Hidrogen peroksida: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Hidrogen peroksida ({{Chem|H|2|O|2}}) adalah molekul nonplanar dengan [[Simetri molekul|simetri]] C<sub>2</sub> (puntir); ini pertama kali ditunjukkan oleh [[Paul-Antoine Giguère]] pada tahun 1950 menggunakan [[spektroskopi inframerah]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Giguère |first1=Paul A. |date=1950 |title=The Infra‐Red Spectrum of Hydrogen Peroxide |journal=Journal of Chemical Physics |volume=18 |issue=1 |page=88 |doi=10.1063/1.1747464 |url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/11457/1/GIGjcp50.pdf |access-date=31 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202122026/https://authors.library.caltech.edu/11457/1/GIGjcp50.pdf |archive-date=2 December 2017 |url-status=live |bibcode=1950JChPh..18...88G }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Giguère |first1=Paul A. |date=1983 |title=Molecular association and structure of hydrogen peroxide |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-chemical-education_1983-05_60_5/page/399 |journal=[[Journal of Chemical Education]] | volume=60 |issue=5 |pages=399–401 |doi=10.1021/ed060p399 |bibcode=1983JChEd..60..399G }}</ref> Meskipun ikatan O−O adalah [[ikatan tunggal]], molekul ini memiliki penghalang rotasi relatif besar yaitu 2460 cm<sup>−1</sup> (29,45 [[Kilojoule|kJ]]/[[mol]]);<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hunt |first1=Robert H. |last2=Leacock |first2=Robert A. |last3=Peters |first3=C. Wilbur |last4=Hecht |first4=Karl T. |date=1965 |title=Internal-Rotation in Hydrogen Peroxide: The Far-Infrared Spectrum and the Determination of the Hindering Potential |journal=The Journal of Chemical Physics |bibcode=1965JChPh..42.1931H |doi=10.1063/1.1696228 |volume=42 |issue=6 |page=1931 |url=http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/71115/JCPSA6-42-6-1931-1.pdf?sequence=2 |hdl=2027.42/71115 |access-date=9 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409085232/http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/71115/JCPSA6-42-6-1931-1.pdf?sequence=2 |archive-date=9 April 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> sebagai perbandingan, [[Isomerisme konformasi|penghalang rotasi]] etana adalah 12,5 kJ/mol. Peningkatan penghalang dianggap berasal dari tolakan antara [[pasangan elektron sunyi]] atom oksigen yang berdekatan dan menghasilkan hidrogen peroksida yang memperlihatkan sifat [[atropisomer]]isme.
Struktur molekul {{chem|H|2|O|2}} gas dan [[kristal]] berbeda secara signifikan. Perbedaan terkait dengan efek ikatan hidrogen, yang tidak ada dalam keadaan gas.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dougherty |first1=Dennis A. |last2=Anslyn |first2=Eric V. |date=2005 |title=Modern Physical Organic Chemistry |publisher=University Science |isbn=978-1-891389-31-3 |page=122}}</ref> Kristal {{chem|H|2|O|2}} adalah [[tetragonal]] dengan [[grup ruang]] ''D''{{su|b=4|p=4}}''P''4<sub>1</sub>2<sub>1</sub>.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abrahams |first1=S. C. |last2=Collin |first2=R. L. |last3=Lipscomb |first3=W. N. |date=1 January 1951|title=The crystal structure of hydrogen peroxide |journal=Acta Crystallographica |doi=10.1107/S0365110X51000039 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=15–20}}</ref>
