Ingenuity: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Fitur saranan suntingan: 3 pranala ditambahkan.
 
(12 revisi perantara oleh 8 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 7:
| spacecraft_type = [[Helikopter]] [[Pesawat tanpa awak|nirawak]]
| manufacturer = [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
| landing_mass = {{Unbulleted list|Total: {{cvt|1.8|kg}}<ref name ="fact sheet"/>|Baterai: {{cvt|273|g}}}}Unbulleted list
| Total: {{cvt|1.8|kg}}<ref name="landing press kit">{{cite web|url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press_kits/mars_2020/download/ingenuity_landing_press_kit.pdf|title=Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Landing Press Kit |publisher=NASA|date=January 2021|access-date=14 February 2021|archive-date=18 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218072916/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press_kits/mars_2020/download/ingenuity_landing_press_kit.pdf|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name="fact sheet"/>
| dimensions = {{Unbulleted list|Chassis: kubus berukuran {{cvt|14|cm}}<ref name='Aung May2018'/>|Rotor: berdiameter {{cvt|120|cm}}<ref name='Aung May2018'/><ref name="fact sheet"/>|Height: {{cvt|80|cm}}<ref name='Aung May2018'/>}}
| Baterai: {{cvt|273|g}}
}}
| dimensions = {{Unbulleted list|Chassis: kubus berukuran {{cvt|14|cm}}<ref name='Aung May2018'/>|Rotor: berdiameter {{cvt|120|cm}}<ref name="fact sheet"/><ref name='Aung May2018'/>|Height: {{cvt|80|cm}}<ref name='Aung May2018'/>}}
| power = {{cvt|350|W}}<ref name="official website">{{cite web|title=Mars Helicopter|website=NASA Mars|publisher=NASA|url=https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/|accessdate=May 2, 2020}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
| deployment_from = ''[[Perseverance]]''
Baris 27 ⟶ 30:
| previous_mission =
| next_mission =
}} '''Ingenuity''' (juga dikenal sebagai '''Helikopter Mars''')<ref name="NASA-20200429a">{{Cite news|last=Hautaluoma|first=Grey|last2=Johnson|first2=Alana|last3=Agle|first3=D.C.|title=Alabama High School Student Names NASA's Mars Helicopter|url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7650|date=April 29, 2020|work=NASA|access-date=April 29, 2020}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name="distance">[https://www.uasvision.com/2016/09/06/nasa-chooses-helicopter-for-mars-drone/ Mars Helicopter Scout]. video presentation at Caltech {{PD-notice}}</ref> adalah helikopter nirawak yang digunakan untuk menguji teknologi dan mencari target penelitian menarik di [[Mars]]. Helikopter ini juga akan membantu perencanaan rute penjelajahan terbaik untuk robot penjelajah Mars dipada masa depan.<ref name="drone1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.business2community.com/space-science/nasa-is-developing-a-helicopter-drone-for-2020-mars-mission-01138799|title=NASA Is Developing A Helicopter Drone For 2020 Mars Mission|work=Business 2 Community|date=January 27, 2015|access-date=January 28, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326071746/http://www.business2community.com/space-science/nasa-is-developing-a-helicopter-drone-for-2020-mars-mission-01138799|archive-date=March 26, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Leone heli">{{Cite news|last=Leone|first=Dan|url=http://spacenews.com/elachi-touts-helicopter-scout-for-mars-sample-caching-rover/|title=Elachi Touts Helicopter Scout for Mars Sample-Caching Rover|work=[[SpaceNews]]|date=November 19, 2015|access-date=November 20, 2015}}</ref> Helikopter ini berhasil melakukan penerbangan pertamanya di permukaan Mars pada 19 April 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Northon|first=Karen|date=2021-04-19|title=NASA’s Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Succeeds in Historic First Flight|url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-ingenuity-mars-helicopter-succeeds-in-historic-first-flight|website=NASA|access-date=2021-04-19}}</ref>
 
Ingenuity dilepaskan dari [[Perseverance|robot penjelajah Perseverance]] pada 2021 sebagai bagian dari misi [[Misi rover Mars 2020|Mars 2020]]. Helikopter ini diharapkan dapat terbang hingga lima kali selama masa uji 30 hari di awal misi penjelajahan.<ref name="spacenews 20180504">[http://spacenews.com/decision-expected-soon-on-adding-helicopter-to-mars-2020/ Decision expected soon on adding helicopter to Mars 2020]. Jeff Fout. ''Space News''. May 4, 2018.</ref> Setiap penerbangan tidak akan memakan waktu lebih dari tiga menit dengan ketinggian antara 3 hingga 10 meter dari permukaan Mars. Helikopter dapat menempuh jarak hingga {{Convert|300|m}} tiap sesi penerbangan. Ingenuity akan menggunakan [[sistem kendali]] otonom serta dapat berkomunikasi secara langsung dengan robot penjelajah Perseverance setelah setiap pendaratan. Jika berfungsi seperti yang diharapkan, NASA akan menggunakan desain seperti ini untuk membangun kendaraan [[atmosfer Mars]] dipada masa depan.<ref name="Balaram 2018">[https://rotorcraft.arc.nasa.gov/Publications/files/Balaram_AIAA2018_0023.pdf Mars Helicopter Technology Demonstrator]. (PDF) J. (Bob) Balaram, Timothy Canham, Courtney Duncan, Matt Golombek, Håvard Fjær Grip, Wayne Johnson, Justin Maki, Amelia Quon, Ryan Stern, and David Zhu. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), SciTech Forum Conference; January 8–12, 2018, Kissimmee, Florida. {{Doi|10.2514/6.2018-0023}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
 
