Daftar misi Pesawat Ulang Alik: Perbedaan antara revisi

[[Pesawat ulang-alik|Pesawat ulang alik]] adalah [[wahanabanteng yang ada di antariksa]] bertujuan [[Orbit bumi rendah|orbit Bumi rendah]] yang dapat digunakan kembali sebagian dan dioperasikan oleh [[Badan Penerbangan dan Antariksa Amerika Serikat|Badan Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional AS]] (NASA). Nama resmi program ini adalah Space Transportation System (STS), diambil dari rencana tahun 1969 untuk sistem wahana antariksa yang dapat digunakan kembali.<ref name="intro-taskGroup">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/taskgrp.html|title=Report of the Space Task Group, 1969|publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]]|access-date=26 November 2014|archive-date=2018-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224003836/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/taskgrp.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pada misi operasionalnya, pesawat ulang- alik meluncurkan banyak [[satelit]], melakukan eksperimen sains di orbit, dan berpartisipasi dalam pembangunan dan perbaikan [[Stasiun Luar Angkasa Internasional]] (ISS). Empat penerbangan uji orbital pertama diluncurkan pada 1981 dan penerbangan operasionalnya dimulai pada 1982.

Pada tahun 1981 hingga 2011, total 135 misi diterbangkan, seluruhnya dari [[Pusat Luar Angkasa Kennedy|Kennedy Space Center]] (KSC) di Florida. Selama periode waktu itu armada pesawat ulang- alik mencatat 1.322 hari, 19 jam, 21 menit dan 23 detik waktu penerbangan.<ref name="intro-ShuttleByNumbers">{{Cite web|url=http://www.space.com/12376-nasa-space-shuttle-program-facts-statistics.html|title=NASA's Space Shuttle By the Numbers: 30 Years of a Spaceflight Icon|last=Malik, Tarik|date=21 Juli 2011|publisher=[[Space.com]]|access-date=18 Juni 2014}}</ref> Penerbangan orbital terpanjang pada program ini adalah misi STS-80 dengan durasi 17 hari 15 jam, sedangkan penerbangan terpendek adalah [[STS-51-L]] ketika Pesawat Ulang-Alik ''[[Pesawat ulang-alik Challenger|Challenger]]'' mengalami disintegrasi satu menit 13 detik setelah peluncuran. Pesawat ulang- alik berlabuh dengan stasiun luar angkasa Rusia ''[[Mir]]'' sembilan kali dan mengunjungi ISS tiga puluh tujuh kali. Ketinggian (apogee) tertinggi yang dicapai oleh pesawat ulang- alik adalah 350 mil (560&nbsp;km) saat melakukan misi perbaikan [[Teleskop luar angkasa Hubble|Teleskop Luar Angkasa Hubble]].<ref name="intro-forbes">{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/carolpinchefsky/2012/04/18/5-horrifying-facts-you-didnt-know-about-the-space-shuttle/2/|title=5 Horrifying Facts You Didn't Know About the Space Shuttle|last=Pinchefsky, Carol|date=18 April 2012|website=[[Forbes]]|access-date=6 Januari 2015}}</ref> Program ini menerbangkan total 355 orang yang mewakili 16 negara.<ref name="intro-nasafacts">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/566250main_2011.07.05%20SHUTTLE%20ERA%20FACTS.pdf|title=Space Shuttle Era Facts|year=2011|publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]]|id=FS-2011-7-142-KSC|access-date=6 Januari 2015}}</ref> Kennedy Space Center menjadi tempat pendaratan untuk 78 misi, sementara 54 misi mendarat di [[Pangkalan Angkatan Udara Edwards]] di [[California]], dan satu misi mendarat di White Sands, [[New Mexico]].<ref name="intro-launch">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/launch/|title=Space Shuttle Launch and Landing|last=Ryba, Jeanne|last2=Brian Dunbar|date=11 September 2012|publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]]|access-date=6 Januari 2015}}</ref>

