Lysander Spooner: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Lysander Spooner''' (19 Januari 1808 – 14 Mei 1887) adalah [[Anarkisme individualis di Amerika Serikat|anarkis individualis]] Amerika Serikat. Dia juga seorang [[Abolisionisme di Amerika Serikat|abolisionis]], [[pengusaha]], [[esais]], [[teoretikus hukum]], [[pamfeltis]], [[filsuf politik]], [[Unitarianisme|unitarian]], [[penulis]] dan anggota [[Internasional Pertama]].<ref name="Woodcock 1962 p. 460">{{cite book|last=Woodcock|first=George|authorlink=George Woodcock|title=Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements|year=1962|publisher=Penguin|location=Melbourne|page=460}}</ref>
Spooner adalah pendukung kuat [[gerakan buruh]], [[antiotoritarian]], dan [[anarkis individualis]] dalam pandangan politiknya.<ref name="Martin 1953">Martin, James J. (1953). [https://mises.org/library/men-against-state-expositers-individualist-anarchism-america-1827-1908 ''Men Against the State: The Expositers of Individualist Anarchism in America, 1827–1908'']. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ux-xAMFUY2gC&printsec=frontcover&hl=it#v=onepage&q=Chapter%20VII&f=false "Lysander Spooner, Dissident Among Dissidents"]. Auburn: Mises Institute. pp. 167–201. {{ISBN|9781610163910}}.</ref><ref name="Rosemont 2015 p. 78">Rosemont, Henry Jr. (2015). ''Against Individualism: A Confucian Rethinking of the Foundations of Morality, Politics, Family, and Religion''. Lanham: Lexington Books. p. 78. {{ISBN|9780739199817}}.</ref> Ideologi ekonomi dan politiknya sering kali diidentifikasi sebagai [[sosialisme libertarian]] dan [[Mutualisme (teori ekonomi)|mutualisme]].<ref name="Swartz 1945 p. 126">Swartz, Clarence Lee (1945). ''What Is Mutualism?'' Modern Publishers. p. 126.</ref><ref name="Woodcock 1962 p. 434">{{cite book|last=Woodcock|first=George|authorlink=George Woodcock|title=Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements|year=1962|publisher=Penguin|location=Melbourne|page=434}}</ref><ref name="Marshall 2009 p. 387">Marshall, Peter (2009). ''Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism''. Oakland: PM Press. p. 387. {{ISBN|9781604862706}}.</ref><ref name="Morris 2015 p. 208">Morris, Brian (2015). ''Anthropology, Ecology, and Anarchism: A Brian Morris Reader''. Oakland: PM Press. p. 208. {{ISBN|9781604860931}}.</ref> Tulisan-tulisannya berkontribusi pada perkembangan teori politik baik [[libertarian kiri]] dan [[libertarian kanan]] dalam [[libertarianisme di Amerika Serikat]].<ref name="Miller 1987 p. 290">Miller, David, ed. (1987). ''Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought''. p. 290. {{ISBN|978-0-631-17944-3}}. "A student and disciple of the Austrian economist Ludwig von Mises, Rothbard combined the ''laissez-faire'' economics of his teacher with the absolutist views of human rights and rejection of the state he had absorbed from studying the individualist American anarchists of the 19th century such as Lysander Spooner and Benjamin Tucker."</ref><ref name="AFAQ">{{cite book|editor-last=McKay|editor-first=Iain|year=2012|orig-year=2008|chapter-url=https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/the-anarchist-faq-editorial-collective-an-anarchist-faq-08-17#toc25|chapter=Lysander Spooner: right-'libertarian' or libertarian socialist?|title=An Anarchist FAQ|volume=I/II|location=Stirling|publisher=AK Press|isbn=9781849351225|access-date=2020-11-16|archive-date=2020-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213133040/https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/the-anarchist-faq-editorial-collective-an-anarchist-faq-08-17#toc25|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="MacSaorsa 2009">MacSaorsa, Iain. [https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/iain-macsaorsa-the-ideas-of-lysander-spooner-libertarian-or-libertarian-socialist "The Ideas of Lysander Spooner — Libertarian or libertarian socialist?"]. Spunk Library. December 3, 2009. Retrieved March 21, 2019 – via The Anarchist Library.</ref>
Tulisan Spooner termasuk buku abolisionis, ''[[The Unconstitutionality of Slavery]]'' dan ''[[No Treason: The Constitution of No Authority]]'' yang menentang tuduhan makar terhadap separatis.<ref name="Smith 1992 p. xix">[[George H. Smith|Smith, George H.]] (1992). ''The Lysander Spooner Reader''. p. xix.</ref><ref name="Barnett 2010">{{cite conference|last=Barnett|first=Randy E.|authorlink=Randy Barnett|title=Whence Comes Section One? The Abolitionist Origins of the Fourteenth Amendment|date=February 22, 2010|publisher=Social Science Research Network|location=Rochester, New York|df=mdy-all|ssrn=1538862}}</ref><ref name="Raico 2011">[[Ralph Raico|Raico, Ralph]]. [https://mises.org/daily/5088/Neither-the-Wars-Nor-the-Leaders-Were-Great "Neither the Wars Nor the Leaders Were Great"]. [[Ludwig von Mises Institute]]. March 29, 2011. Retrieved March 21, 2019.</ref> Spooner juga dikenal karena berkompetisi dengan [[Layanan Pos Amerika Serikat]] dengan perusahaannya, [[American Letter Mail Company]]. Namun, kompetisi ini berakhir setelah permasalahan hukum dengan pemerintah federal.<ref name="Swartz 1945 p. 126"/><ref name="Krohn 2007">Krohn, Raymond James (Summer 2007). [https://mises.org/journals/jls/21_2/21_2_3.pdf "The Limits of Jacksonian Liberalism: Individualism, Dissent, and the Gospel of Andrew According to Lysander Spooner"]. ''[[Journal of Libertarian Studies]]''. '''21''' (2): 46–47.</ref>
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* [https://static1.squarespace.com/static/55a3c833e4b07c31913e6eae/t/55a523cce4b0635b1072b31d/1436885964874/Letter+to+Scientists+and+Inventors.pdf "A Letter to Scientists and Inventors, on the Science of Justice"] (1884)
* [http://lf-oll.s3.amazonaws.com/titles/2224/Spooner_1481_Bk.pdf "A Letter to Grover Cleveland, on His False Inaugural Address, the Usurpations and Crimes of Lawmakers and Judges, and the Consequent Poverty, Ignorance, and Servitude of the People"] (1886)
* [https://www.aier.org/article/two-treatises-competitive-currency-and-banking-lysander-spooner-full-text-edited-phil "Two Treatises on Competitive Currency and Banking"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222152033/https://www.aier.org/article/two-treatises-competitive-currency-and-banking-lysander-spooner-full-text-edited-phil |date=2019-02-22 }} (2018)
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