Sejarah Gibraltar: Perbedaan antara revisi
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[[Berkas:Location Gibraltar EU.png|ka|jmpl|300px|Letak Gibraltar di ujung selatan [[Semenanjung Iberia]].]]
'''Sejarah Gibraltar''' (semenanjung kecil di pesisir selatan [[Semenanjung Iberia]] di dekat pintu masuk ke [[Laut Tengah]]) telah berlangsung selama 2.900 tahun. Semenanjung ini berubah dari tempat yang dihormati pada masa kuno menjadi (menurut seorang sejarawan) "salah satu tempat yang paling terfortifikasi dan diperebutkan di Eropa".<ref name="Rose, p. 95">[[#Rose|Rose]], hal. 95</ref>
Gibraltar pertama kali dihuni sekitar 50.000 tahun yang lalu oleh [[Neanderthal]] dan mungkin merupakan salah satu tempat tinggal terakhir mereka sebelum mereka punah 24.000 tahun yang lalu. Sejarah tertulis Gibraltar dimulai sekitar tahun 950 SM dengan kedatangan bangsa [[Fenisia]] yang tinggal di dekat Gibraltar. Bangsa [[Kartago]] dan [[Romawi]] nantinya menyembah [[Herkules]] di kuil yang dibangun di [[Batu Gibraltar]], yang disebut ''Mons Calpe'', yang dianggap sebagai salah satu dari [[Pilar Herkules]].
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== Daftar pustaka ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|ref=Abulafia|last=Abulafia|first=David|year=2011|title=The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean|url=https://archive.org/details/greatseahumanhis0000abul|location=London|publisher=Allen Lane|isbn=978-0-7139-9934-1}}
* {{cite book|ref=Aldrich|last1=Aldrich|first1=Robert|last2=Connell|first2=John|title=The Last Colonies|url=https://archive.org/details/lastcolonies0000aldr|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-521-41461-6}}
* {{cite book|ref=Alexander|last=Alexander|first=Marc|title=Gibraltar: Conquered by No Enemy|publisher=The History Press|location=Stroud, Glos|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7509-3331-5}}
* {{cite book|ref=Andrews|last=Andrews|first=Allen|title=Proud Fortress: the fighting story of Gibraltar|publisher=Evans Bros|year=1958|location=London|oclc=656066535}}
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* {{cite book|last=Bond|first=Peter|authorlink=|coauthors=|editor=|others=|title=300 Years of British Gibraltar 1704-2004|origdate=|year=2003|origmonth=|url=|format=|accessdate=2007-07-30|edition=1st Edition|series=|date=|month=|publisher=Peter-Tan Publishing Co.|location=Gibraltar|isbn=|oclc=|doi=|id=|pages=28–29|chapter=Gibraltar's Finest Hour The Great Siege 1779-1783|chapterurl=|quote= }}
* {{cite book|ref=Bradford|last=Bradford|first=Ernle|title=Gibraltar: The History of a Fortress|url=https://archive.org/details/gibraltar0000unse|publisher=Rupert Hart-Davis|year=1971|isbn=0-246-64039-1|location=London}}
* {{cite book|ref=Bruner|title=Neanderthals revisited: new approaches and perspectives|url=https://archive.org/details/neanderthalsrevi0000unse|series=Vertebrate paleobiology and paleoanthropology, vol. 2|chapter=Saccopastore 1: the earliest Neanderthal? A new look at an old cranium|author1=Bruner, E.|author2=Manzi, G.|editor=Harvati, Katerina|editor2=Harrison, Terry|publisher=Springer|year=2006|isbn=978-1-4020-5120-3|location=Dordrecht}}
* {{cite book|last=Chartrand|first=René|authorlink=|coauthors=|editor=|others=Patrice Courcelle|title=Gibraltar 1779–1783: The Great Siege|year=2006|month=|url=http://www.ospreypublishing.com/title_detail.php/title=S9770|format=|accessdate=|edition=1st Edition|series=|date=|publisher=Osprey Publishing|location=Gibraltar|isbn=9781841769776|oclc=|doi=|id=|pages=|chapter=|chapterurl=|quote=|archive-date=2007-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003243/http://www.ospreypublishing.com/title_detail.php/title%3DS9770|dead-url=yes}}