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* In his 1922 textbook, Joseph Mellor considered three hypothetical molecular structures for hydrogen peroxide, admitting (p. 952): "... the constitution of this compound has not been yet established by unequivocal experiments". See: Joseph William Mellor, ''A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry'', vol. 1 (London, England: Longmans, Green and Co., 1922), [https://books.google.com/books?id=PnjVAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA952#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 952–956.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903145901/https://books.google.com/books?id=PnjVAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA952#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=3 September 2016 }}
* W. C. Schumb, C. N. Satterfield, and R. L. Wentworth (1 December 1953) [http://hydrogen-peroxide.us/chemical-properties/MIT-Schumb_etal-hydrogen_Peroxide_ch5_n_ch6-1954.pdf "Report no. 43: Hydrogen peroxide, Part two"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226181901/http://hydrogen-peroxide.us/chemical-properties/MIT-Schumb_etal-hydrogen_Peroxide_ch5_n_ch6-1954.pdf |date=26 February 2015 }}, Office of Naval Research, Contract No. N5ori-07819 On p. 178, the authors present six hypothetical models for hydrogen peroxide's molecular structure. On p. 184, the present structure is considered almost certainly correct—although a small doubt remained. (Note: The report by Schumb et al. was reprinted as: W. C. Schumb, C. N. Satterfield, and R. L. Wentworth, ''Hydrogen Peroxide'' (New York, New York: Reinhold Publishing Corp. (American Chemical Society Monograph), 1955).)</ref> Pada tahun 1934, ahli fisika matematika Inggris [[William Penney]] dan ahli fisika Skotlandia [[Gordon Sutherland]] mengusulkan struktur molekul hidrogen peroksida yang sangat mirip dengan yang diterima saat ini.<ref>See:
* {{cite journal | last1 = Penney | first1 = W. G. | last2 = Sutherland | first2 = G. B. B. M. | year = 1934 | title = The theory of the structure of hydrogen peroxide and hydrazine | url =
* {{cite journal | last1 = Penney | first1 = W. G. | last2 = Sutherland | first2 = G. B. B. M. | year = 1934 | title = A note on the structure of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>4</sub>N<sub>2</sub> with particular reference to electric moments and free rotation | url = | journal = Transactions of the Faraday Society | volume = 30 | issue = | pages = 898–902 | doi = 10.1039/tf934300898b }}</ref>
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=== Deterjen ===
Aplikasi industri kedua terbesar adalah pembuatan [[natrium perkarbonat]] dan [[natrium perborat]], yang digunakan sebagai pemutih lunak dalam [[deterjen]]. Natrium perkarbonat, yang merupakan aduk dari [[natrium karbonat]] dan hidrogen peroksida, adalah bahan aktif dalam produk deterjen binatu seperti [[OxiClean]] dan [[Tide deterjen]]. Ketika dilarutkan dalam air, ia melepaskan hidrogen peroksida dan natrium karbonat,<ref name="Jones">{{cite book|author = Jones, Craig W. |title = Applications of hydrogen peroxide and its derivatives|url = https://archive.org/details/applicationsofhy0000jone |year = 1999|publisher = [[Royal Society of Chemistry]] | isbn = 978-0-85404-536-5}}</ref><blockquote><chem>2 Na2CO3.3H2O2 -> 2 Na2CO3 + 3 H2O2</chem></blockquote>Dengan sendirinya, zat pemutih in hanya efektif pada suhu pencucian {{Convert|60|C|F}} atau lebih tinggi, sehingga sering kali digunakan secara bersamaan dengan [[aktivator pemutih]] ({{Lang-en|bleach activator}}), yang memfasilitasi pembersihan pada suhu yang lebih rendah.
