Hill+Knowlton Strategies: Perbedaan antara revisi

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===Awal mula===
[[FileBerkas:John Hill portrait.png|thumb|left|[[John W. Hill|John Hill]], pendiri Hill+Knowlton, pada tahun 1960]]
 
Perusahaan ini didirikan pada tahun 1927 oleh seorang pebisnis dan jurnalis koran, [[John W. Hill|John Hill]] di [[Cleveland | Cleveland, Ohio]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/09/magazine/what-hill-knowlton-can-do-for-you-and-what-it-couldn-t-do-for-itself.html|title=What Hill & Knowlton Can Do for You, (And What It Couldn't Do for Itself)|last=Goodell|first=Jeffrey|date=1990-09-09|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-04-07|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Dua klien pertama Hill adalah Union Trust Company dan Otis Steel Company asal Cleveland.<ref name=Cutlip13>{{cite book |title=The Unseen Power |author=Scott M. Cutlip |authorlink= |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |location= |isbn=9781136690006 |page= |pages= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pTr8AQAAQBAJ&q=Hill+and+Knowlton+BCCI |accessdate=5 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=Goodell90>{{cite news |title=What Hill & Knowlton Can Do for You, (And What It Couldn't Do for Itself) |author=Jeffrey Goodell |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/09/magazine/what-hill-knowlton-can-do-for-you-and-what-it-couldn-t-do-for-itself.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=9 September 1990 |accessdate=5 October 2014}}</ref> Setelah Union Trust Company tutup akibat [[Depresi Besar]] pada tahun 1933, Hill mempekerjakan mantan direktur periklanan dan publikasi dari perusahaan tersebut, yakni [[Don Knowlton]], dan mereka kemudian bersama-sama mendirikan Hill & Knowlton di Cleveland.<ref name=Cutlip13/> Pada tahun 1934, Hill pindah ke New York City untuk membuka kantor Hill & Knowlton di sana. Knowlton tetap di Cleveland dan mengelola perusahaan ini hingga ia akhirnya pensiun pada tahun 1964.<ref name=Cutlip13/> Hill menjadi chairman dan CEO dari perusahaan ini hingga tahun 1962, lalu menjadi anggota komite kebijakan dari perusahaan ini hingga ia meninggal pada tahun 1977.<ref name="Hillobit">(18 March 1977). [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D03E0DD1339E334BC4052DFB566838C669EDE John W. Hill, 86, Dies; Led Hill & Knowlton], ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref>
 
Mulai dekade 1930-an, perusahaan ini terkenal karena mewakili produsen baja, yang juga dilakukannya selama [[Mogok kerja baja 1952|mogok kerja baja pada tahun 1952]].<ref name=Goodell90/><ref name=Miller95/> Perusahaan ini juga mewakili industri pengolahan susu selama debat kongres mengenai regulasi [[margarin]] pada dekade 1940-an.<ref name=Miller95>{{cite book |title=Business and Economic History Volume 24 |author=Karen Miller |authorlink= |year= |publisher=Business History Conference |location= |isbn= |page= |pages= |url=http://www.thebhc.org/publications/BEHprint/v024n1/p0018-p0021.pdf |accessdate=5 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514003229/http://thebhc.org/publications/BEHprint/v024n1/p0018-p0021.pdf |archive-date=14 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Miller99>{{cite book |title=The Voice of Business: Hill & Knowlton and Postwar Public Relations |author=Karen Miller |authorlink= |year=1999 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |location= |isbn=0807824399 |page=70 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XD3PkYdP9O8C&q=hill+and+knowlton&pg=PA229 |accessdate=5 October 2014}}</ref> Salah satu klien pertama perusahaan ini juga berasal dari industri tembakau, saat merokok pertama kali dikaitkan secara terbuka dengan kanker pada tahun 1953, serta sejumlah produsen pesawat terbang, American Shipbuilders Council, National Retail Dry Goods Association, National Fertilizer Association, dan produsen sabun.<ref name=Miller95/><ref name=Miller99/><ref name=Pollay90>{{cite book |title=Publicity and American Culture |author=Richard Pollay |authorlink= |year=1990 |publisher=Public Relations Review |location= |isbn= |pages=40–52 |url=http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/zkh84c00/pdf;jsessionid=9A84424E868D085A7093CF198C068733.tobacco04 |accessdate=5 October 2014 }}{{Pranala mati|date=Januari 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="goodell">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/09/magazine/what-hill-knowlton-can-do-for-you-and-what-it-couldn-t-do-for-itself.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|title=What Hill & Knowlton Can Do for You, (And What It Couldn't Do for Itself)|last=Goodell|first=Jeffrey|date=9 September 1990|work=[[New York Times]]|accessdate=10 January 2011}}</ref>
 