* {{cite book|ref=Collins|last=Collins|first=Roger|title=Spain: an Oxford archaeological guide|url=https://archive.org/details/spainoxfordarcha0000coll|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-285300-4}}
* {{cite book|ref=Cornwell|last=Cornwell|first=B.|title=A Description of Gibraltar: with an account of the blockade, siege, the attempt by nine sail of fire ships, the sally made from the garrison, and every thing remarkable or worthy notice that has occurred in that place since the commencement of the Spanish war|year=1782|publisher=Richardson & Urquhart|location=London|oclc=28817404}}
* {{cite book|ref=Dennis|last=Dennis|first=Philip|title=Gibraltar|url=https://archive.org/details/gibraltar0000denn|publisher=David & Charles Ltd|location=Newton Abbot, Devon|year=1977|isbn=0-7153-7358-7}}
* {{cite book|ref=Devenish|last=Devenish|first=David|title=Gibraltar before the British|year=2003|location=London|publisher=Unpublished proof copy held by the British Library|oclc=499242153}}
* Drinkwater, John: ''A history of the siege of Gibraltar, 1779-1783: With a description and account of that garrison from the earliest periods'' London, 1862.
* {{cite book|ref=Dunsworth|last=Dunsworth|first=Holly M.|title=Human Origins 101|url=https://archive.org/details/humanorigins1010000duns|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2007|isbn=978-0-313-33673-7|location=Westport, CT}}
* {{cite book|ref=Falkner|last=Falkner|first=James|title=Fire over the Rock: The Great Siege of Gibraltar 1779-1783|publisher=Pen and Sword|location=Barnsley, South Yorkshire|year=2009|isbn= 9781844159154}}
* {{cite book|ref=Finlayson|last1=Fa|first1=Darren|last2=Finlayson|first2=Clive|authorlink2=Clive Finlayson|title=The Fortifications of Gibraltar 1068–1945|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=2006|series=Fortress 45|isbn=978-1-84603-016-1|location=Oxford}}
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* {{cite book|ref=Harvey|last=Harvey|first=Maurice|title=Gibraltar|publisher=Spellmount|year=1996|location=Staplehurst, Kent|isbn=978-1-873376-57-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Harvey|first=Robert|title=A Few Bloody Noses: The American War of Independence|url=https://archive.org/details/fewbloodynosesam0000harv|location=London|publisher=John Murray|year=2001|isbn=9780719561412}}
* {{cite book|ref=Hastings|last=S.H.|editor-last=Hastings|editor-first=Max|title=The Oxford Book of Military Anecdotes|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordbookofmili00cdot|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1986|isbn=0-19-214107-4}}
* {{cite book|ref=Haverty|last=Haverty|first=Martin|title=Wanderings in Spain in 1843, Volume 1|publisher=T. C. Newby|location=London|year=1844|oclc=56000559}}
* {{cite book|ref=Hills|last=Hills|first=George|authorlink=George Hills (historian)|title=Rock of Contention: A history of Gibraltar|publisher=Robert Hale & Company|year=1974|location=London|isbn=0-7091-4352-4}}
* {{cite book|ref=Jackson|last=Jackson|first=William G. F.|authorlink=William Jackson (British Army officer)|title=The Rock of the Gibraltarians|publisher=Associated University Presses|year=1986|location=Cranbury, NJ|isbn=0-8386-3237-8}}
* {{cite book|ref=Jordine|last=Jordine|first=Melissa R.|title=The Dispute Over Gibraltar|url=https://archive.org/details/disputeovergibra0000jord|publisher=Chelsea House|year=2007|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4381-2139-0}}