MiMi Aung merupakan pemimpin proyek ini.<ref>[http://kiss.caltech.edu/lectures/Aung_Lecture_2015.html MiMi Aung - Autonomous Systems Deputy Division Manager]. NASA/JPL {{PD-notice}}</ref> Kontributor lain yang berkontribusi pada proyek ini ialah AeroVironment Inc., [[Ames Research Center|Pusat Penelitian]] NASA [[Ames Research Center|Ames]], dan [[Langley Research Center|Pusat Penelitian Langley]] NASA.<ref name="Witold 2018">[https://rotorcraft.arc.nasa.gov/Publications/files/Koning_2018_TechMx.pdf Generation of Mars Helicopter Rotor Model for Comprehensive Analyses]. (PDF) Witold J. F. Koning, Wayne Johnson, Brian G. Allan. NASA Rotorcraft. 2018 {{PD-notice}}</ref>
 
== Rancangan ==
Baris 41 ⟶ 44:
|-
| Kecepatan ujung baling-baling
| < [[Mach]] 0,7 <ref name="distance">[https://www.uasvision.com/2016/09/06/nasa-chooses-helicopter-for-mars-drone/ Mars Helicopter Scout]. video presentation at Caltech {{PD-notice}}</ref>
|-
| Waktu penerbangan
Baris 50 ⟶ 53:
|-
| Jangkauan maksimum
| Penerbangan: {{Cvt|300|m}}<ref name="Balaram 2018"/> Radio: {{Cvt|1000|m}}
| Penerbangan: {{Cvt|300|m}}<ref name="Balaram 2018">[https://rotorcraft.arc.nasa.gov/Publications/files/Balaram_AIAA2018_0023.pdf Mars Helicopter Technology Demonstrator]. (PDF) J. (Bob) Balaram, Timothy Canham, Courtney Duncan, Matt Golombek, Håvard Fjær Grip, Wayne Johnson, Justin Maki, Amelia Quon, Ryan Stern, and David Zhu. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), SciTech Forum Conference; January 8–12, 2018, Kissimmee, Florida. {{Doi|10.2514/6.2018-0023}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Radio: {{Cvt|1000|m}}
|-
| Ketinggian maksimum
Baris 59 ⟶ 62:
|}
 
''Ingenuity'' dirancang sebagai demonstrasi teknologi oleh [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory|JPL]] untuk menilai apakah teknologi ini dapat terbang dengan baik dan memberikan pemetaan serta panduan yang lebih baik untuk misi dipada masa depan.<ref name="NYT-20180511">{{Cite news|last=Chang|first=Kenneth|title=A Helicopter on Mars? NASA Wants to Try|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/11/science/mars-helicopter-nasa.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=May 12, 2018}}</ref><ref name="VRG-20180511">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/5/11/17346414/nasa-mars-2020-helicopter-atmosphere|title=NASA is sending a helicopter to Mars to get a bird's-eye view of the planet - The Mars Helicopter is happening|last=Gush|first=Loren|date=May 11, 2018|website=[[The Verge]]|access-date=May 11, 2018}}</ref> Helikopter dirancang untuk dapat memotret dengan resolusi gambar sekitar sepuluh kali lebih baik dibandingkan gambar yang dipotret dari orbit. Kamera helikopter juga akan menampilkan fitur yang mungkin tidak dapat dijangkau oleh kamera robot penjelajah. Dengan adanya teknologi seperti ini, robot penjelajah dipada masa depan akan dapat menjelajah dengan jangkauan tiga kali lebih jauh tiap sol.<ref>[http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/841669/1/ScienceRobotics-SpaceRoboticsSurvey%20GaoChien_no%20figure_final.pdf Review on space robotics: Toward top-level science through space exploration] (PDF). Y Gao, S Chien - Science Robotics, 2017.</ref> Generasi kendaraan rotor berikutnya mungkin akan memiliki massa sekitar 5 hingga 15 &nbsp;kg dengan muatan sains bermassa antara 0,5 dan 1,5 &nbsp;kg. Pesawat potensial ini dapat memiliki komunikasi langsung ke pengorbit dan mungkin atau mungkin tidak terus bekerja dengan aset mendarat.
 
