Henry VIII dari Inggris: Perbedaan antara revisi

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(17 revisi perantara oleh 9 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
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{{Infobox royalty
| name = Henry VIII
| image = After Hans Holbein the Younger - Portrait of Henry VIII - Google Art Project.jpg
| caption = {{longitem|line-height:1.3em|Potret karya [[Hans Holbein Muda]]<br/>([[Walker Art Gallery]], Liverpool).}}
| succession = [[Daftar Penguasa Inggris|Raja Inggris]]<br>Lord/Raja Irlandia
| reign = {{nowrap|21 April 1509 – 28 Januari 1547}}
| coronation = 24 Juni 1509
| predecessor = [[Henry VII dari Inggris|Henry VII]]
| successor = [[Edward VI dari Inggris|Edward VI]]
| spouse = {{plainlist|1=
* [[Katherine dari Aragon]]
* [[Anne Boleyn]]
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* [[Catherine Parr]]
}}
| issue = {{plainlist|1=
* [[Mary I dari Inggris|Mary I, Ratu Inggris]]
* ''{{longitem|line-height:1.3em|[[Henry FitzRoy]]}}''
* [[Elizabeth I dari Inggris|Elizabeth I, Ratu Inggris]]
* [[Edward VI dari Inggris|Edward VI, Raja Inggris]]
anak tidak sah :
*[[Henry FitzRoy]]
}}
| issue-pipe = (diantaranya)
| house = [[Wangsa Tudor|Tudor]]
| father = [[Henry VII dari Inggris]]
| mother = [[Elizabeth dari York]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age |1491|6|28|df=yesy}}
| birth_place = Istana Greenwich, [[Greenwich]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1547|1|28|1491|6|28|df=yes}}
| death_place = Istana Whitehall, [[London]]
| burial_date = 4 Februari 1547
| burial_place = {{nowrap|Kapel St. George, [[IstanaKastel Windsor]]}}
| signature = HenryVIIISig.svg
| religion = {{longitem|Kristen[[Protestan]] ([[Anglikan]], sebelumnya [[Katolik Roma]])}}
}}
 
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== Masa pemerintahan ==
Raja Henry VII mangkat pada 21 April 1509 dan Pangeran Henry yang saat itu masih tujuh belas tahun naik takhta sebagai Henry VIII. Henry VIII diberikan gelar [[Pembela Iman]] pada 11 Oktober 1521 oleh [[Paus Leo X]] kepada Raja Henry VIII. Istrinya [[Catherine dari Aragon]] juga diberikan gelar Pembela Iman dalam haknya sendiri. Gelar tersebut diberikan dalam rangka menghargai buku Henry [[Assertio Septem Sacramentorum]] (Pembelaan atas Tujuh Sakramen), yang membela [[Sakramen Perkawinan (Gereja Katolik)]] dan supremasi [[Uskup Roma|Paus]]. Hal tersebut juga dikenal sebagai "Afirmasi Henry" dan dipandang sebagai penentangan penting terhadap tahap-tahap awal [[Reformasi Protestan]], khususnya gagasan-gagasan [[Martin Luther]]. Namun, Henry dikenal karena peranannya yang menyebabkan pemisahan [[Gereja Inggris]] dari [[Gereja Katolik Roma]]. Hal ini lantaran upayanya untuk membatalkan pernikahannya dengan [[Katherine dari Aragon]] yang telah berjalan lebih dari dua puluh tahun lantaran pernikahan mereka tidak menghasilkan seorang putra. Paus Klemens VII yang saat itu berada dalam tahanan Karl V, Kaisar Romawi Suci dan keponakan Katherine menolak memberikan persetujuan atas pembatalan pernikahan mereka, menyebabkan perselisihan antara Henry dan Paus. Hal ini kemudian mendorong Henry untuk memisahkan Gereja Inggris dari otoritas kepausan, dengan dirinya sebagai raja dan sebagai [[Kepala Tertinggi Gereja Inggris]]; perselisihan tersebut juga menyebabkan [[Pembubaran Biara-Biara]]. Perselisihannya yang utama adalah dengan otoritas kepausan, bukan hal-hal doktrinal, dan ia tetap menjadi orang yang mengimani ajaran-ajaran teologis pokok Katolik kendati ia di[[ekskomunikasi]] dari Gereja Katolik Roma.<ref name="Scarisbrick361">{{harvnb|Scarisbrick|1997|p=361}}</ref> Henry mengatur kesatuan hukum antara [[Inggris dan Wales]] dengan [[Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542]]. Setelah Henry memutuskan untuk berpisah dengan [[Gereja Katolik Roma|Roma]] pada 1530 dan menjadikan dirinya sendiri sebagai kepala [[Gereja Inggris]], gelar tersebut dicabut oleh [[Paus Paulus III]] (sejak tindakan Henry dianggap menyerang "Iman") dan Henry diekskomunikasi. Namun, pada 1544, [[Parlemen Inggris]] menyematkan gelar "Pembela Iman" kepada Raja Henry VIII dan para penerusnya, yang sekarang menjadi para pembela iman [[Anglikan]], dimana mereka (kecuali Katolik [[Mary I dari Inggris|Mary I]] ) menjadi [[Gubernur Tertinggi Gereja Inggris|Gubernur tertinggi]] . Ia juga dikenal karena perseteruan pribadi yang panjang dengan [[François I dari Prancis]] maupun dengan [[Karl V, Kaisar Romawi Suci|Kaisar Romawi Suci Karl V]], dengan siapa ia sering berperang.