Saat Hill meninggal pada tahun 1977, perusahaan ini telah mempekerjakan 560 orang, dengan 36 kantor di 19 negara di dunia.<ref name="Hillobit"/>
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===1980-an dan 1990-an===
 
Pada tahun 1980, perusahaan ini diakuisisi oleh [[J. Walter Thompson|JWT Group]], salah satu agen periklanan terbesar pada saat itu.<ref name=Goodell90/><ref name=GlobeandMail1980>{{cite news |title=J. Walter Thompson to acquire all assets of Hill and Knowlton |author= |url=http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4MBD-SFP0-TXJ2-N0J0&csi=8399&oc=00240&perma=true |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |date=12 February 1980 |accessdate=5 October 2014}}</ref> Pasca akuisisi, Hill & Knowlton tetap beroperasi secara terpisah di bawah JWT Group.<ref name=GlobeandMail1980/> Perusahaan ini kemudian berekspansi ke Tiongkok pada tahun 1984,<ref name=Dougherty84>{{cite news |title=Hill & Knowlton To Open Peking Office |author=Philip H. Dougherty |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/10/03/business/advertising-hill-knowlton-to-open-peking-office.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=3 October 1984 |accessdate=5 October 2014}}</ref> serta mengakuisisi Gray & Company dan Carl Byoir & Associates, dua konsultan hubungan masyarakat terkemuka di Amerika Serikat, pada tahun 1986.<ref name=Goodell90/><ref name=BloombergBusinessweek91>{{cite news |title=The PR Problem at Hill & Knowlton |author= |url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/1991-09-01/the-pr-problem-at-hill-and-knowlton |work=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]] |date=1 September 1991 |accessdate=5 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=Lazarus86>{{cite news |title=Hill & Knowlton, Byoir Make Deal |author=George Lazarus |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1986-08-06/business/8602260714_1_carl-byoir-associates-hill-knowlton-pr-firm |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=6 August 1986 |accessdate=5 October 2014}}</ref> JWT kemudian diakuisisi oleh [[WPP plc]] pada tahun 1987.<ref name=Goodell90/><ref name=Ladendorf10>{{cite news |title=Public Strategies merger with H&K creates global PR powerhouse |author=Kirk Ladendorf |url=http://www.statesman.com/news/business/public-strategies-merger-with-hk-creates-global--1/nRS7N/ |work=[[Austin American-Statesman]] |date=15 November 2010 |accessdate=5 October 2014 |archive-date=2016-02-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229100957/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/public-strategies-merger-with-hk-creates-global--1/nRS7N/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Pada tahun 1989, Hill & Knowlton mengakuisisi agen hubungan masyarakat terbesar di Kanada, yakni Public Affairs Resource Group.<ref name=Lazarus89>{{cite news |title=H&k Acquiring Canadian Pr Firm |author=George Lazarus |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1989-02-15/business/8903050733_1_hill-knowlton-wpp-group-alliance |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=15 February 1989 |accessdate=5 October 2014}}</ref>
 
Selama akhir dekade 1980-an, Hill & Knowlton mewakili [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International]] (BCCI) selama skandal pencucian uangnya. Hill & Knowlton kemudian diselidiki oleh sebuah subkomite dari Senat Amerika Serikat, yang kemudian menuduh bahwa perusahaan ini telah menekan regulator untuk tidak menyelidiki BCCI, walaupun tidak ada bukti untuk mendukung tuduhan tersebut. Setelah BCCI divonis atas pencucian uang, perusahaan ini memutuskan hubungannya dengan BCCI.<ref name=Cutlip13/><ref name=Horovitz91>{{cite news |title=Ethics questioned in PR work for clients such as BCCI, Colombia |author=Bruce Horovitz |url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1991-08-21/business/1991233107_1_mankiewicz-relations-clients-international-clients |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=21 August 1991 |accessdate=5 October 2014}}</ref>
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Perusahaan ini terus tumbuh melalui akuisisi pada dekade 2000-an, termasuk mengakuisisi Vox Consulting asal Argentina pada tahun 2000,<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina: Hill & Knowlton acquires Vox Consulting |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-66565790.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115318/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-66565790.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 April 2015 |work=South American Business Information |date=3 November 2000 |accessdate=5 October 2014}}</ref> SAMCOR asal Miami pada tahun 2002,<ref name=Walker02>{{cite news |title=Hill & Knowlton Acquires South Florida Public Relations Agency |author=Elaine Walker |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-87056315.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115432/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-87056315.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 April 2015 |work=Tribune Business News |date=10 June 2002 |accessdate=5 October 2014}}</ref> dan Rikes Communications asal Hong Kong pada tahun 2008.<ref name=PRWeek08>{{cite news |title=Hill & Knowlton acquires majority stake in Rikes Communications |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-174192821.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141009/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-174192821.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 April 2015 |work=[[PRWeek]] |date=4 February 2008 |accessdate=5 October 2014}}</ref> Pada tahun 2010, perusahaan ini membuka tiga kantor baru, yakni di Tiongkok, India, dan Kolombia.<ref name=PRWeek10>{{cite news |title=Hill & Knowlton: Agency Business Report 2010 |author= |url=http://www.prweekus.com/article/hill-knowlton/1267831 |work=[[PRWeek]] |date=1 May 2010 |accessdate=5 October 2014}}</ref> Pada tahun 2009, perusahaan ini membuka kantor di Nairobi melalui kemitraan dengan [[Scangroup]] asal Kenya.<ref name=MarketingWeekly09>{{cite news |title=Hill & Knowlton Expands Operations to East Africa in Joint Venture With Scangroup |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-199378336.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402210320/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-199378336.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 April 2015 |work=Marketing Weekly News |date=9 May 2009 |accessdate=5 October 2014}}</ref>
 