Helikopter ini menggunakan [[rotor koaksial]] dengan diameter {{Cvt|1.1|m}} yang memiliki arah putar saling berlawanan. Muatan yang rencananya dibawa oleh helikopter berupa kamera resolusi tinggi untuk navigasi, pendaratan, dan survei sains di medan, serta sistem komunikasi untuk menyampaikan data dan informasi menuju robot penjelajah ''[[Perseverance (rover)|Perseverance]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www-robotics.jpl.nasa.gov/publications/Richard_Volpe/isairas%202014%20paper,%20volpe,%20v8.pdf|title=2014 Robotics Activities at JPL|last=Volpe|first=Richard|website=Jet Propulsion Laboratory|format=PDF|access-date=September 1, 2015|archive-date=2021-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221200009/https://www-robotics.jpl.nasa.gov/publications/Richard_Volpe/isairas%202014%20paper,%20volpe,%20v8.pdf|dead-url=yes}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Meskipun tergolong sebagai helikopter, kendaraan ini dibangun dengan standar wahana antariksa agar dapat menahan g-force dan getaran selama peluncuran. Kendaraan ini juga dilengkapi sistem pelindung radiasi yang mampu beroperasi di lingkungan Mars yang dingin. Medan magnet Mars yang tidak konsisten membuat penggunaan [[kompas]] untuk navigasi tidak dapat dilakukan. Oleh karena itu, helikopter akan menggunakan kamera [[pelacak surya]] yang terintegrasi dengan [[Sistem Navigasi Inersia|sistem navigasi inersia]] visual buatan JPL. Beberapa masukan tambahan termasuk [[giroskop]], [[Odometri visual|odometry visual]], [[Inklinometer|sensor kemiringan]], [[altimeter]], dan detektor bahaya.<ref>[https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/10338/1/Parth_Shah_2017Thesis.pdf Heading Estimation via Sun Sensing for Autonomous Navigation]. Parth Shah. 2017.</ref> [[Panel surya]] akan digunakan sebagai sistem pengisi ulang baterai yang berupa enam sel Sony [[Baterai ion litium|Li-ion]] dengan kapasitas 2 Ah.<ref name="Balaram 2018">[https://rotorcraft.arc.nasa.gov/Publications/files/Balaram_AIAA2018_0023.pdf Mars Helicopter Technology Demonstrator]. (PDF) J. (Bob) Balaram, Timothy Canham, Courtney Duncan, Matt Golombek, Håvard Fjær Grip, Wayne Johnson, Justin Maki, Amelia Quon, Ryan Stern, and David Zhu. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), SciTech Forum Conference; January 8–12, 2018, Kissimmee, Florida. {{Doi|10.2514/6.2018-0023}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
 
Hfelikopter ini akan menggunakan [[Qualcomm Snapdragon|prosesor Qualcomm Snapdragon]] dari Intrinsyc dengan [[Linux|sistem]] operasi [[Linux]]. Prosesor terhubung ke dua Unit Mikrokontroler (MCU) kendali penerbangan untuk menjalankan fungsi kontrol-penerbangan yang diperlukan. Komunikasi dengan robot penjelajahan dilakukan melalui sambungan radio menggunakan [[ZigBee|Zigbee]] yang diimplementasikan melalui chipset 900 &nbsp;MHz SiFlex 02 yang terpasang di robot penjelajah dan helikopter. Sistem komunikasi dirancang untuk dapat menyampaikan data pada 250 kbit/s dengan jarak hingga {{Cvt|1000|m}} .
 
Helikopter ''Ingenuity'' akan melakukan perjalanan ke Mars bersama robot penjelajah ''Perseverance.'' Helikopter tersebut dipasang ke bagian bawah robot penjelajah dan akan dilepaskan ke permukaan Mars 60 atau 90 hari Mars setelah pendaratan. Robot penjelajah kemudian akan bergerak sejauh {{Cvt|100|m}} sebelum uji terbang dimulai.<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.com/nasas-mars-helicopter-small-autonomous-rotorcraft-fly-red-planet-2680575 "NASA's Mars Helicopter: Small, Autonomous Rotorcraft To Fly On Red Planet"]. Shubham Sharma, ''International Business Times''. May 14, 2018.</ref>
 
