva" when a person sneezes, Blessing to be immortal.
* In [[Danish language|Danish]] and [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], sometimes when a person sneezes another person in the room may say "Prosit!", which in Danish means "gid det må gavne" and in Norwegian "må det være til nytte" ("wish it will do some good"). The person that sneezed may/may not respond with "Tak" and in Norwegian "Takk" (thanks). It is generally seen as a polite gesture though it is not mandatory in most social settings (workplace etc.). It may be considered impolite not to respond with "Tak". Sometimes people will say "Prosit!" in order to voice their irritation over someone sneezing frequently or particularly loudly. Thus, there's a slight chance that the person sneezing will interpret "Prosit!" as an insult. Also, in Norway it is not uncommon for the sneezer to utter "sa brura" ("the bride said") right after a sneeze.
* In [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], people say "זײַ געזונט" (pronounced "zay gezunt"; meaning "[to] your health") after one sneeze; after subsequent sneezes, "צו געזונט" (pronounced "tzu gezunt") is said.
== Referensi ==
=== Nursery rhymes associated with sneezing ===
{{reflist}}
Sneezing has also inspired [[superstition]]-laden [[nursery rhymes]]:
* {{en}} [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5435812 Ancient Sneezing: A Gift from the Gods] - Elaine Fantham, Profesor Studi Klasik di [[Universitas Princeton|Princeton]] dalam acara Radio [[NPR]].
:Sneeze on Monday for health,
* {{en}} [http://www.boston.com/news/science/articles/2004/06/15/why_do_my_eyes_close_every_time_i_sneeze/ why do my eyes close every time I sneeze?] M.G., Sherborn [[The Boston Globe]]
:Sneeze on Tuesday for wealth,
:Sneeze on Wednesday for a letter,
:Sneeze on Thursday for something better,
:Sneeze on Friday for sorrow,
:Sneeze on Saturday, see your sweetheart tomorrow,
:Sneeze on Sunday, safety seek.
=== Bacaan lanjutan ===
In Spanish-speaking countries, when children sneeze the following is said:
* {{en}} [http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a2_304.html Cecil Adams (1987). "If you hold your eyelids open while sneezing, will your eyes pop out?". ''The Straight Dope''.]
:One sneeze: Salud (To your health)
* {{en}} [http://www.snopes.com/language/phrases/blessyou.htm Barbara Mikkelson (2001). "Bless You!" ''Urban Legends Reference Pages''.]
:Two sneezes: Salud y dinero (To your health and wealth)
* {{en}} [http://madsci.org/posts/archives/aug97/865380242.Me.r.html Tom Wilson, M.D. (1997) "Why do we sneeze when we look at the sun?" ''MadSci Network''.]
:Three sneezes: Salud, dinero y amor (To your health, wealth and love)
:Four sneezes: Salud, dinero, amor, y alergias (To your health, wealth, love, and allergies)
== Lihat pula ==
In French-speaking countries, sneezing is accompanied by the following phrases:
* [[Batuk]]
:One sneeze: À vos souhaits (To your wishes)
* [[Demam]]
:Two sneezes: À vos rêves (To your dreams)
* [[Sakit kepala]]
:Three sneezes: À vos amours (To your loved ones ''or'' to your loves)
* [[Bersin seks]]
In Ireland, sneezing is accompanied by the following phrase;
:Sneeze followed by God bless you
=== Folk remedies ===
Folk remedies for sneezing are common. Among them are the following:
* Slapping someone on the back as they are about to sneeze will stop them from sneezing.
* Apply upward pressure to the bottom of your nose.
* Tickle or press against the top of your mouth with your tongue (some people have reported sneezing even more after a sneeze when tickling the top of the mouth).
* Press your tongue against the back side of your top row of teeth.
* Look up with your eyes but not your head.
* Gently bite your upper lip. The sensation will distract your nose nerves and your desire to sneeze will greatly lessen.
* Holding your breath for long enough when one feels a sneeze coming will usually prevent a sneeze. Sneezing requires air to expel, and simply eliminating the air until the nervous response goes away means no sneeze. This is immensely preferable to blocking the nose, which can result in damage to the delicate structures of the inner ears, or redirecting the sneeze through your mouth, which can result in the oral ejection of phlegm and saliva.
* Squeezing the bridge of the nose
* Look at a bright light. (In some people this will not work as with the [[photic sneeze reflex]] bright lights are sneezing triggers)
* Swallow your saliva when you feel the sneeze coming. Do this repeatedly until the feeling goes away.
* Pinch the skin along the top of the bridge of the nose to ward off an impending sneeze.
* Accupressure solution: Spread the thumb of one hand away from the fingers. Using the sharp edges of the nails on the thumb and index finger of your other hand, pinch the flap of skin between the spread thumb and the fingers.
* Saying "asparagus" or "cow" immediately before a sneeze will often stop the oncoming sneeze. Some believe that saying these words repeatedly can stop the oncoming sneeze, however this has been disproven.
* Reciting the phrase "peanut butter-hairspray-pineapple" at the onset of a sneeze is believed to subdue it.
*Apply pressure between your upper lip and the bottom of your nose.-->
== Pranala luar ==
{{Wiktionarypar|sneeze}}
* [http://www.coughsafe.com/ Why Don't We Do It In Our Sleeves? pada www.coughsafe.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311063451/http://www.coughsafe.com/ |date=2007-03-11 }}, video pendidikan tentang cara bantuk dan bersin yang tepat untuk mencegah penyebaran virus.
{{Authority control}}
== Rujukan ==
<references/>
* {{en}} [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5435812 Ancient Sneezing: A Gift from the Gods] - Elaine Fantham, Profesor Studi Klasik di [[Universitas Princeton|Princeton]] dalam acara Radio [[NPR]].
* {{en}} [http://www.boston.com/news/science/articles/2004/06/15/why_do_my_eyes_close_every_time_i_sneeze/ why do my eyes close every time I sneeze?] M.G., Sherborn [[The Boston Globe]]
=== Bacaan lebih lanjut ===
* {{en}} [http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a2_304.html Cecil Adams (1987). "If you hold your eyelids open while sneezing, will your eyes pop out?". ''The Straight Dope''.]
* {{en}} [http://www.snopes.com/language/phrases/blessyou.htm Barbara Mikkelson (2001). "Bless You!" ''Urban Legends Reference Pages''.]
* {{en}} [http://madsci.org/posts/archives/aug97/865380242.Me.r.html Tom Wilson, M.D. (1997) "Why do we sneeze when we look at the sun?" ''MadSci Network''.]
[[Kategori:Refleks]]
[[Kategori:Fisiologi]]
[[Kategori:Gejala penyakit]]
{{medis-stub}}
[[ar:عطس]]
[[ca:Esternut]]
[[da:Nys]]
[[de:Niesen]]
[[en:Sneeze]]
[[es:Estornudo]]
[[fi:Aivastaminen]]
[[fr:Éternuement]]
[[gn:Atĩa]]
[[he:עיטוש]]
[[it:Starnuto]]
[[ja:くしゃみ]]
[[ko:재채기]]
[[nl:Niezen]]
[[no:Nysing]]
[[pl:Kichanie]]
[[pt:Espirro]]
[[qu:Achhi]]
[[ru:Чихание]]
[[simple:Sneeze]]
[[sl:Kihanje]]
[[sv:Nysning]]
[[yi:סניז]]
[[zh:噴嚏]]
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