Pada bulan Januari 2011, Hill & Knowlton mengumumkan penggabungan dengan Public Strategies, anak usaha WPP lain yang didirikan di Austin, Texas pada tahun 1988.<ref name=Ladendorf10>{{cite news |title=Public Strategies merger with H&K creates global PR powerhouse |author=Kirk Ladendorf |url=http://www.statesman.com/news/business/public-strategies-merger-with-hk-creates-global--1/nRS7N/ |work=[[Austin American-Statesman]] |date=15 November 2010 |accessdate=5 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=Holmes12>{{cite news |title=Jack Martin: The Insurrectionist |author=Paul Holmes |url=http://www.holmesreport.com/people-info/11941/The-Insurrectionist.aspx |work=The Holmes Report |date=28 May 2012 |accessdate=5 October 2014}}</ref> Pada bulan Desember 2011, nama perusahaan ini diubah menjadi "Hill+Knowlton Strategies."<ref name=Drolet11>{{cite news |title=H&K rebrands as Hill+Knowlton Strategies |author=Danielle Drolet |url=http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=54KT-4951-DXK7-S3GM&csi=8399&oc=00240&perma=true |work=[[PRWeek]] |date=1 December 2011 |accessdate=5 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=Drolet11/><ref name=Drolet11/><ref name=PRWeek12/><ref name=PRWeek12>{{cite news |title=Hill+Knowlton Strategies: Agency Business Report 2012 |author= |url=http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=55K9-6J61-JB46-24YT&csi=8399&oc=00240&perma=true |work=[[PRWeek]] |date=1 May 2012 |accessdate=5 October 2014}}</ref> Jack Martin, pendiri Public Strategies, memimpin perusahaan ini mulai tahun 2011 hingga 2019.
 
==Operasi==
Jasa yang disediakan oleh Hill+Knowlton Strategies meliputi [[hubungan masyarakat]], [[kepentingan umum (penyiaran)|kepentingan umum]], [[hubungan media]], komunikasi digital, komunikasi pemasaran, pemasaran dan pengembangan konten, penasehatan perusahaan, [[manajemen reputasi]] perusahaan, komunikasi bisnis-ke-bisnis, [[manajemen krisis]] dan resikorisiko serta pelatihan krisis, riset, dukungan peluncuran produk, [[Pemosisian (pemasaran)|pemosisian merek global]], [[lobi]], konsultansi merger & akuisisi, serta kampanye [[akar rumput]].<ref name=BusinessweekProfile>{{cite web |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=1007204 |title=Company Overview of Hill & Knowlton, Inc. |work=businessweek.com |publisher=Bloomberg Businessweek |access-date=5 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=Plunkett08>{{cite book |title=Plunkett's Advertising & Branding Industry Almanac 2008: Advertising & Branding Industry Market Research, Statistics, Trends & Leading Companies |author=Jack Plunkett |authorlink= |year=2008 |publisher=Plunkett Research, Ltd |location= |isbn=978-1593921095 |page= |pages= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k1iCE4Se4ScC&q=hill+knowlton+Financial+communications |accessdate=5 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=Entertainment12>{{cite news |title=H+K Acquires Ascentum |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-300362052.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924153922/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-300362052.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2015 |work=Entertainment Close-up |date=22 August 2012 |accessdate=5 October 2014}}</ref>
 
==Referensi==
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[[CategoryKategori:Perusahaan Amerika Serikat]]