== Pengembangan ==
NASA JPL dan [[Institut Teknologi California|Caltech]] telah mempertimbangkan robot pengintai udara untuk menemani penjelajah ''Perseverance'' sejak tahun 2014.<ref name="Witold 2018">[https://rotorcraft.arc.nasa.gov/Publications/files/Koning_2018_TechMx.pdf Generation of Mars Helicopter Rotor Model for Comprehensive Analyses]. (PDF) Witold J. F. Koning, Wayne Johnson, Brian G. Allan. NASA Rotorcraft. 2018 {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>J. Balaram and P. T. Tokumaru, "Rotorcrafts for Mars Exploration", in 11th International Planetary Probe Workshop, 2014.</ref> Pada pertengahan 2016, dibutuhkan pendanaan sebesar US $15 juta agar pengembangan helikopter ini dapat terus berjalan.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Berger|first=Eric|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/05/four-wild-technologies-lawmakers-want-nasa-to-pursue/|title=Four wild technologies lawmakers want NASA to pursue|work=ARS Technica|date=May 24, 2016|access-date=May 24, 2016}}</ref> Pada Desember 2017, model rekayasa kendaraan telah diuji dalam simulator kondisi permukaan Mars<ref name="Balaram 2018">[https://rotorcraft.arc.nasa.gov/Publications/files/Balaram_AIAA2018_0023.pdf Mars Helicopter Technology Demonstrator]. (PDF) J. (Bob) Balaram, Timothy Canham, Courtney Duncan, Matt Golombek, Håvard Fjær Grip, Wayne Johnson, Justin Maki, Amelia Quon, Ryan Stern, and David Zhu. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), SciTech Forum Conference; January 8–12, 2018, Kissimmee, Florida. {{Doi|10.2514/6.2018-0023}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name="Aung May2018">[https://spaceflightnow.com/2018/05/14/helicopter-to-accompany-nasas-next-mars-rover-to-red-planet/ Helicopter to accompany NASA's next Mars rover to Red Planet]. Stephen Clarke, ''Spaceflight Now''. May 14, 2018</ref><ref name="Balaram 2018"/> dan di Kutub Utara, meskipun pendanaan misi belum disetujui atau.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/news/nasa-projects-may-soon-use-drones-for-space-exploration-mars/|title=Drones on Mars? NASA Projects May Soon Use Drones for Space Exploration|work=All About Circuits|first=Chantelle|last=Dubois|date=November 29, 2017}}</ref> Anggaran federal Amerika Serikat diumumkan pada Maret 2018, menyediakan pendanaaan sebesar $23 juta untuk helikopter.<ref>[http://spacenews.com/nasa-mars-exploration-efforts-turn-to-operating-existing-missions-and-planning-sample-return/ NASA Mars exploration efforts turn to operating existing missions and planning sample return]. Jeff Foust, ''Space News''. February 23, 2018</ref><ref>[https://spaceflightnow.com/2018/03/15/nasa-to-decide-soon-whether-flying-drone-will-launch-with-mars-2020-rover/ NASA to decide soon whether flying drone will launch with Mars 2020 rover]. Stephen Clarke, ''Spaceflight Now''. March 15, 2018</ref> Pada 11 Mei 2018, diumumkan bahwa proses pengembangkan dan pengujian helikoptermdapat diselesaikan sebelum peluncuran misi Mars 2020.<ref name="HMS approved">[https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/mars-helicopter-to-fly-on-nasa-s-next-red-planet-rover-mission Mars Helicopter to Fly on NASA's Next Red Planet Rover Mission]. Karen Northon, NASA News. May 11, 2018 {{PD-notice}}</ref> Helikopter kemudian menjalani serangkaian uji dinamika penerbangan dan lingkungan<ref name="NASA-20190328">{{Cite news|last=Agle|first=AG|last2=Johnson|first2=Alana|title=NASA's Mars Helicopter Completes Flight Tests|url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7361|date=March 28, 2019|work=NASA|access-date=28 March 2019}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> hingga kemudian dipasang ke bagian bawah robot ''Perseverance'' pada Agustus 2019.<ref name="Integrated">[https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7489 NASA's Mars Helicopter Attached to Mars 2020 Rover]. NASA News – JPL. August 28, 2019 {{PD-notice}}</ref> Nama ''Ingenuity'' berasal dari Vaneeza Rupani, seorang siswa kelas 11 di Tuscaloosa County High School di Northport, Alabama, yang mengirimkan esai dalam kontes "Name the Rover" NASA.<ref name="NASA-20200429a">{{Cite news|last=Hautaluoma|first=Grey|last2=Johnson|first2=Alana|last3=Agle|first3=D.C.|title=Alabama High School Student Names NASA's Mars Helicopter|url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7650|date=April 29, 2020|work=NASA|access-date=April 29, 2020}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name="NASA-20200429b">{{Cite news|last=Agle|first=D.C.|last2=Cook|first2=Jia-Rui|last3=Johnson|first3=Alana|title=Q&A with the Student Who Named Ingenuity, NASA's Mars Helicopter|url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7651|date=April 29, 2020|work=NASA|access-date=April 29, 2020}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
 
== Profil misi ==
AfterSetelah deploymentmelepaskan Ingenuity, thepenjelajah roverbergerak ispergi expected to drive approximatelysejauh {{cvt|100|m}} awaydari fromkendaraan the drone to allow it a safe "buffer zone" in which it will attempt to fly in April 2021tersebut.<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.com/nasas-mars-helicopter-small-autonomous-rotorcraft-fly-red-planet-2680575 "NASA's Mars Helicopter: Small, Autonomous Rotorcraft To Fly On Red Planet"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710011219/http://www.ibtimes.com/nasas-mars-helicopter-small-autonomous-rotorcraft-fly-red-planet-2680575|date=10 July 2018}}, Shubham Sharma, ''International Business Times'', 14 May 2018</ref><ref name="Universe2018">{{cite web|date=July 2018|title=Mars Helicopter a new challenge for flight |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/universe/archive/universe1807.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101170951/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/universe/archive/universe1807.pdf|archive-date=1 January 2020|access-date=20 July 2018|publisher=NASA}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> TheHelikopter ''Ingenuity'' helicopterdiharapkan ismampu expectedterbang tohingga flylima upkali toselama fiveperiode timesuji during itscoba 30-day testhari campaignyang startingdimulai inpada April 2021, early in the rover's mission.<ref name='landing press kit'/><ref name="spacenews 20180504">[http: //spacenews> Tiap penerbangan menargetkan ketinggian antara {{cvt|3|-|5|m|0}} di atas permukaan Mars.com/decision-expected-soon-on-adding-helicopter-to-mars-2020<ref name="landing press kit" /> DecisionDalam expectedsebuah soonkonferensi onpers addingNASA helicopterpada to9 MarsApril 2020]2021, JeffKepala FoutOperasi, ''SpaceNews''Tim 4Canham Maydan 2018</ref>Aung, Statementsmengatakan havebahwa alsopenerbangan saidpertama thathelikopter ithanya couldberupa flypenerbangan upstatik todi fourketinggian times{{cvt|3|m}} selama 40 detik dan memotret penjelajah dari ketinggian. Penerbangan-penerbangan selanjutnya akan melibatkan profil penerbangan yang lebih ambisius.<ref name="PreflightBriefing">{{cncite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9C_IyUdKKXI|title=Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Preflight Briefing|date=9 April 2021|publisher=NASA [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]|format=press conference livestreamed on YouTube}}</ref>{{rp|0:24:49–0:25:29,1:22:21–1:22:55}} Pada profil penerbangan 90 detik, helikopter ini dapat bergerak horizontal sejauh {{cvt|50|m}} dan kembali ke tempat lepas landas.<ref name="landing press kit" />
 