[[Program pesawat ulang-alik|Program Pesawat Ulang-Alik]] AS secara resmi disebut sebagai Space Transport System (STS). Karenanya, penamaan misi ulang- alik ditetapkan dengan awalan "STS".<ref name="intro-ShuttleByNumbers">{{Cite web|url=http://www.space.com/12376-nasa-space-shuttle-program-facts-statistics.html|title=NASA's Space Shuttle By the Numbers: 30 Years of a Spaceflight Icon|last=Malik, Tarik|date=21 Juli 2011|publisher=[[Space.com]]|access-date=18 Juni 2014}}</ref> Awalnya, peluncuran diberi nomor urut yang menunjukkan urutan peluncuran, seperti STS-7. Sehubungan dengan kecelakaan [[Apollo 13]], [[Triskaidekafobia|triskaidekaphobia]] yang dialami oleh Administrator NASA, James M. Beggs dan keengganan untuk menomori penerbangan yang akan datang sebagai STS-13<ref name="numbering-crippenoh">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/CrippenRL/CrippenRL_5-26-06.pdf|title=Robert L. Crippen|date=26 Mei 2006|website=NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project|publisher=[[Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183030/http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/CrippenRL/CrippenRL_5-26-06.pdf|archive-date=3 Maret 2016|access-date=4 Agustus 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="numbering-hartoh">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/HartTJ/HartTJ_4-10-03.pdf|title=Terry J. Hart|date=10 April 2003|website=NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project|publisher=[[Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190102/http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/HartTJ/HartTJ_4-10-03.pdf|archive-date=3 Maret 2016|access-date=4 Agustus 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="numbering-weitzoh">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/WeitzPJ/PJW_3-26-00.pdf|title=Paul J. Weitz|date=26 Maret 2000|website=NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project|publisher=[[Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311223529/http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/WeitzPJ/PJW_3-26-00.pdf|archive-date=11 Maret 2016|access-date=4 Agustus 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="numbering-vanhoftenoh">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/vanHoftenJD/vanHoftenJDA_12-5-07.pdf|title=James D. A. van Hoften|date=5 Desember 2007|website=NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project|publisher=[[Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165929/http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/vanHoftenJD/vanHoftenJDA_12-5-07.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-03|access-date=2009-08-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> menyebabkan semua misi yang dimulai pada tahun 1984 diberi kode, seperti STS-41-B, dengan:

== Penerbangan pesawat ulang- alik ==

Program Approach and Landing Test mencakup 16 misi uji coba menggunakan pesawat ulang- alik ''Enterprise.,'' mencakup tes taksi, penerbangan nirawak dan berawak di atas [[Shuttle Carrier Aircraft]], dan tes penerbangan bebas. Daftar berikut menabulasikan uji penerbangan bebas, dengan durasi yang tercantum hanya terhitung saat pengorbit dalam kondisi terbang bebas. Daftar ini tidak menghitung total waktu saat pengorbit terbang bersama [[Boeing 747]] [[Shuttle Carrier Aircraft]] (SCA).

! scope="col" | Pesawat ulang- alik

| {{Sfn|Heppenheimer|p=123}}<ref name="ALT-ksc">{{Cite web|url=http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/enterprise.html|title=Enterprise(OV-101)|last=Dumoulin, Jim|publisher=[[Kennedy Space Center]]|access-date=28 Januari 2013|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192118/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/enterprise.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>{{Sfn|Goodwin|p=32}}<ref name="ALT-space.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.space.com/17983-space-shuttle-enterprise.html|title=Enterprise: The Test Shuttle|last=Howell, Elizabeth|date=9 Oktober 2012|publisher=[[Space.com]]|access-date=28 Januari 2013}}</ref>

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* Misi pengembangan pesawat ulang- alik

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* Pendaratan malam pertama untuk pesawat ulang- alik

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* Penerbangan [[Ulf Merbold]] (astronaut [[European Space Agency]] pertama yang terbang pada misi pesawat ulang- alik)

| <ref name="sts-dod" /><ref name="sts27-nasaarchive">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-27.html |title=Mission Archives: STS-27 |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |accessdate=16 Desember 2012}}</ref>{{sfn|Chen|p=61}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2009/03/31/shuttle-atlantis-almost-lost-in-1988/|title=Shuttle Atlantis almost lost in 1988|date=2009-03-31|website=Bad Astronomy|access-date=2019-03-12|archive-date=2019-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308120154/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2009/03/31/shuttle-atlantis-almost-lost-in-1988/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

| data-sort-value="059" | {{center|'''[[STS-59]]'''}}<br /> [[Berkas:STS-59 mission insigniapatch.svg|nirbing|pus|50px|alt=]]