* {{cite book|ref=Krieger|last1=Krieger|first1=Larry S.|last2=Neill|first2=Kenneth|last3=Jantzen|first3=Steven L.|title=World History: Perspectives On The Past|url=https://archive.org/details/worldhistorypers00jant|publisher=D.C. Heath|location=Lexington, MA|year=1990|isbn=978-0-669-20189-5}}
* {{cite journal | journal=Almoraima. Revista de Estudios Campogibraltareños | publisher=Instituto de Estudios Gibraltareños | language=[[Spanish language|Spanish]] | url=http://mancomunidadcg.org/IECG/doc/revistas/Almoraima%203%20Suplemento%20Compra%20Gibraltar-Capitulo%203.pdf | issue=3 (Suplemento 'La compra de Gibraltar por los conversos andaluces (1474–1476)' | title=Asentamiento en Gibraltar en 1474 y expulsión en 1476 | chapter=3 | date=1990-04-01 | first=Diego | last=Lamelas Oladán | ref=LamelasOladán }}
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* Norwich, John Julius: ''The Middle Sea: a history of the Mediterranean'', Random House, 2006
* {{cite book|ref=Offley|last=Offley|first=Ed|title=Turning the Tide: How a Small Band of Allied Sailors Defeated the U-Boat|s and Won the Battle of the Atlantic|url=https://archive.org/details/turningtidehowsm00offl|publisher=Basic Books|year=2011|location=New York|isbn=978-0-465-02344-8}}
* {{cite book|ref=Parcerisa|last=Padró i Parcerisa|first=Josep|title=Egyptian-type documents: from the Mediterranean littoral of the Iberian peninsula before the Roman conquest, Part 3|url=https://archive.org/details/egyptiantypedocu0002padr|publisher=Brill Archive|year=1980|isbn=978-90-04-06133-0|location=Leiden, Netherlands}}
* [[Rodger, N. A. M.]]: ''The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649-1815'', London, 2006
* {{cite book|ref=Rose|title=The environmental legacy of military operations|url=https://archive.org/details/environmentalleg0000unse|editor1-last=Ehlen|editor1-first=Judy|editor2-last=Harmon|editor2-first=Russell S.|chapter=Military Engineering on the Rock of Gibraltar and its Geoenvironmental Legacy|last=Rose|first=Edward P.F.|year=2001|publisher=Geological Society of America|location=Boulder, CO|isbn=0-8137-4114-9}}
* {{cite book|ref=Shields|last=Shields|first=Graham J.|title=Gibraltar|url=https://archive.org/details/gibraltar0000shie|publisher=Clio Press|year=1987|isbn=978-1-85109-045-7|location=Oxford}}
* {{cite book|ref=Stockey|last=Stockey|first=Gareth|title=Gibraltar: A Dagger in the Spine of Spain?|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|year=2009|isbn=978-1-84519-301-0|location=Eastbourne}}
* {{cite book|ref=Stringer|title=Travels with the Fossil Hunters|editor=Whybrow, Peter J.|chapter=Digging the Rock|last=Stringer|first=Chris|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-521-66301-4}}
* Sugden, John: ''Nelson: A Dream of Glory'', London, 2004
* Syrett, David: ''Admiral Lord Howe: A Biography'', London, 2006.
* {{cite book|ref=Truver|last=Truver|first=Scott C.|title=The Strait of Gibraltar and the Mediterranean, Volume 4|url=https://archive.org/details/nlsiu.341.45.tru.9922|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|year=1980|isbn=978-90-286-0709-5|location=Alphen aan der Rijn, Netherlands}}
* Uxó Palasí, José: ''Referencias en torno al bloqueo naval durante los asedios'', Almoraima. n.º 34, 2007
* {{cite book|ref=Walter|last=Walter|first=Chip|title=Last Ape Standing: The Seven-Million-Year Story of How and Why We Survived|url=https://archive.org/details/lastapestandings0000walt|edition=Kindle|year=2013|isbn=978-0-8027-1756-6|publisher=Walker & Co.|location=New York}}
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