 
Di dalam negeri, Henry dikenal karena perubahan-perubahan radikal yang dilakukannya pada Konstitusi Inggris, membawa teori [[hak ilahi raja-raja]] ke dalam Inggris. Selain menegaskan supremasi penguasa monarki atas Gereja Inggris, dan karenanya memulai [[Reformasi Inggris]], ia banyak melakukan perluasan kekuasaan kerajaan. Berbagai tuduhan pengkhianatan dan [[ajaran sesat|bidah]] digunakan untuk menghentikan perbedaan pendapat, dan mereka yang dituduh sering kali dieksekusi tanpa suatu pengadilan resmi, dengan menggunakan ''[[bill of attainder]]''. Ia memperoleh banyak tujuan politiknya melalui karya para menteri utamanya, beberapa di antara mereka diasingkan ataupun dieksekusi ketika tidak lagi ia sukai. Tokoh seperti [[Thomas Wolsey]], [[Thomas More]], [[Thomas Cromwell]], Richard Rich, dan [[Thomas Cranmer]], berperan penting dalam pemerintahan Henry. Ia adalah seorang pemboros yang berlebihan serta menggunakan hasil dari Pembubaran Biara-Biara dan akta-akta Parlemen Reformasi untuk mengkonversi uang, yang sebelumnya dibayarkan ke Roma, menjadi pendapatan kerajaan. Meskipun mendapat pemasukan uang yang besar dari sumber-sumber ini, Henry terus menerus berada di ambang kehancuran finansial karena pemborosan untuk keperluan pribadi dan banyaknya peperangan yang menghabiskan banyak biaya yang ia langsungkan di daratan Eropa.
Baris 65 ⟶ 66:
* {{cite journal |last=Betteridge |first= Thomas |title=The Henrician Reformation and Mid-Tudor Culture |journal= Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies |volume=35 |issue=1 |year=2005 |pages=91–109 |doi= 10.1215/10829636-35-1-91 |url= |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book |first1=Thomas |last1=Betteridge |first2=Thomas S. |last2=Freeman |title=Henry VIII in History| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ji_FpxQ4--QC |year=2012 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-1-4094-6113-5 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Brigden |first=Susan |year=2000 |title=New Worlds, Lost Worlds |url=https://archive.org/details/newworldslostwor0000brig |publisher=Penguin |location= |isbn=978-0-14-014826-8 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last=Chibi |first= Andrew A. |title= Richard Sampson, His Oratio, and Henry VIII's Royal Supremacy |journal=Journal of Church and State |volume=39 |issue=3 |year=1997 |pages=543–560 |issn=0021-969X |doi= 10.1093/jcs/39.3.543 |url= |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston |year=1966 |title= The New World |series=History of the English Speaking Peoples |volume=2 |publisher=Cassell and Company |location= |isbn= |url= |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Crofton |first= Ian |year= 2006 |title=The Kings and Queens of England |publisher=Quercus Books
|location= |isbn=978-1-84724-141-2 |url= https://archive.org/details/kingsqueensofeng0000crof_i1m0|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Cruz |first1=Anne J. |last2=Suzuki |first2=Mihoko |title=The Rule of Women in Early Modern Europe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2tCAjijsKQC |year=2009 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |ref=harv |isbn=978-0-252-07616-9}}
* {{cite journal |last=Davies |first= Jonathan |title= 'We Do Fynde in Our Countre Great Lack of Bowes and Arrows': Tudor Military Archery and the Inventory of King Henry VIII |journal=Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research |volume=83 |year=2005 |pages=11–29 |issn=0037-9700 |ref=harv |issue=333}}
Baris 80 ⟶ 81:
* {{cite book |last=Guy |first=John |title=The Tudor monarchy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ySRvQgAACAAJ |year=1997 |publisher=Arnold Publishers |isbn=978-0-340-65219-0 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Guy |first= John A. |year= 2000 |title= The Tudors: a Very Short Introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/tudorsveryshorti0000guyj |publisher= |location= |isbn= |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Harrison |first1=William |last2=Edelen |first2=Georges |year=1995 |origyear=1557 |title=The Description of England: Classic Contemporary Account of Tudor Social Life |url=https://archive.org/details/descriptionofeng0000harr_v5m4 |publisher=Dover Publications Inc. |location= |isbn=978-0-486-28275-6 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |title= The Burdens of Disease: Epidemics and Human Response in Western History |first=J. N. |last=Hays |publisher=Rutgers University Press |url=https://books.google.com/?id=AJReBNnOoL8C |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8135-4613-1 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |title=The