=== Produksi senyawa organik ===
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Hidrogen peroksida digunakan dalam proses pengolahan air limbah tertentu untuk menghilangkan ketakmurnian organik. Dalam [[proses oksidasi lanjutan]], [[reaksi Fenton]]<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Tarr|editor-first=Matthew A.|title=Chemical degradation methods for wastes and pollutants environmental and industrial applications|url=https://archive.org/details/chemicaldegradat00tarr_943|date=2003|publisher=M. Dekker|location=New York|isbn=978-0-203-91255-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/chemicaldegradat00tarr_943/page/n50 165]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pignatello|first1=Joseph J.|last2=Oliveros|first2=Esther|last3=MacKay|first3=Allison|title=Advanced Oxidation Processes for Organic Contaminant Destruction Based on the Fenton Reaction and Related Chemistry|journal=Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology|date=January 2006|volume=36|issue=1|pages=1–84|doi=10.1080/10643380500326564}}</ref> menghasilkan radikal hidroksil (·OH) yang sangat reaktif. Ini mendegradasi senyawa-senyawa organik, termasuk mereka yang biasanya kuat, seperti [[aromatik]] atau [[senyawa terhalogenasi]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pera-Titus|first1=Marc|last2=Garcı́a-Molina|first2=Verónica|last3=Baños|first3=Miguel A|last4=Giménez|first4=Jaime|last5=Esplugas|first5=Santiago|title=Degradation of chlorophenols by means of advanced oxidation processes: a general review|journal=Applied Catalysis B: Environmental|date=February 2004|volume=47|issue=4|pages=219–256|doi=10.1016/j.apcatb.2003.09.010}}</ref> Ia juga bisa mengoksidasi senyawa berbasis [[belerang]] yang ada dalam limbah; yang otomatis memiliki keuntungan mengurangi baunya.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author1=Goor, G. |author2=Glenneberg, J. |author3=Jacobi, S. | title = Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry | encyclopedia = Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry | year = 2007 | publisher = Wiley-VCH | location = Weinheim | doi = 10.1002/14356007.a13_443.pub2 | chapter = Hydrogen Peroxide | isbn = 978-3-527-30673-2 }}</ref>
Hidrogen peroksida dapat digunakan untuk sterilisasi bermacam permukaan,<ref name="ascenzi">{{cite book|editor-last1=Ascenzi|editor-first1=Joseph M.|title=Handbook of disinfectants and antiseptics|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofdisinf0000unse|date=1996|publisher=M. Dekker|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8247-9524-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/handbookofdisinf0000unse/page/161 161]}}</ref> termasuk peralatan bedah,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rutala|first1=W. A.|last2=Weber|first2=D. J.|title=Disinfection and Sterilization in Health Care Facilities: What Clinicians Need to Know|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_2004-09-01_39_5/page/702|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|date=1 September 2004|volume=39|issue=5|pages=702–709|doi=10.1086/423182|pmid=15356786}}</ref> dan dapat dibuat sebagai uap ([[Hidrogen peroksida uap|VHP]]) untuk sterilisasi ruangan.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Falagas|first1=M.E.|last2=Thomaidis|first2=P.C.|last3=Kotsantis|first3=I.K.|last4=Sgouros|first4=K.|last5=Samonis|first5=G.|last6=Karageorgopoulos|first6=D.E.|title=Airborne hydrogen peroxide for disinfection of the hospital environment and infection control: a systematic review|journal=Journal of Hospital Infection|date=July 2011|volume=78|issue=3|pages=171–177|doi=10.1016/j.jhin.2010.12.006|pmid=21392848}}</ref> {{Chem|H|2|O|2}} menunjukkan spektrum efikasi yang luas terhadap virus, bakteri, jamur, dan spora bakteri.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Block|editor-first1=Seymour S.|title=Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation|url=https://archive.org/details/disinfectionster0000unse_n5r4|date=2000|publisher=Lea & Febiger|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-683-30740-5|pages=
Hidrogen peroksida merupakan pemutih yang lebih ramah lingkungan dibandingkan pemutih berbasis [[klorin]], karena {{Chem|H|2|O|2}} terdegradasi menjadi oksigen dan air dan [[umumnya diakui aman]] sebagai [[antimikroba]] oleh [[Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Amerika Serikat]] (FDA).<ref>{{cite web|title=Sec. 184.1366 Hydrogen peroxide |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access |url=http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/04nov20031500/edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2001/aprqtr/21cfr184.1366.htm |date=1 April 2001 |accessdate=7 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703092508/http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/04nov20031500/edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2001/aprqtr/21cfr184.1366.htm |archivedate=3 July 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
Hidrogen peroksida dapat digunakan untuk mengobati [[jerawat]],<ref>{{cite journal|last=Capizzi|first=R.|author2=Landi, F. |author3=Milani, M. |author4= Amerio, P. |title=Skin tolerability and efficacy of combination therapy with hydrogen peroxide stabilized cream and adapalene gel in comparison with benzoyl peroxide cream and adapalene gel in common acne. A randomized, investigator-masked, controlled trial|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-dermatology_2004-08_151_2/page/481|journal=British Journal of Dermatology |volume=151 |issue=2 |pages=481–484 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.06067.x|pmid=15327558|year=2004}}</ref> meskipun [[benzoil peroksida]] adalah pengobatan yang lebih umum.
