Sarah Gilbert: Perbedaan antara revisi

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| birth_name = Sarah Catherine Gilbert
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1962|04}}
| image = Dr.Sarah Gilbert.jpg
| alma_mater = [[University ofUniversitas East Anglia]] (BSc)<br/> [[University of Hull]] (PhD)
| workplaces = [[University of Oxford]] <br/>[[Vaccitech]]<br> Delta Biotechnology
| known_for = [[Vaksinologi]]
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| website = {{Official URL}}
}}
 
Dame '''Sarah Catherine Gilbert''' (lahir pada April 1962) adalah seorang ahli [[vaksinasi]] berkewarganegaraan [[Inggris]] yang juga merupakan seorang [[profesor]] [[vaksin|VaksinologiVaksin]]ologi di [[Universitas Oxford]] dan salah satu pendiri [[Vaccitech]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/principal-investigators/researcher/sarah-gilbert|title=Sarah Gilbert – Nuffield Department of Medicine|publisher=University of Oxford|access-date=24 Maret 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/people/professor-sarah-gilbert/|title=Professor Sarah Gilbert|publisher=University of Oxford|language=en|access-date=24 Maret 2021|archive-date=2020-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702130425/https://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/people/professor-sarah-gilbert/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/news-and-events/find-an-expert/professor-sarah-gilbert|title=Professor Sarah Gilbert {{!}} University of Oxford |publisher=University of Oxford|access-date=24 Maret 2021|archive-date=2020-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803121057/https://www.ox.ac.uk/news-and-events/find-an-expert/professor-sarah-gilbert|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vaccitech.co.uk/about/our-team/|website=vaccitech.co.uk|title=Our Team|access-date=24 Maret 2021}}</ref> Gilbert spesialis dalam pengembangan [[vaksin]] melawan [[influenza]] dan [[patogen]] [[virus]] yang muncul.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hic-vac.org/members/members-profiles/professor-sarah-gilbert|title=Professor Sarah Gilbert &#124; Hic Vac|website=hic-vac.org|accessdate=24 Maret 2021}}</ref> Dia juga menjadi pemimpin dalam pengembangan dan pengujian [[vaksin influenza|vaksin influenza]], yang menjalani uji klinis pada tahun 2011. Tanggal 30 Desember 2020, [[Vaksin COVID-19 Oxford–AstraZeneca]] yang dia kembangkan bersama dengan [[Vaksin Oxford Grup]] telah disetujui untuk digunakan di [[Britania Raya]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Covid-19: Oxford-AstraZeneca coronavirus vaccine approved for use in UK |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-55280671 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |access-date=24 Maret 2021|date=30 December 2020}}</ref>
 
== Kehidupan awal dan pendidikan ==
Gilbert mengikuti pendidikan [[Sekolah Menengah Atas]] (SMA) di Kettering High School, kota [[Northamptonshire|Kettering, Northamptonshire]], [[Inggris]], dan di SMA ini dia menyadari bahwa kelak dia ingin bekerja di bidang [[kedokteran]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web| url=https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/working-for-ndm/working-for-ndm-page/career-profiles/professor-sarah-gilbert/| title=Professor Sarah Gilbert| author=Admin| website=Working for NDM| language=en-GB| access-date=24 Maret 2021| archive-date=24 Maret 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327225805/https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/working-for-ndm/working-for-ndm-page/career-profiles/professor-sarah-gilbert/| url-status=dead}}</ref> Kemudian, Sarah lulus dengan mendapat gelar [[Bachelor of Science]] atau [[Sarjana Sains]] (penghargaan kelas satu atau ''first class honours'') bidang [[ilmu biologi]] dari University of East Anglia di [[Norwich]], [[Inggris]]. Sarah melanjutkan studinya ke University of Hull untuk mendapat gelar [[doktor]], dalam bidang menyelidiki [[genetika]] dan [[biokimia]] dari ragi ''[[Rhodosporidium toruloides]]''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=sPhD>{{cite thesis|degree=PhD|publisher=University of Hull|title=Studies on lipid accumulaltion and genetics of Rhodosporidium toruloides|first= Sarah Catherine|last=Gilbert|year=1986|id={{EThOS|uk.bl.ethos.381881}}|website=jisc.ac.uk|oclc=499901226|url=https://discover.libraryhub.jisc.ac.uk/search?q=Studies%20on%20lipid%20accumulaltion%20and%20genetics%20of%20Rhodosporidium%20toruloides&rn=1}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
 
