Kekristenan Kelt: Perbedaan antara revisi

[[Christianization]] intensified with the legalisation of the Christian religion under [[Constantine the Great]] in the early 4th century and its promotion by subsequent Christian emperors. Three [[Romano-British culture|Romano-British]] bishops, including [[metropolitan bishop|Archbishop]]&nbsp;[[Restitutus]] of [[Bishop of London|London]], are known to have been present at the [[Synod of Arles]] in 314.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rowanwilliams.archbishopofcanterbury.org/articles.php/1640/1400th-anniversary-of-the-re-organisation-of-the-diocese-of-london |last=Williams |first=Rowan |author-link=Rowan Williams |date=22 May 2004 |title=1400th anniversary of the re-organisation of the Diocese of London |website=Dr Rowan Williams: 104th Archbishop of Canterbury }}</ref> Others attended the [[Council of Serdica]] in 347 and that of [[Council of Ariminum]] in 360. A number of references to the church in [[Roman Britain]] are also found in the writings of [[Christianity in the 4th century|4th-century]] Christian fathers. Britain was the home of [[Pelagius (British monk)|Pelagius]], who opposed [[Augustine of Hippo]]'s doctrine of [[original sin]]; [[Germanus of Auxerre|St&nbsp;Germanus]] was said to have visited the island in part to oppose the bishops who advocated [[Pelagianism|his heresy]].

 

 

[[Sub-Roman Britain|5th and 6th-century Britain]], although poorly attested, saw the "Age of [[list of Welsh saints|Saints]]" among the Welsh.<ref>{{cite web |last=Thomas |first=Jeffrey L. |url=http://www.castlewales.com/saints.html |title=The Age of Saints |website=The Castles of Wales |date=2009 |access-date=6 February 2015 }}</ref> [[Saint Dubric]], [[Saint Illtud]], and others first completed the [[Christianity in Wales|Christianization of Wales]]. Unwilling or unable to [[mission (Christianity)|missionize]] among the Saxons in England, Briton refugees and missionaries such as [[Saint Patrick]]{{efn|Note, however, that many events of Patrick's hagiographies may have originally intended the earlier [[Palladius (bishop of Ireland)|St&nbsp;Palladius]], a Gaul dispatched to Ireland by [[Pope Celestine I]].}} and [[Finnian of Clonard]] were then responsible for the [[Christianity in Ireland|Christianization of Ireland]]<ref>{{harvnb|Baring-Gould|1898|p=41}}</ref> and made up the [[seven founder saints of Brittany|Seven Founder Saints]] of [[History of Christianity in Brittany|Brittany]].<ref>{{harvnb|Baring-Gould|1898|p=26}}</ref> The Irish in turn made Christians of the Picts and English. [[Saint Columba|St&nbsp;Columba]]—then began the conversion of the [[Dál Riata#Religion and art|Dál Riata]] and the other peoples of [[History of Christianity in Scotland|Scotland]], although native saints such as [[Saint Mungo|Mungo]] also arose. The history of [[Christianity in Cornwall]] is more obscure, but the native church seems to have been greatly strengthened by Welsh and Irish missionaries such as SS&nbsp;[[Saint Petroc|Petroc]], [[Saint Piran|Piran]], and [[Saint Breaca|Breaca]]. Extreme weather (as [[extreme weather events of 535–536|around 535]]) and the attendant famines and disease, particularly the arrival of the [[Plague of Justinian]] in Wales around 547 and Ireland around 548, may have contributed to these missionary efforts.<ref>{{harvnb|Hughes|2005|pp=310–311}}</ref>

* {{Cite book|last=Hughes |first=Kathleen |title=The Church in Early Irish Society |location=London |publisher=Methuen |year=1966|isbn=1-59740-067-X |oclc=711797907 |ref=harv }}

* {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Hughes |first=Kathleen |editor-last=Ó Cróinín |editor-first=Dáibhí |editor-link=Dáibhí Ó Cróinín |year=2005 |title=The Church in Early Irish Society: 400–800 |encyclopedia=A New History of Ireland: Prehistoric and Early Ireland |publisher=Oxford University Press |volume= |isbn=978-0-19-922665-8 |issue= |pages= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DgqOOkVrofcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |doi= |ref=harv }} [https://books.google.com/books?id=SJSDj1dDvNUC&pg=PA301&dq=The+Church+in+Early+Irish+Society+Hughes&ei=JDdIStbSDImSyASz0Mld Google Books link 2]

* {{Cite book|last= Koch|first= John T.|coauthors= |title= Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia| publisher= ABC-CLIO|year=2006 |isbn= |ref=harv }}

* {{Cite book|title= A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest|last= Lloyd|first= John Edward|authorlink= John Edward Lloyd|coauthors= |year= 1912|publisher= Longmans, Green, and Co.|location= |isbn= |page= |pages= |url= https://books.google.com/?id=NYwNAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Lloyd+history+of+Wales#v=onepage&q=|accessdate= 17 May 2010|ref= harv}}

* {{Cite journal|last= Meeder|first= Sven|authorlink= |year= 2011|month= |title= Boniface and the Irish Heresy of Clemens|journal= Church History|volume= 80|issue= |pages= 251–80|id= |url= http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8274031&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0009640711000035|accessdate= 1 August 2016|quote= |ref= harv}}

* {{cite book |last=Nordenfalk |first=Carl |title=Celtic and Anglo-Saxon Painting: Book illumination in the British Isles 600–800 |url=https://archive.org/details/celticanglosaxon00nord |location=New York |publisher=George Braziller |date=1977 }}

* {{cite book |last=Ryan |first=John |title=Irish Monasticism, Origins and Early Development |url=https://archive.org/details/irishmonasticism0000unse_q5d2 |publisher=Talbot Press |location=Dublin |date=1931 |ref=harv }}

* {{cite journal |last=Sharpe |first=Richard |authorlink=Richard Sharpe (historian) |title=Some problems concerning the organisation of the Church in early medieval Ireland |journal=[[Peritia]] |volume=3 |pages=230-70 |date=1984 |ref=harv }}

* {{cite book |last=Stancliffe |first=Clare |chapter=Columbanus and the Gallic Bishops |title=Mélanges offerts au Professeur Oliver Guillot |editor1-first=G. |editor1-last=Constable |editor2-first=M. |editor2-last=Rouche |pages=205-14 |location=Paris |date=1992 |ref=harv }}

* {{cite book |authorlink=Patrick Wormald |last=Wormald |first=Patrick |chapter=Bede and the 'Church of the English' |title=The Times of Bede: Studies in Early English Christian Society and its Historian |editor-first=Stephen |editor-last=Baxter |location=Oxford |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |date=2006 |ref=harv }}

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* {{Cite book|year=1996 |last=Cahill |first=Thomas |title=How the Irish Saved Civilization |url=https://archive.org/details/howirishsavedciv0000cahi |publisher=Anchor Books |isbn=0-385-41849-3 }}

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