Helikopter ini menggunakan sistem kendali otonom selama penerbangan pendeknya. Namun sebelum itu, perintah dan algoritma penerbangan harus ditulis dan dikirimkan oleh operator di [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] (JPL). Helikopter akan berkomunikasi dengan Perseverance tiap kali berhasil mendarat. Penerbangan kedua dapat dilakukan paling cepat empat hari setelah penerbangan pertama.<ref name="PreflightBriefing" />{{rp|1:20:38–1:22:20}}
Each flight is planned to be at altitudes ranging from {{cvt|3|-|5|m|0}} above the ground.<ref name='landing press kit'/> In a NASA press conference on April 9, 2021, Operations Lead Tim Canham and Aung said that the first flight is planned to be a stationary hover at an altitude of {{cvt|3|m}}, lasting about 40 seconds and including taking a picture of the rover, with subsequent flights being increasingly ambitious.<ref name="PreflightBriefing">{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9C_IyUdKKXI|title=Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Preflight Briefing|date=9 April 2021|publisher=NASA [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]|format=press conference livestreamed on YouTube}}</ref>{{rp|0:24:49–0:25:29,1:22:21–1:22:55}} Aung also explained that the flights would get more ambitious as experience is gained and the allotted time for operating the helicopter dwindles, and that the mission may end before the 30-day period is up, in the likely event that the helicopter crashes.<ref name="PreflightBriefing" />{{rp|0:49:50–0:51:40}} In up to 90 seconds per flight, it could travel as far as {{cvt|50|m}} [[downrange]] and then back to the starting area.<ref name='landing press kit'/>
 
== Riwayat operasional ==
It will use [[autonomous robot|autonomous control]] during its short flights, although flights will be [[telerobotic]]ally planned and scripted by operators at the [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] (JPL). It will communicate with the ''Perseverance'' rover directly after each landing. The second flight will occur no earlier than four days after the first, using the first day after flight to confirm the model of ''Ingenuity'''s energy usage; subsequent flights will be three days apart.<ref name="PreflightBriefing" />{{rp|1:20:38–1:22:20}}
Ingenuity diluncurkan pada 3 April 2021<ref name="NASA-20210404">{{cite web |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8906/nasas-mars-helicopter-survives-first-cold-martian-night-on-its-own/ |title=NASA's Mars Helicopter Survives First Cold Martian Night on Its Own |website=NASA's Mars Exploration Program |publisher=NASA}}</ref> setelah pendaratan bersama robot penjelajah [[Perseverance]] di [[Kawah Jezero]] pada 18 Februari 2021 dan pelepasan perisai debu pada 21 Maret 2021.<ref name="NASA-20200623b">{{cite news |last1=Agle |first1=D.C. |last2=Hautaluoma |first2=Gray |last3=Johnson |first3=Alana |date=23 Juni 2020 |title=How NASA's Mars Helicopter Will Reach the Red Planet's Surface |publisher=NASA |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/how-nasas-mars-helicopter-will-reach-the-red-planets-surface |access-date=23 Februari 2021}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Pada hari yang sama, Ingenuity mengambil foto permukaan Mars yang kemudian dikirim ke Bumi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ingenuity's First Color Snap |date=5 April 2021 |publisher=NASA |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/resources/25782/ingenuitys-first-color-snap/ |access-date=8 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=6 April 2021 |title=Mars Helicopter Ingenuity snaps 1st color photo on Red Planet |publisher=Space.com |url=https://www.space.com/mars-helicopter-ingenuity-first-color-photo |access-date=8 April 2021}}</ref>
 