== KarirKarier dan penelitian==
Setelah mendapatkan gelar [[doktoral]], Gilbert bekerja sebagai [[peneliti]] [[doktoral|pascadoktoral]] bidang [[industri]] di Yayasan Riset Industri Pembuatan Bir (''Brewing Industry Research Foundation''). Setelah itu, dia pindah ke Leicester Biocentre. Tahun 1990, Gilbert bergabung dengan Delta Biotechnology, sebuah perusahaan [[biofarmasi]] yang memproduksi obat-obatan di kota [[Nottingham]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencemag.org/custom-publishing/webinars/vaccine-matters-can-we-cure-coronavirus|title=Vaccine matters: Can we cure coronavirus?|work=Science Magazine|date=12 August 2020|access-date=24 Maret 2021}}</ref>
 
Pada tahun 1994, Gilbert kembali bekerja [[akademis]], dengan bergabung di sebuah [[laboratorium]] bernama [[Adrian V. S. Hill]]. Penelitian awal yang dia kerjakan ialah mempertimbangkan interaksi host-parasit di [[malaria]].<ref name=":0" /> Tahun 2004, dia menjadi juru baca [[Vaksin|ahli vaksin]] di [[Universitas Oxford]].<ref name=":0" /> Tahun 2010, Gilbert diangkat menjadi seorang [[profesor]] di [[Jenner Institute]]. Mendapat dukungan dari [[Wellcome Trust]], Gilbert mulai mengerjakan desain dan membuat novel tentang [[Vaksin influenza|vaksinasi influenza]].<ref name=":0" /> Penelitian yang dikerjakan oleh Gilbert dengan mempertimbangkan pengembangan dan pengujian praklinis vaksinasi virus, menanamkan protein [[patogen]] di dalam virus.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://ndm.medsci.ox.ac.uk/podcast-meet-our-researchers/epidemics-vaccines/sarah-gilbert-viral-vectored-vaccines|title=Sarah Gilbert: Viral Vectored Vaccines — Nuffield Department of Medicine|publisher=University of Oxford|access-date=24 Maret 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hic-vac.org/members/members-profiles/professor-sarah-gilbert|title=Professor Sarah Gilbert {{!}} Hic Vac|website=hic-vac.org|access-date=24 Maret 2021}}</ref> Vaksinasi [[virus]] ini memicu respons [[sel T]], yang dapat digunakan untuk melawan berbagai penyakit seperti [[virus]], [[malaria]], dan [[kanker]].<ref name=":1" />
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Gilbert terlibat dalam pengembangan dan uji klinis dari [[vaksin flu universal]]. Tidak seperti vaksinasi konvensional, [[Vaksin influenza|vaksin flu universal]] tidak merangsang produksi [[antibodi]], melainkan memicu munculnya [[sistem kekebalan tubuh]] untuk membuat [[sel T]] yang spesifik untuk [[influenza]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://splice-bio.com/world-first-trial-universal-flu-vaccine/|title=World-First Trial for Universal Flu Vaccine|date=11 October 2017|website=Splice|language=en-US|access-date=24 Maret 2021}}</ref> Antibodi tersebut memanfaatkan salah satu [[protein]] inti ([[nukleoprotein]] dan protein matriks 1) di dalam [[virus Influenza A]], bukan protein eksternal yang ada di lapisan luar.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last1=Jha|first1=Alok|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2011/feb/06/flu-universal-vaccine-test-success|title=Flu breakthrough promises a vaccine to kill all strains|date=6 Februari 2011|work=The Guardian|access-date=24 Maret 2021|last2=correspondent|first2=science|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Karena adanya [[sistem kekebalan tubuh]] yang melemah seiring bertambahnya usia, maka vaksinasi konvensional tidak dianjurkan untuk para lansia.<ref name=":2" />
 
