Black Panther Party: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''''Black Panther Party''''' ('''BPP'''), awalnya disebut '''''Black Panther Party for Self-Defense''''', adalah sebuah organisasi politik yang didirikan oleh [[Bobby Seale]] dan [[Huey P. Newton|Huey Newton]] pada Oktober 1966.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Waiting 'Til the Midnight Hour: A Narrative History of Black Power in America|url=https://archive.org/details/waitingtilmidnig00jose|last=Joseph|first=Peniel|authorlink=Peniel E. Joseph|publisher=Henry Holt|year=2006|isbn=|location=|page=[https://archive.org/details/waitingtilmidnig00jose/page/219 219]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=New Day in Babylon: The Black Power Movement and American Culture, 1965-1975|year=1992|url=https://archive.org/details/newdayinbabylonb00vand|last=Van Deburg|first=William L.|authorlink=William L. Van Deburg|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=|location=|page=[https://archive.org/details/newdayinbabylonb00vand/page/155 155]}}</ref> Partai ini aktif di [[Amerika Serikat]] dari tahun 1966 hingga 1982, dan beberapa cabang juga beroperasi di [[Britania Raya]] pada awal era 1970-an<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/27/britain-black-power-movement-risk-forgotten-historians|title=Britain's black power movement is at risk of being forgotten, say historians|last=Brown|first=Mark|date=27 December 2013|work=The Guardian|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref> serta di [[Aljazair]] dari tahun 1969 hingga 1972.<ref>{{Citation|last=Meghelli|first=Samir|contribution="From Harlem to Algiers: Transnational Solidarities Between the African American Freedom Movement and Algeria, 1962-1978"|title=Black Routes to Islam|editor-last=Marable|editor-first=Manning|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2009|pages=99–119.}}</ref>

 

 

Direktur [[FBI]] [[J. Edgar Hoover]] menyebut partai ini sebagai "ancaman terbesar terhadap keamanan internal negara",<ref>{{cite web |title=Hoover and the F.B.I.|url=https://www.pbs.org/hueypnewton/people/people_hoover.html|work=Luna Ray Films, LLC|publisher=PBS.org|accessdate=January 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hoover Calls Panthers Top Threat to Security|url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/147638465|accessdate=9 February 2017|work=The Washington Post|publisher=WP Company LLC d/b/a The Washington Post|date=16 July 1969}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Panthers 'threaten' U.S., Hoover says|url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/532216174|accessdate=9 February 2017|work=Afro-American|publisher=Afro - American Company of Baltimore City|date=Jul 26, 1969}}</ref> dan ia memimpin program kontraintelijen ([[COINTELPRO]]) yang melakukan pengawasan, infiltrasi, dan taktik-taktik lainnya untuk melemahkan kelompok ini. Program ini juga dituduh telah membunuh anggota-anggota partai.<ref>''Final report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, [https://archive.org/stream/finalreportofsel03unit#page/184/mode/2up United States Senate''.]</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Racial Matters: The FBI's Secret File on Black America, 1960-1972|year=1989|url=https://archive.org/details/racialmattersfbi00orei|last=O'Reilly|first=Kenneth|publisher=Free Press|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The COINTELPRO Papers: Documents from the FBI's Secret Wars Against Dissent in the United States|last=Churchill and Vander Wall|first=|publisher=South End Press|year=2002|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Assassination of Fred Hampton: How the FBI and the Chicago Police Murdered a Black Panther|last=Haas|first=Jeffrey|publisher=Chicago Review Press|year=2010|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref>

{{Refbegin|2}}

* {{cite book|last=Austin|first=Curtis J.|date=2006|title=Up Against the Wall: Violence in the Making and Unmaking of the Black Panther Party|url=https://archive.org/details/upagainstwallvio00aust|publisher=University of Arkansas Press|isbn=1-55728-827-5|ref=harv}}

* {{cite paper|last=Barker|first=Thomas|url=http://www.counterpunch.org/2015/02/13/the-liberal-media-and-the-ideology-of-black-victimhood/|title=Black and White: The Liberal Media and the Ideology of Black Victimhood|publisher=CounterPunch|date=February 13, 2015|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|first=Janiece L.|last=Blackmon|title=I Am Because We Are: Africana Womanism as a Vehicle of Empowerment and Influence|place=Blacksburg|publisher=Virginia Polytechnic Institute|year=2008|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|last=Lewis|first=John|date=1998|title=Walking with the Wind|url=https://archive.org/details/walkingwithwindm00lewi|publisher=Simon and Schuster|page=[https://archive.org/details/walkingwithwindm00lewi/page/353 353]|isbn=0-684-81065-4|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|editor1-last=Lazerow|editor1-first=Jama|editor2-last=Williams|editor2-first=Yohuru|date=2006|title=In Search of the Black Panther Party: New Perspectives on a Revolutionary Movement|location=Durham|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-3890-1|ref=harv|url={{google books|id=mi2G28ZcmvsC|plainurl=yes}}}}

* {{cite book|last=Pearson|first=Hugh|date=1994|title=The Shadow of the Panther: Huey Newton and the Price of Black Power in America|publisher=De Capo Press|isbn=0-201-48341-6|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|last=Rhodes|first=Jane|title=Framing the Black Panthers: The Spectacular Rise of a Black Power Icon|url=https://archive.org/details/framingblackpant00rhod|location=New York|publisher=The New Press|date=2007|ref=harv}}

{{Refend|2}}

 

[[Kategori:Gerakan politik]]

[[Kategori:Partai politik yang didirikan tahun 1966]]