Mistresses of Henry VIII |first=Kelly |last=Hart |edition=1 |year=2009 |publisher=The History Press |isbn=0-7524-4835-8 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=r6HGPAAACAAJ |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Hall |first=Edward |year=1904 |title=The Triumphant Reign of Henry VIII |publisher=T.C. & E.C. Jack |location= |url= |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Haigh |first=Christopher |year=1993 |title=English Reformations: Religion, Politics, and Society under the Tudors |url=https://archive.org/details/englishreformati0000haig |publisher=Clarendon Press |location= |isbn=978-0-19-822162-3|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hibbert |first1=Christopher |last2=Weinreb |first2=Ben |last3=Keay |first3=Julia |last4=Keay |first4=John |title=''[[The London Encyclopaedia]]'' |edition=3 |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4050-4925-2 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Hutchinson |first=Robert |title=Young Henry: The Rise of Henry VIII |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2zR6WdBzyvEC |isbn=978-1-250-01261-6 |year=2012 |publisher=Macmillan |ref=harv}}
Baris 102 ⟶ 103:
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=Lacey Baldwin |year=1971 |title=Henry VIII: the Mask of Royalty |publisher= |location= |isbn=978-0-89733-056-5 |url= http://www.questia.com/read/85955084/henry-viii-the-mask-of-royalty
|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Starkey |first=David |year=2003 |title=Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII |publisher=Chatto & Windus |location= |isbn=978-0-7011-7298-5 |url= https://archive.org/details/sixwivesqueensof0000star_d7r8|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Starkey |first=David |title=Henry: Virtuous Prince |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dNJZJP3ns-MC |year=2008 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0-00-728783-3 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Stöber |first=Karen|title=Late Medieval Monasteries and Their Patrons: England and Wales, C.1300–1540 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rzanpUHWLQoC |year=2007 |publisher=Boydell Press |isbn=978-1-84383-284-3 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Andrea |year=2005 |title=Princelie Majestie: The Court of James V of Scotland 1528–1542 |publisher= John Donald Publishers Ltd |location= |isbn=978-0-85976-611-1 |url= |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Thurley |first=Simon |year=1993 |title=The Royal Palaces of Tudor England |publisher=Yale University Press |location= |isbn=978-0-300-05420-0 |url= |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Weir |first=Alison |year=1991 |title=The Six Wives of Henry VIII |publisher=Grove Press |location= |isbn=0-8021-3683-4 |url= https://archive.org/details/sixwivesofhenryv00weir_1|ref=harv }}
* {{cite book |last=Weir |first= Alison |year= 2002 |title=Henry VIII: The King and His Court |publisher= Random House Digital, Inc. |location= |isbn=0-345-43708-X |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JW-seRfZ9toC |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Whitley |first1= Catrina Banks |last2=Kramer |first2= Kyra |title=A New Explanation for the Reproductive Woes and Midlife Decline of Henry VIII |journal=The Historical Journal |volume=52 |issue=4 |year=2010 |pages=827 |issn= 0018-246X |doi= 10.1017/S0018246X10000452 |url= |ref=harv}}
Baris 125 ⟶ 126:
* {{cite book |last=Graves |first=Michael |title=Henry VIII' |url=https://archive.org/details/henryviiistudyin00grav |year=2003}}
* {{cite book |last=Ives |first=E. W |chapter=Henry VIII (1491–1547) |title=The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |year=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}
* {{cite book |last=Rex |first=Richard |title=Henry VIII and the English Reformation |url=https://archive.org/details/henryviiienglish0000rexr |year=1993}}
* {{cite book |last=Ridley |first=Jasper |title=Henry VIII |url=https://archive.org/details/henryviii0000ridl |year=1985}}
* {{cite book |last=Starkey |first=David |authorlink=David Starkey |title=The Reign of Henry VIII: Personalities and Politics |url=https://archive.org/details/reignofhenryviii0000star_h2r4 |year=2002 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-09-944510-4}}
* {{cite book |last1=Starkey |first1=David |first2=Susan |last2=Doran |title=Henry VIII: Man and Monarch |year=2009 |publisher=British Library Publishing Division |isbn=978-0-7123-5025-9}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Tytler |first=Patrick Fraser |author-link=Patrick Fraser Tytler |year=1837 |title=Life of King Henry the Eighth |edition= |publisher=Oliver & Boyd |location=Edinburgh |url=https://books.google.com/?id=lWUDAAAAQAAJ |accessdate=17 August 2008}}