Tahun 2008 merupakan tahun pertama Gilbert melakukan Uji klinis, dengan memantau gejala harian pasien influenza menggunakan [[virus Influenza A subtipe H3N2]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.jenner.ac.uk/team/sarah-gilbert | title=Sarah Gilbert — The Jenner Institute|website=jenner.ac.uk|access-date=24 Maret 2021}}</ref> Hasil studi pertamanya ini, menemukan adanya rangsangan [[sel T]] sebagai respons terhadap virus flu, dan bahwa [[stimulasi]] ini dapat melindungi seseorang dari penyakit [[flu]].<ref name=":2" /> Penelitian tersebut menemukan hasil bahwa vektor [[Adenoviridae|adenoviral]] ChAdOx1 dapat digunakan untuk membuat vaksinasi yang melindungi [[manusia]] dari [[sindrom pernapasan Timur Tengah]] (MERS) yang ada pada [[tikus]] dan mampu menginduksi respon [[imun]] terhadap MERS.<ref name="MunsterWells2017">{{cite journal|last1=Munster|first1=Vincent J.|last2=Wells|first2=Daniel|last3=Lambe|first3=Teresa|last4=Wright|first4=Daniel|last5=Fischer|first5=Robert J.|last6=Bushmaker|first6=Trenton|last7=Saturday|first7=Greg|last8=van Doremalen|first8=Neeltje|last9=Gilbert|first9=Sarah C.|last10=de Wit|first10=Emmie|last11=Warimwe|first11=George M.|title=Protective efficacy of a novel simian adenovirus vaccine against lethal MERS-CoV challenge in a transgenic human DPP4 mouse model|journal=NPJ Vaccines|volume=2|issue=1|year=2017|page=28|issn=2059-0105|doi=10.1038/s41541-017-0029-1|pmid=29263883|pmc=5643297}} Diakses tanggal 24 Maret 2021.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vaccitech.co.uk/new-mers-vaccine-clinical-trial-starts-in-saudi-arabia/|title=New MERS Coronavirus vaccine clinical trial starts in Saudi Arabia |website=www.vaccitech.co.uk|date=20 Desember 2019|access-date=24 Maret 2021}}</ref> Vektor yang sama juga digunakan untuk membuat vaksin melawan [[virus Nipah|Nipah]] yang efektif terdapat di [[Hamster|hamster]] (tetapi tidak pernah terbukti ada pada manusia),<ref name="Halsteadvan Doremalen2019">{{cite journal|last1=Halstead|first1=Scott B.|last2=van Doremalen|first2=Neeltje|last3=Lambe|first3=Teresa|last4=Sebastian|first4=Sarah|last5=Bushmaker|first5=Trenton|last6=Fischer|first6=Robert|last7=Feldmann|first7=Friederike|last8=Haddock|first8=Elaine|last9=Letko|first9=Michael|last10=Avanzato|first10=Victoria A.|last11=Rissanen|first11=Ilona|last12=LaCasse|first12=Rachel|last13=Scott|first13=Dana|last14=Bowden|first14=Thomas A.|last15=Gilbert|first15=Sarah|last16=Munster|first16=Vincent|title=A single-dose ChAdOx1-vectored vaccine provides complete protection against Nipah Bangladesh and Malaysia in Syrian golden hamsters|journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases|volume=13|issue=6|year=2019|pages=e0007462|issn=1935-2735|doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0007462|pmid=31170144 |pmc=6581282 }} Diakses tanggal 24 Maret 2021</ref> selain vaksin potensial untuk [[Rift Valley Fever]] yang dapat melindungi [[domba]], [[kambing]], dan [[sapi]] (tetapi tidak terbukti pada manusia).<ref name="WarimweGesharisha2016">{{cite journal|last1=Warimwe|first1=George M.|last2=Gesharisha|first2=Joseph|last3=Carr|first3=B. Veronica|last4=Otieno|first4=Simeon|last5=Otingah|first5=Kennedy|last6=Wright|first6=Danny|last7=Charleston|first7=Bryan|last8=Okoth|first8=Edward|last9=Elena|first9=Lopez-Gil|last10=Lorenzo|first10=Gema|last11=Ayman|first11=El-Behiry|last12=Alharbi|first12=Naif K.|last13=Al-dubaib|first13=Musaad A.|last14=Brun|first14=Alejandro|last15=Gilbert|first15=Sarah C.|last16=Nene|first16=Vishvanath|last17=Hill|first17=Adrian V. S.|title=Chimpanzee Adenovirus Vaccine Provides Multispecies Protection against Rift Valley Fever|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=6|issue=1|year=2016|page=20617|issn=2045-2322|doi=10.1038/srep20617|pmid=26847478|pmc=4742904 |bibcode=2016NatSR...620617W}} Diakses tanggal 24 Maret 2021</ref>
 