Durasi dari empat misi dipangkas satu hari atau lebih saat berada di orbit: STS-2 (kegagalan peralatan),{{Sfn|Chen|p=11}} STS-35 (cuaca),<ref name="sts35-nasaarchive">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-35.html|title=Mission Archives: STS-35|publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]]|access-date=16 Desember 2012}}</ref> STS-44 (kegagalan peralatan),{{Sfn|Chen|p=173}} dan STS-83 (Kegagalan peralatan, diluncurkan kembali sebagai STS-94).{{Sfn|Chen|p=173}}

| {{Sfn|Chen|p=280}}<ref name="ov-nasafacts">{{Cite web|url=http://www.californiasciencecenter.org/GenInfo/MediaRoom/PressReleases/EndeavourLa/presskit_docs/SHUTTLE_ERA_FACTS.pdf|title=NASA Facts: Space Shuttle Era Facts|publisher=[[Kennedy Space Center|John F. Kennedy Space Center]]|access-date=14 Desember 2012|archive-date=2014-09-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904215659/http://www.californiasciencecenter.org/GenInfo/MediaRoom/PressReleases/EndeavourLa/presskit_docs/SHUTTLE_ERA_FACTS.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="ov101-nasa">{{Cite web|url=http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/enterprise.html|title=Enterprise (OV-101)|publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]]|access-date=19 Oktober 2012|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192118/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/enterprise.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="ov101-foxnewsinsider">{{Cite web|url=http://insider.foxnews.com/2012/04/27/fast-facts-on-the-space-shuttle-enterprise/|title=Fast Facts on the Space Shuttle Enterprise|website=Fox News Insider|publisher=[[Fox News]]|archive-url=https://archive.istoday/20160314160635/http://insider.foxnews.com/2012/04/27/fast-facts-on-the-space-shuttle-enterprise/|archive-date=14 Maret 2016|access-date=14 Desember 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

| {{Sfn|Chen|p=280}}<ref name="ov102-nytimes">{{Cite news|url=http://partners.nytimes.com/library/national/science/columbia-index.html|title=Space: The Space Shuttle Columbia|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=19 Oktober 2012}}</ref><ref name="ov102-foxnews">{{Cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,77271,00.html|title=Fast Facts: Space Shuttle Columbia|publisher=[[Fox News]]|access-date=14 Desember 2012|date=2 Februari 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119133407/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,77271,00.html#|archive-date=2012-11-19|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/columbia.html|title=Columbia (OV-102)|publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]]|access-date=27 Oktober 2012|archive-date=2019-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606093616/https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/columbia.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

| {{Sfn|Chen|p=280}}<ref name="ov099-NASA">{{Cite web|url=http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/challenger.html|title=Challenger (STA-099, OV-99)|publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]]|access-date=27 Oktober 2012|archive-date=2019-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523112035/https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/challenger.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="ov099-floridatoday">{{Cite web|url=https://www.floridatoday.com/article/20110721/NEWS0208/110408026/Space-Shuttle-Challenger-facts?nclick_check=1|title=Space Shuttle Challenger Facts|website=[[Florida Today]]|access-date=14 Desember 2012}}</ref>

| {{Sfn|Chen|p=280}}<ref name="ov103-space">{{Cite web|url=http://www.space.com/15330-space-shuttle-discovery-5-surprising-facts.html|title=Space Shuttle Discovery: 5 Surprising Facts About NASA's Oldest Orbiter|last=Wall, Mike|date=19 April 2012|publisher=[[Space.com]]|access-date=15 Desember 2012}}</ref><ref name="ov103-foxnewsinsider">{{Cite web|url=http://airandspace.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?object=nasm_A20120325000|title=Orbiter, Space Shuttle, OV-103, Discovery|publisher=[[Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum]]|access-date=26 Februari 2016|archive-date=2016-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305033118/http://airandspace.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?object=nasm_A20120325000|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

* {{Cite book|title=Development of the Space Shuttle: 1972–1981|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofspacesh0000hepp|last=Heppenheimer|first=T.A.|publisher=Smithsonian Press|year=2002|isbn=978-1-58834-009-2|location=United States of America|ref={{sfnRef|Heppenheimer}}|author-link=}}

* [http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/future/index.html Manifestasi Peluncuran Konsolidasi NASA ISS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060908210032/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/future/index.html |date=2006-09-08 }}