Bilah rotor Ingenuity berhasil dibuka kunci pada 8 April 2021 (sol 48) dan telah melakukan uji putar rotor laju rendah (sekitar 50 rpm).<ref>{{cite news |last=Griffith |first=Andrew |date=8 April 2021 |title=NASA Unlocks Mars Helicopter’s Rotor Blades Ahead Of Pioneering Ingenuity Flight |publisher=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/nasa-mars-ingenuity-helicopter-perseverance-rover-b1828663.html |access-date=8 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bartels |first=Meghan |date=8 April 2021 |title=Mars helicopter Ingenuity unlocks its rotor blades to prepare for 1st flight on Red Planet |publisher=Space.com |url=https://www.space.com/mars-helicopter-ingenuity-unlocks-rotor-blades |access-date=8 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="MEP-resources-25796">{{cite web |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/resources/25796/ingenuity-begins-to-spin-its-blades/ |title=Ingenuity Begins to Spin Its Blades |website=NASA's Mars Exploration Program |publisher=NASA |date=9 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/NASAJPL/status/1380404668069650437 |title=Mars Helicopter has moved its blades & spun to 50 rpm |date=9 April 2021 |website=Twitter |publisher=NASA JPL |access-date=18 April 2021}}</ref> Uji putar rotor laju tinggi dicoba pada 9 April, tetapi gagal karena kedaluwarsanya [[Pewaktu watchdog|pewaktu ''watchdog'']], ukuran untuk melindungi helikopter dari operasi yang tidak tepat dalam kondisi yang tidak diketahui sebelumnya.<ref name="MH-status-291">{{cite web |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/291/mars-helicopter-flight-delayed-to-no-earlier-than-april-14/ |title=Mars Helicopter Flight Delayed to No Earlier than April 14 |date=10 April 2021 |website=NASA Mars Helicopter Tech Demo |publisher=NASA}}</ref> Pada 12 April, [[Tambalan (komputasi)|pembaruan perangkat lunak]] yang menambal masalah tersebut diumumkan.<ref name="MH-status-290">{{cite web |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/290/work-progresses-toward-ingenuity-s-first-flight-on-mars/ |title=Work Progresses Toward Ingenuity's First Flight on Mars |date=12 April 2021 |website=NASA Mars Helicopter Tech Demo |publisher=NASA}}</ref> Pada 17 April 2021, Ingenuity berhasil lolos uji putar laju penuh.<ref name="Ingenuity passes full speed test">{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/NASA/status/1383221042504638464 |title=Mars Helicopter completed full-speed spin test |date=17 April 2021 |website=Twitter |publisher=NASA |access-date=17 April 2021}}</ref> Uji ini meliputi pemutaran bilah rotor, ketika masih di tanah, hingga laju penuh (sekitar 2.400 rpm) untuk pertama kalinya di Mars.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/#Milestones |title=NASA’s Mars Exploration Program |date=1 April 2021 |website=NASA’s Mars Exploration Program |publisher=NASA |access-date=18 April 2021}}</ref>
==Galeri==
=== Uji terbang di Mars ===
{{multiple image
|header = Uji terbang Helikopter Mars Ingenuity
|align = center
|direction = horizontal
|caption_align = center
|total_width = 1200
 
Pada 19 April 2021 pukul 07.34 UTC (14.34 WIB), helikopter ini sukses melakukan penerbangan bermesin pertama di Mars selama 39,1 detik. Ia terbang secara tegak setinggi tiga meter, mengambang di udara, berputar 96 derajat pada porosnya, dan mendarat. Data yang mengonfirmasi keberhasilan penerbangan uji coba beserta foto pertama Ingenuity ketika terbang tiba pada 11.30 UTC (18.30 WIB).<ref name="terbang1a">{{cite news |last=Palca |first=Joe |date=19 April 2021 |title=Success! NASA's Ingenuity Makes First Powered Flight On Mars |work=[[National Public Radio]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/04/19/985588253/success-nasas-ingenuity-makes-first-powered-flight-on-mars |access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="terbang1b">{{cite web |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-00909-z |last=Witze |first=Alexandra |title=Lift off! First flight on Mars launches new way to explore worlds |website=Nature |access-date=20 April 2021}}</ref>
|image1 = PIA24435-Mars-IngenuityHelicopter-VanZylOverlook-20210323.jpg
|caption1 = Zona penerbangan dan letak penjelajah
 
Beberapa hari kemudian, pada 22 April 2021 pukul 09.33 UTC (16.33 WIB), Ingenuity berhasil melakukan penerbangan keduanya selama 51,9 detik. Ia terbang secara tegak setinggi lima meter dan mengambang sejenak pada ketinggian itu. Ia lalu bergerak miring lima derajat untuk membuat rotornya menggerakkan helikopter dua meter ke samping, lalu berhenti, mengambang di tempat, dan berputar untuk mengarahkan kameranya ke arah lain. Ingenuity lalu kembali ke tengah landasan. Data penerbangan ini tiba di Bumi pada 13.20 UTC (20.20 WIB).<ref name="terbang2a">{{cite web |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8928/nasas-ingenuity-mars-helicopter-logs-second-successful-flight |title=NASA's Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Logs Second Successful Flight |website=NASA’s Mars Exploration Program |access-date=25 April 2021}}</ref>
|image2 = PIA24494-Mars-IngenuityHelicopter-FlightZoneMap-20210323.jpg
|caption2 = Peta zona penerbangan
 
Ingenuity berhasil melakukan penerbangan ketiganya pada 25 April 2021 pukul 11.31 UTC (18.31 WIB) selama 80 detik. Ia terbang setinggi 5 meter dan mengambang sejenak pada ketinggian itu. Ia lalu bergerak 50 meter sambil menjaga ketinggiannya dengan kelajuan 2 [[meter per detik]] (7,2&nbsp;km/jam). Ketika di udara, kamera depannya mengambil foto berwarna ketiganya dan kamera hitam-putih bawah membantu Ingenuity melacak letaknya. Ia lalu putar balik ke tempat lepas landasnya dan mendarat di sana. Data penerbangan ini tiba di Bumi pada 14.16 UTC (21.16 WIB).<ref name="terbang3a">{{cite web |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8930/nasas-ingenuity-mars-helicopter-flies-faster-farther-on-third-flight |title=NASA's Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Flies Faster, Farther on Third Flight |website=NASA’s Mars Exploration Program |access-date=25 April 2021}}</ref>
|image3 = PIA24495-Mars-IngenuityHelicopter-RoverFlightZoneView-20210323.jpg
|caption3 = Pandangan penjelajah ke zona penerbangan
 