Gilbert kemudian terlibat dalam pengembangan [[vaksinasi]] baru untuk melindungi manusia dari [[Koronavirus]] sejak awal terjadinya [[pandemi COVID-19]] .<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/health/coronavirus-vaccine-uk-scientists-imperial-college-oxford-university-a4356406.html|title=Two groups of UK scientists in race to develop coronavirus vaccine|date=7 Februari 2020|website=London Evening Standard|language=en|access-date=24 Maret 2021}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/vaccine-trials-among-recipients-of-20-million-coronavirus-research-investment|title=Vaccine trials among recipients of £20 million coronavirus research investment|publisher=Government of the United Kingdom|language=en|access-date=27 March 2020}}</ref><ref name=lancet>{{cite journal | title=Sarah Gilbert: carving a path towards a COVID-19 vaccine | journal=[[The Lancet]] | volume=395 | number=10232 | page=1247 | first=Richard | last=Lane |year= 2020 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30796-0|pmid=32305089 |pmc=7162644 }}</ref> Dia menjadi pemimpin dalam pekerjaan ini untuk mencari kandidat vaksin baru, bersama dengan Andrew Pollard, Teresa Lambe, Sandy Douglas, Catherine Green dan Adrian Hill.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://covid19vaccinetrial.co.uk/|title=COVID-19 Vaccine Trials {{!}} COVID-19|website=covid19vaccinetrial.co.uk|access-date=24 Maret 2021}}</ref> Seperti pekerjaan sebelumnya, [[vaksin COVID-19]] menggunakan vektor [[Adenoviridae| adenoviral]], yang dapat merangsang respons [[sistem kekebalan tubuh]] terhadap lonjakan protein koronavirus.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Rencana awal uji klinis pada hewan dilakukan awal bulan Maret 2020, dan kemudian merekrut 510 peserta manusia untuk tujuan uji coba fase I / II yang dimulai pada 27 Maret 2020.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news| last=Sample | first=Ian | url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/mar/19/uk-drive-develop-coronavirus-vaccine-science | title=Trials to begin on Covid-19 vaccine in UK next month | date=19 March 2020| newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=24 Maret 2021|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/british-scientists-hope-start-coronavirus-17952746|title=British scientists hope to start coronavirus vaccine trials next month|last=Robson|first=Steve|date=20 Maret 2020|website=manchestereveningnews.co.uk|access-date=24 Maret 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/27/uk-scientists-enrol-volunteers-for-coronavirus-vaccine-trial|title=UK scientists enrol volunteers for coronavirus vaccine trial|date=17 March 2020|work=The Guardian}}</ref> Pada September 2020, Gilbert menyatakan bahwa vaksin [[AZD1222]], sudah diproduksi oleh perusahaan [[AstraZeneca]] sementara uji coba fase III sedang berlangsung bulan September 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/health/coronavirus-vaccine-oxford-latest-results-covid-19-sarah-gilbert-interview-trial-a9695161.html|title='You just get on with it': The Oxford professor carrying the world's hopes of a coronavirus vaccine|first=Samuel|last=Lovett|work=The Independent|date=1 September 2020|access-date=24 Maret 2021}}</ref> Karena hasil penelitian vaksin tersebut, Gilbert tampil di majalah ''[[The Times]]''<nowiki/> bertajuk ''Science Power List'' terbitan bulan Mei 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Franklin-Wallis|first=Oliver|date=23 Mei 2020|title=From pandemics to cancer: the science power list|language=en|work=The Times|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/from-pandemics-to-cancer-the-science-power-list-d23bb9b2k|access-date=24 Maret 2021|issn=0140-0460}}</ref>
 
== Kehidupan pribadi ==
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* {{Cite journal |ref=none|last1=McShane|first1=H|last2=Pathan|first2=A A|last3=Sander|first3=C R|last4=Keating|first4=S M|last5=Gilbert|first5=S C|last6=Huygen|first6=K|last7=Fletcher|first7=H A|last8=Hill|first8=A V S|date=Desember 2004|title=Erratum: Recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing antigen 85A boosts BCG-primed and naturally acquired antimycobacterial immunity in humans|journal=Nature Medicine|volume=10|issue=12|pages=1397|doi=10.1038/nm1204-1397a|issn=1078-8956|doi-access=free}}
*{{Cite journal |ref=none|last1=McConkey|first1=Samuel J.|last2=Reece|first2=William H. H.|last3=Moorthy|first3=Vasee S.|last4=Webster|first4=Daniel|last5=Dunachie|first5=Susanna|last6=Butcher|first6=Geoff|last7=Vuola|first7=Jenni M.|last8=Blanchard|first8=Tom J.|last9=Gothard|first9=Philip|last10=Watkins|first10=Kate|last11=Hannan|first11=Carolyn M.|year=2003|title=Enhanced T-cell immunogenicity of plasmid DNA vaccines boosted by recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara in humans|journal=Nature Medicine|language=en|volume=9|issue=6|pages=729–735|doi=10.1038/nm881|issn=1546-170X|pmid= 12766765|s2cid=6670274}}
*{{Cite journal |ref=none|last=Gilbert|first=S. C.|date=20 Februari 1998|title=Association of Malaria Parasite Population Structure, HLA, and Immunological Antagonism|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1998-02-20_279_5354/page/1173|journal=Science|volume=279|issue=5354|pages=1173–1177|doi=10.1126/science.279.5354.1173|issn=0036-8075|pmid= 9469800|bibcode=1998Sci...279.1173G}} {{closed access}}
 
== Pranala luar ==
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* {{Google Scholar id |nZ7_XboAAAAJ}}
 
== Lihat pula ==
 
* [[Sonia Wibisono]]
* [[Maria Louisa Rumateray]]
* [[Alfandy Cahyono]]
* [[Irmadita Citrashanty]]
 
== Referensi ==
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