=== Gimik dan penggunaan ceruk ===
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=== Penggunaan dalam pengobatan alternatif ===
Praktisi [[pengobatan alternatif]] telah menganjurkan penggunaan hidrogen peroksida untuk berbagai kondisi, termasuk [[emfisema]], [[influenza]], [[AIDS]], dan khususnya [[kanker]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Hydrogen peroxide : medical miracle|url=https://archive.org/details/hydrogenperoxide0000doug|last=Douglass|first=William Campbell|date=1995|publisher=Second Opinion Pub.|isbn=978-1-885236-07-4|location=[Atlanta, GA]}}</ref> Tidak ada bukti efektivitas dan dalam beberapa kasus terbukti fatal.<ref name="largeOral">[https://web.archive.org/web/20020820074823/http://www.sefsc.noaa.gov/HTMLdocs/HydrogenPeroxide3.htm Hydrogen Peroxide, 3%. 3. Hazards Identification] Southeast Fisheries Science Center, daughter agency of [[NOAA]].</ref><ref name="baddrink">{{cite journal|year=1993|title=Questionable methods of cancer management: hydrogen peroxide and other 'hyperoxygenation' therapies|journal=CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians|volume=43|issue=1|pages=47–56|doi=10.3322/canjclin.43.1.47|pmid=8422605}}</ref><ref name="deaths">{{cite news|last=Cooper|first=Anderson|title=A Prescription for Death?|publisher=CBS News|date=12 January 2005|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/01/12/60II/main666489.shtml|accessdate=7 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717085909/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/01/12/60II/main666489.shtml|archive-date=17 July 2007|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="snopesH2O2">{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/medical/healthyself/peroxide.asp|title=Hydrogen Peroxide|last=Mikkelson|first=Barbara|date=30 April 2006|website=Snopes.com|accessdate=7 July 2007}}</ref><ref name="lethalInjection">{{cite web|url=http://www.thedenverchannel.com/news/naturopath-sentenced-for-injecting-teen-with-hydrogen-peroxide|title=Naturopath Sentenced For Injecting Teen With Hydrogen Peroxide – 7NEWS Denver|date=2006-03-27|publisher=Thedenverchannel.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320012431/http://www.thedenverchannel.com/news/naturopath-sentenced-for-injecting-teen-with-hydrogen-peroxide|archive-date=20 March 2014|accessdate=2015-02-14|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Praktik ini menuntut konsumsi hidrogen peroksida setiap hari, baik secara oral atau injeksi, dan didasarkan pada dua pedoman. Pertama, bahwa hidrogen peroksida diproduksi secara alami oleh tubuh untuk memerangi infeksi; dan kedua, bahwa [[patogen]] manusia (termasuk kanker: Lihat [[hipotesis Warburg]]) bersifat [[Anaerobik|anaerob]] dan tidak dapat bertahan hidup di lingkungan yang kaya oksigen. Oleh karena itu, menelan atau menyuntikkan hidrogen peroksida diyakini dapat membunuh penyakit dengan meniru respons kekebalan selain meningkatkan kadar oksigen dalam tubuh. Ini membuat praktiknya mirip dengan terapi berbasis oksigen lainnya, seperti [[terapi ozon]] dan [[Terapi hiperbarik|terapi oksigen hiperbarik]].
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'''Daftar pustaka'''
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/synthesesofsulph0000unse|title=The Syntheses of Sulphones, Sulphoxides and Cyclic Sulphides|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=1994|isbn=978-0-471-93970-2|location=Chichester UK|pages=
* {{cite book|title=Chemistry of the Elements|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|year=1997|edition=2nd|location=Oxford UK|author1=N.N. Greenwood|author2=A. Earnshaw}} A great description of properties & chemistry of {{chem|H|2|O|2}}.
* {{cite book|title=Advanced Organic Chemistry|url=https://archive.org/details/advancedorganicc00marc_339|publisher=Wiley|year=1992|edition=4th|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/advancedorganicc00marc_339/page/n739 723]|author=J. March}}
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[[Kategori:Oksidator]]
[[Kategori:Pewarna rambut]]
[[Kategori:Senyawa kimia]]
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