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Vaksin Covid-19: Perbedaan antara revisi

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{{Update|date=Januari 2021}}
[[Berkas:World_map_of_share_of_people_who_received_at_least_one_dose_of_COVID-19_vaccine_by_country.png|jmpl|Persentase penduduk yang telah menerima setidaknya satu dosis vaksin Covid-19 atau C19]]
[[Berkas:COVID-19_vaccine_map.svg|jmpl|Peta negara-negara menurut status persetujuan vaksin Covid-19
{{legend|Green|Disetujui untuk penggunaan umum, vaksinasi massal sedang berlangsung}}
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{{legend|LightGrey|Tak ada data yang tersedia}}]]
{{COVID-19 pandemic sidebar|expanded=medis}}
'''Vaksin COVID-19''' merupakan [[vaksin]] yang nantinya akan digunakan untuk menangani [[penyakit koronavirus 2019]] (COVID-19). Pada 20 Januari 2020, data ''sequence'' genetik [[Koronavirus sindrom pernapasan akut berat 2|SARS-CoV-2]], virus penyebab COVID-19 (C19), dibagikan melalui [[GISAID]], dan pada 19 Januari 2020, industri farmasi global mengumumkan komitmen untuk mengatasi COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Padilla|first=Teodoro|date=24 Februari 2021|title=No one is safe unless everyone is safe|url=https://www.bworldonline.com/no-one-is-safe-unless-everyone-is-safe/|website=BusinessWorld|language=en-US|access-date=4 Maret 2021}}</ref> Hingga Maret 2020, terdapat beberapa penelitian yang mengembangkan vaksin COVID-19.

Pada akhir Februari 2020, [[Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia]] (WHO) mengatakan bahwa vaksin untuk menangani virus penyebab COVID-19, [[SARS-CoV-2]] tidak akan tersedia dalam waktu kurang dari 18 bulan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencealert.com/who-says-a-coronavirus-vaccine-is-18-months-away|title=Here's Why It's Taking So Long to Develop a Vaccine for the New Coronavirus|last=Grenfell|first=Rob|last2=Drew|first2=Trevor|date=17 February 2020|website=ScienceAlert|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228010631/https://www.sciencealert.com/who-says-a-coronavirus-vaccine-is-18-months-away|archive-date=28 February 2020|access-date=26 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Hingga September 2020, terdapat 321 vaksin uji coba yang sedang dalam pengembangan.<ref name="thanh22">{{cite journal|last1=Le|first1=Tung Thanh|last2=Cramer|first2=Jakob P.|last3=Chen|first3=Robert|last4=Mayhew|first4=Stephen|date=2020-09-04|title=Evolution of the COVID-19 vaccine development landscape|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41573-020-00151-8|journal=Nature Reviews Drug Discovery|doi=10.1038/d41573-020-00151-8|issn=1474-1776|pmid=32887942|s2cid=221503034}}</ref> Pada bulan September, 39 kandidat vaksin sedang dalam [[pengujian klinis]], 33 dalam [[Tahap-tahap pengujian klinis|pengujian tahap I–II]], dan 6 dalam [[Tahap-tahap pengujian klinis|pengujian tahap II–III]].<ref name="thanh22" /> Pada pertengahan Desember 2020, 57 kandidat vaksin berada dalam [[Uji klinis vaksin|uji klinis]], dengan 40 kandidat vaksin dalam pengujian tahap I-II, dan 17 kandidat vaksin dalam pengujian tahap II-III. Pada pengujian tahap 3, beberapa vaksin COVID-19 menunjukkan efikasi setinggi 95% dalam mencegah infeksi simptomatik COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Branswell|first=Helen|date=19 Desember 2020|title=A side-by-side comparison of the Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna vaccines|url=https://www.statnews.com/2020/12/19/a-side-by-side-comparison-of-the-pfizer-biontech-and-moderna-vaccines/|website=STAT|access-date=13 Januari 2021}}</ref>
 
