Hebron: Perbedaan antara revisi

 

 

</ref>

 

 

 

=== Ancient period ===

 

 

After the destruction of the [[First Temple]], most of the Jewish inhabitants of Hebron were exiled and their place was taken by [[Edomites]] at about [[587 BCE]]. [[Herod the Great]] built the wall which still surrounds the [[Cave of Machpelah]]. During the first war against the Romans, Hebron was conquered by [[Simon Bar Giora]], the leader of the [[Sicarii]]. Eventually it became part of the [[Byzantine Empire]]. The [[Byzantine Emperor]] [[Justinian I]] erected a Christian church over the Cave of Machpelah in the [[6th century|6th century CE]] which was later destroyed by the [[Sassanid]]s.

 

Arab rule lasted until 1099, when the Christian [[Crusade|Crusader]] [[Godfrey de Bouillon]] took Hebron in 1099 and renamed it "Castellion Saint Abraham". The Crusaders converted the mosque and the synagogue into a church and expelled Jews living there. Towards the end of the period of Crusader rule, in 1166 [[Maimonides]] was able to visit Hebron and wrote, "And on the first day of the week, the ninth day of the month of Marheshvan, I left Jerusalem for Hebron to kiss the graves of my forefathers in the Cave of Makhpela. And on that very day, I stood in the cave and I prayed, praised be God for everything."

 

 

In 1260, [[Baybars|al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baibars al-Bunduqdari]] established [[Mamluk]] rule; the minarets were built onto the structure of the Cave of Machpelah/Ibrahami Mosque at that time. During this period, a small Jewish community continued to live in Hebron; however, the climate was less tolerant of Jews (and Christians) than it had been under prior Islamic rule. Jews wishing to visit the tomb were often taxed, and in 1266 a decree was established barring Jews and Christians from entering the Tomb of the Patriarchs; they were only allowed to climb up to a a certain step outside the Eastern wall. Sir John Mondeville wrote that the Jews and Christians were "treated like dogs." Many Jewish and Christian visitors wrote about the community, among them a student of [[Nachmanides]] (1270), Rabbi [[Ishtori Haparchi]] (1322), [[Stephen von Gumfenberg]] (1449), [[Rabbi Meshulam]] from Voltara (1481) and Rabbi [[Ovadia Bartenura]], a famous biblical commentator (1489). An account from [[Hakham Yishak Hilo]] of Larissa (Greece), who arrived in Hebron and observed Jews working in the cotton trade and glassworks. He noted that in Hebron there was an, "Ancient synagogue in which they prayed day and night in 1333.

 

=== Israeli rule ===

 

In 1969, a group of Jewish settlers began to reside in the city, though a government compromise soon focused the Jewish presence to the east in the new [[Israeli settlement|settlement]] of [[Kiryat Arba]]. Beginning in 1979, Jewish settlers moved from Kiryat Arba to the old [[Avraham Avinu]] neighborhood, and later to other Hebron neighborhoods including [[Tel Rumeida]].

Funds from Arab nations earmarked for the reconstruction of homes in Hebron destroyed by Israeli bulldozers during the second intifada was reported to have reached PA leaders close to [[Yasser Arafat]] rather than the intended recipients.<ref>[http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=countries&Area=palestinian&ID=SP39002]</ref>

 

 

A year later, the Mayor of Hebron invited the Christian Peacemaker Teams to assist them the local Palestinian community in opposition to what they describe as Israeli military occupation, collective punishment, settler harassment, home demolitions and land confiscation.<ref>[http://www.cpt.org/publications/history.php CPT Presence in Hebron]</ref> They have maintained a presence in the community despite attacks against them, the most noted being in 2004 when two corps members, Kimberly Lamberty and Christopher Brown were attacked while walking Palestinian Children to school [http://www.sfcg.org/articles/westbank.pdf Washington Post account]. Accounts of the CPT presence can be found in Art Gish's "Hebron Journal."

 

The UN subsequently established an international unarmed observer force - the [[Temporary International Presence in Hebron]] (TIPH) to maintain a buffer between the Palestinian Arab population of the city and the Jews residing in their enclave in the old city. On February 8, [[2006]], TIPH temporarily left Hebron after attacks on their headquarters by some Palestinians angered by the [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy]].

 

{| class="wikitable"

!Total

|-

! 1538

|-

! 1817

| 500

|

|-

!1838

|700

|

|-

!1930

|0

|

|-

! 1931

| 0

| 24,550

|-

! 1967

|}

 

== Controversy: Jewish settlement after 1967 ==

 

 

 

The sentiments of Jews who fled the [[1929 Hebron massacre]] and their descendants are mixed. Some advocate the continued settlement of Hebron as a way to continue the Jewish heritage in the city, while others suggest that settlers should try to live in peace with the Arabs there, with some even recommending the complete pullout of all settlers in Hebron.<ref name=jpt>Jerusalem Post. "[http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?apage=1&cid=1145961357122&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull Field News 10/2/2002 Hebron Jews' offspring divided over city's fate]", 2006-05-16. Retrieved on 2006-07-28.</ref> Descendants supporting the latter views have even gone as far as to meet with Palestinian leaders in Hebron.<ref name=agf>Philadelphia Inquirer. "[http://www.angelfire.com/il/FourMothers/Yona.html Hebron descendants decry actions of current settlers They are kin of the Jews ousted in 1929]", 1997-03-03. Retrieved on 2006-07-28.</ref> The two most public examples of the descendants' views are the [[1997]] statement made by an association comprised of some descendants dissociating themselves from the then-current Jewish settlers in Hebron and calling them an obstacle to peace.<ref name=agf/>, and the [[May 15]], [[2006]] letter sent to the Israeli government by other descendants urging the government to continue its support of Jewish settlement in Hebron, in their names and urged it to allow the return of eight Jewish families evacuated last January from the homes they set up in empty shops near the Avraham Avinu neighborhood.<ref name=jpt/>

* [http://about.reuters.com/aboutus/editorial/mazendana/ Mazen Dana, Journalist.]

* [http://www.abas-zaki.org/ Abas Zaki, Politician].

* [[Baruch Goldstein]], pembunuh massal

* [[Noam Federman]]

 

== Lihat pula ==

* [[Pusat Seni Anak Palestina]]

 

<div class="references-small">

</div>

 

== Pranala luar ==

{{commonscat|Hebron}}

 

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