=== Daftar penerbangan ===
|image4 = PIA24496-Mars-IngenuityHelicopter-FlightZoneActivities-20210323.jpg
{| class="wikitable"
|caption4 = Aktivitas di zona penerbangan
! No.
! Tanggal
! Lama<br />(detik)
! Ketinggian<br />puncak
! Jarak<br />jelajah
! Rute penerbangan
! Target penerbangan
! Hasil
!
|-
| 1
| 19 April 2021 07.34&nbsp;UTC (14.34&nbsp;WIB)
| 39,1 || 3,0 m || 0 m
| Lepas landas tegak, mengambang, mendarat
|
* Lepas landas sampai ketinggian 3 m
* Mengambang
* Berputar searah jarum jam di tempat (toleh dari 0° ke +90°)
* Mendarat
| {{sukses}}
| <ref name="terbang1a" /><br /><ref name="terbang2a" /><br /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8923/nasas-ingenuity-mars-helicopter-succeeds-in-historic-first-flight/ |title=NASA's Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Succeeds in Historic First Flight |date=19 April 2021 |website=Mars Exploration Program |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2
| 22 April 2021 09.33&nbsp;UTC (16.33&nbsp;WIB)
| 51,9 || 5,0 m || 4,3 m
| Lepas landas tegak, mengambang, terbang ke barat, mengambang, putar balik, mengambang, mendarat
|
* Gerak mendatar dengan laju udara maks. 0,5&nbsp;m/s setelah lepas landas sampai ketinggian 5 m
* Berhenti dari gerak mendatar
* Ambil foto dengan kamera depan berwarna
* Berputar berlawanan arah jarum jam di tempat (toleh dari +90° ke 0° ke -90° ke -180° dalam tiga langkah)
* Mendarat di tempat lepas landas
| {{sukses}}
| <ref name="terbang2a" /><br /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/17/world/mars-helicopter-ingenuity-flight-monday-scn-trnd/index.html |title=Mars helicopter's first flight could happen on Monday |website=CNN}}</ref><br /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/294/were-getting-ready-for-ingenuitys-second-flight/ |title=We're Getting Ready for Ingenuity’s Second Flight |date=21 April 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 3
| 25 April 2021 11.31&nbsp;UTC (18.31&nbsp;WIB)
| 80 || 5,0 m || 100 m
| Lepas landas tegak, mengambang, terbang ke utara, mengambang, putar balik, mengambang, mendarat
|
* Gerak mendatar dengan laju udara maks. 2&nbsp;m/s sambil mempertahankan ketinggian yang sama dengan penerbangan ke-2
* Mendarat di tempat lepas landas setelah bergerak sejauh 50 m ke utara
| {{sukses}}
| <ref name="terbang3a" /><br /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/295/we-are-prepping-for-ingenuitys-third-flight-test/ |title=We Are Prepping for Ingenuity's Third Flight |date=22 April 2021}}</ref><br /><ref name="NYT-20210425">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=25 April 2021 |title=‘Nothing Short of Amazing’: NASA Mars Helicopter Makes Longest Flight Yet - Ingenuity made a 328-foot round-trip journey, helping to demonstrate the capability of the vehicle’s navigation system. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/25/science/mars-helicopter-nasa.html |access-date=26 April 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 4
| secepatnya 28 April 2021
| colspan="5" style="text-align: center;" | (belum ditentukan)
| {{pending}}
|
|-
| 5
| secepatnya 1 Mei 2021
| colspan="5" style="text-align: center;" | (belum ditentukan)
| {{pending}}
|
|}
 
== Penghormatan kepada Wright Bersaudara ==
|image5=Perseverance rover track and Ingenuity Helicopter Flight Zone.jpg
NASA dan JPL menjelaskan bahwa penerbangan Ingenuity sebagai "momen Wright Bersaudara" dengan membandingkannya dengan penerbangan pesawat terbang di Bumi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/nasas-mars-helicopter-makes-history-with-successful-flight-red-planet-2021-04-19/ |last=Gorman |first=Steve |title=NASA scores Wright Brothers moment with first helicopter flight on Mars |website=Reuters |access-date=21 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/mars-ingenuity-helicopter-nasa-maiden-flight/ |last=Harwood |first=William |title=NASA's Ingenuity helicopter makes maiden flight on Mars in a "Wright brothers moment" |website=CBS News |access-date=21 April 2021}}</ref> Sepotong kecil sayap dari pesawat [[Wright Flyer]] milik [[Wright bersaudara]] (1903) ditempelkan pada kabel di bawah panel surya Ingenuity.<ref>{{cite news |last=Potter |first=Sean |date=23 Maret 2021 |title=NASA Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Prepares for First Flight |publisher=NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-ingenuity-mars-helicopter-prepares-for-first-flight}}</ref>
|caption5=Jejak Perseverance dan zona penerbangan Ingenuity setelah penjelajah mencapai Van Zyl Overlook
 