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=== Studi akademik ===
* {{cite book |last=Bernard |first=G. W. |title=War, Taxation, and Rebellion in Early Tudor England: Henry VIII, Wolsey, and the Amicable Grant of 1525 |url=https://archive.org/details/wartaxationrebel0000bern |year=1986}}
* {{cite journal |last=Bernard |first=G. W. |title=The Making of Religious Policy, 1533–1546: Henry VIII and the Search for the Middle Way |journal= Historical Journal |year=1998 |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=321–349 |issn=0018-246X |jstor=2640109 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X98007778}}
* {{cite journal |last=Bush |first=M. L. |title=The Tudor Polity and the Pilgrimage of Grace |journal=Historical Research |volume=80 |issue=207 |year=2007 |pages=47–72 |issn=0950-3471 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2281.2006.00351.x}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Coleman |editor1-first=Christoper |editor2-first=David |editor2-last=Starkey|title=Revolution Reassessed: Revision in the History of Tudor Government and Administration |year=1986}}
* {{cite book | pages=78-203 |last=Doran |first=Susan |title=The Tudor Chronicles: 1485 - 1603 |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4351-0939-1|publisher=Sterling Publishing}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Fox |editor1-first=Alistair |editor2-first=John |editor2-last=Guy |title=Reassessing the Henrician Age: Humanism, Politics and Reform 1500–1550|url=https://archive.org/details/reassessinghenri0000foxa |year=1986}}
* Guy, John. ''The Children of Henry VIII'' (Oxford University Press; 2013) 258 pages; traces the lives of Edward VI, Mary I, Elizabeth I, and Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond.
* {{cite journal |last=Head |first=David M. |title=Henry VIII's Scottish Policy: a Reassessment|journal=Scottish Historical Review |year=1982 |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=1–24 |issn=0036-9241}}
Baris 148 ⟶ 149:
* {{cite book |last=Mackie |first=J. D. |title=The Earlier Tudors, 1485–1558 |year=1952 |url=http://www.questia.com/read/8546253/the-earlier-tudors-1485-1558}}
* {{cite book|first=William J.|last=Maloney|title=Diseases, Disorders and Diagnoses of Historical Individuals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AhDUCgAAQBAJ|publisher=Anaphora Literary Press|year=2015|isbn=978-1-68114-193-0|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Moorhouse |first=Geoffrey |year=2003 |title=The Pilgrimage of Grace: the Rebellion That Shook Henry VIII's Throne |url=https://archive.org/details/pilgrimageofgrac0000moor |publisher=Phoenix |location= |isbn=978-1-84212-666-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Moorhouse |first=Geoffrey |title=Great Harry's Navy: How Henry VIII Gave England Seapower |url=https://archive.org/details/greatharrysnavyh0000moor_k8h2 |year=2007}}
* {{cite book |last=Moorhouse |first=Geoffrey |title=The Last Divine Office: Henry VIII and the Dissolution of the Monasteries |url=https://archive.org/details/lastdivineoffice0000moor |year=2009}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Slavin |editor1-first=Arthur J |title=Henry VIII and the English Reformation |year=1968 |url=http://www.questia.com/read/97615501/henry-viii-and-the-english-reformation}}
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=H. Maynard |title=Henry VIII and the Reformation |year=1948 |url=http://www.questia.com/read/8851653/henry-viii-and-the-reformation}}
* {{cite journal |last=Thurley |first= Simon |title= Palaces for a Nouveau Riche King |journal= History Today |volume=41 |year=1991 |issue=6}}
* {{cite book |last=Trollope |first=William |title=A practical and historical commentary on the liturgy and ritual of the Church of England: with examination questions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oE4-AAAAYAAJ |year=1874 |publisher=J. Hall}}
* {{cite book |last=Wagner |first=John A. |title=Bosworth Field to Bloody Mary: An Encyclopedia of the Early Tudors |url=https://archive.org/details/bosworthfieldtob0000wagn |year=2003|isbn=1-57356-540-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Walker |first=Greg |title=Writing under Tyranny: English Literature and the Henrician Reformation |url=https://archive.org/details/writingundertyra0000walk |year=2005}}
 
=== Sumber utama ===
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{{lifetime|1491|1547|}}
{{inggris-bio-stub}}
 
[[Kategori:Raja Inggris]]