NASA memberi nama tempat lepas landas dan mendarat Ingenuity dengan nama Lapangan Wright Bersaudara yang diberi kode bandara JZRO (Kawah Jezero) oleh [[Organisasi Penerbangan Sipil Internasional|ICAO]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8923/nasas-ingenuity-mars-helicopter-succeeds-in-historic-first-flight/ |title=NASA's Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Succeeds in Historic First Flight |date=19 April 2021 |publisher=[[NASA]] |website=Mars Exploration Program |access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref> Ingenuity sendiri diberi kode pesawat IGY dengan kode panggil INGENUITY.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-56799755 |last=Amos |first=Jonathan |date=19 April 2021 |title=NASA successfully flies small helicopter on Mars |publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/19/world/mars-helicopter-ingenuity-first-flight-scn-trnd/index.html |last=Strickland |first=Ashley |title=NASA's Mars helicopter Ingenuity successfully completed its historic first flight |website=CNN |access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="NASA-20210419">{{cite news |last1=Johnson |first1=Alana |last2=Hautaluoma |first2=Grey |last3=Agle |first3=DC |last4=Northon |first4=Karen |title=Release 21-039 - NASA’s Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Succeeds in Historic First Flight |date=19 April 2021 |work=[[NASA]] |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-ingenuity-mars-helicopter-succeeds-in-historic-first-flight |access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref>
}}
 
== Galeri ==
=== Uji terbang di Mars ===
{{multiple image
|header = Pelepasan Ingenuity dari bawah Perseverance dan uji coba prapenerbangan
Baris 139 ⟶ 193:
|caption12=Ingenuity menguji baling-baling dengan laju putar 50 rpm
}}
{{multiple imagesimage
|header = Uji terbang Helikopter Mars Ingenuity
|header=Gambar dari helikopter Ingenuity{{efn|name=Imaging|Semua gambar dari Ingenuity dipotret oleh kamera navigasi hitam putih yang menghadap bawah dan kamera yang memandang ke cakrawala.}}
|align = center
|direction = horizontal
|caption_align = center
|width=
|perrow = 4
 
|image1 = PIA24435-Mars-IngenuityHelicopter-VanZylOverlook-20210323.jpg
|image1=Ingenuity helicopter first colour image.jpg
|caption1 = Zona penerbangan dan letak penjelajah
|caption1= Gambar berwarna pertama dari Ingenuity setelah dilepaskan pada 4 April 2021{{efn|name=Legs|Kaki Ingenuity berada di kedua sisi gambar dan roda penjelajah di pojok atas}}
 
|width1=243
|image2 = PIA24494-Mars-IngenuityHelicopter-FlightZoneMap-20210323.jpg
|footer= }}
|caption2 = Peta zona penerbangan
{{clear}}
 
|image3 = PIA24495-Mars-IngenuityHelicopter-RoverFlightZoneView-20210323.jpg
|caption3 = Pandangan penjelajah ke zona penerbangan
 
|image4 = PIA24496-Mars-IngenuityHelicopter-FlightZoneActivities-20210323.jpg
|caption4 = Aktivitas di zona penerbangan
 
|image5=Perseverance rover track and Ingenuity Helicopter Flight Zone.jpg
|caption5=Jejak Perseverance dan zona penerbangan Ingenuity setelah penjelajah mencapai Van Zyl Overlook
 
}}
 
=== Operasi penerbangan ===
{{multiple image
|header = Penerbangan di Mars
|align = center
|direction = horizontal
|caption_align = center
|perrow = 4
 
|image1=Ingenuity Helicopter's 1st Flight.gif
|caption1=Penerbangan pertama Helikopter Ingenuity, dipotret oleh instrumen MastCam-Z di Penjelajah Perseverance
|image2=Ingenuity Helicopter 1st Flight Altimeter Data.png
|caption2=Data altimeter dari penerbangan pertama Ingenuity
|image3=Ingenuity Helicopter after 1st flight.png
|caption3=Ingenuity setelah berhasil mendarat pada penerbangan pertamanya
|image4=Ingenuity's First Black-and-White Image From the Air.jpg
|caption4=Foto hitam putih pertama dari udara yang dipotret oleh Ingenuity
}}
 
=== Foto diri ===
Baris 163 ⟶ 246:
 
== Lihat pula ==
* ''[[Dragonfly (wahana antariksa)|Dragonfly]]'' - Misi [[Pesawat rotor|kendaraan rotor]] [[Robot|robotik]] ke [[Titan (satelit)|Titan]], diluncurkan pada 2026
* {{Annotated link|Sky-Sailor}}
 
== Referensi ==
Baris 172 ⟶ 255:
{{wikiportal|Penerbangan antariksa}}
* [https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/ Situs web Helikopter Mars NASA]
* [https://rotorcraft.arc.nasa.gov/Publications/files/Balaram_AIAA2018_0023.pdf Demonstrator Teknologi Helikopter Mars] . (PDF) - Fitur desain utama [[purwarupa]] drone.
 
[[Kategori:Wahana antariksa NASA]]