Beberapa negara menerapkan rencana distribusi dengan memprioritaskan penduduk dengan risiko tinggi, seperti lansia dan tenaga kesehatan.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Beaumont|first=Peter|date=18 November 2020|title=Covid-19 vaccine: who are countries prioritising for first doses?|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/18/covid-19-vaccine-who-are-countries-prioritising-for-first-doses|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=4 Maret 2021}}</ref> Pada November 2020, lebih dari 20 miliar dosis vaksin telah dipesan oleh beberapa negara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mullard|first=Asher|date=30 November 2020|title=How COVID vaccines are being divvied up around the world|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03370-6|journal=Nature|language=en|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-03370-6}}</ref> Setengah dari dosis tersebut dipesan oleh negara berpenghasilan tinggi dengan jumlah populasi sekitar 14% populasi dunia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=So|first=Anthony D|last2=Woo|first2=Joshua|date=15 Desember 2020|title=Reserving coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines for global access: cross sectional analysis|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7735431/|journal=The BMJ|volume=371|doi=10.1136/bmj.m4750|issn=0959-8138|pmc=7735431|pmid=33323376}}</ref>
 
Data dari [[Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia|WHO]] menunjukkan hingga 31 Desember 2023, [[persentase]] [[Penduduk|populasi]] yang telah menerima vaksin COVID-19 dosis awal lengkap mencapai 56% populasi dunia dengan [[dosis]] vaksin yang diberikan mencapai 5,47 miliar dosis.<ref>{{Cite web|last=WHO COVID-19 dashboard|title=COVID-19 vaccination, World data|url=https://data.who.int/dashboards/covid19/vaccines|website=World Health Organization|access-date=2024-07-25}}</ref>
 
== Pemberian Vaksid COVID-19 Di Indonesia ==
Pada 18 Januari 2022, cakupan vaksinasi COVID-19 di Indonesia telah melampaui 300 juta dosis, setara dengan 72% dari target total sebanyak 416,4 juta suntikan.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-18|title=300 Juta Dosis Vaksin COVID-19 Telah Disuntikkan Kepada Masyarakat|url=https://sehatnegeriku.kemkes.go.id/baca/umum/20220118/3239175/300-juta-dosis-vaksin-covid-19-telah-disuntikkan-kepada-masyarakat/|website=Sehat Negeriku|language=id-ID|access-date=2024-11-25}}</ref> Berdasarkan data Kementerian Kesehatan, vaksinasi dosis pertama telah diberikan kepada sekitar 85,26% target populasi, sementara dosis kedua mencapai 58,09%, dan dosis ketiga baru menyentuh 0,80%.
 
Pelaksanaan vaksinasi untuk 208,2 juta penduduk tidak dilakukan oleh Kementerian Kesehatan saja, tetapi melibatkan dukungan dari berbagai pihak, termasuk TNI, Polri, BUMN, pemerintah daerah, organisasi masyarakat dan keagamaan, hingga sektor swasta. Kolaborasi ini menjadi kunci keberhasilan program vaksinasi nasional.
 
== Penelitian vaksin COVID-19 yang lain ==
Beberapa jenis koronavirus lain yang menyebabkan penyakit pada hewan telah memiliki vaksin tersendiri, seperti [[koronavirus burung]], [[koronavirus anjing]], dan [[koronavirus kucing]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cavanagh|first=Dave|year=2003|title=Severe acute respiratory syndrome vaccine development: Experiences of vaccination against avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus|journal=Avian Pathology|volume=32|issue=6|pages=567–582|doi=10.1080/03079450310001621198|pmid=14676007}}</ref>
 
Upaya-upaya terdahulu dalam pengembangan vaksin virus famili ''[[Coronaviridae]]'' yang dapat menginfeksi manusia difokuskan untuk penanganan [[sindrom pernapasan akut berat]] (SARS) dan [[sindrom pernapasan Timur Tengah]] (MERS). Vaksin terhadap SARS <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gao|first=Wentao|last2=Tamin|first2=Azaibi|last3=Soloff|first3=Adam|last4=d'Aiuto|first4=Leonardo|last5=Nwanegbo|first5=Edward|last6=Robbins|first6=Paul D.|last7=Bellini|first7=William J.|last8=Barratt-Boyes|first8=Simon|last9=Gambotto|first9=Andrea|year=2003|title=Effects of a SARS-associated coronavirus vaccine in monkeys|journal=The Lancet|volume=362|issue=9399|pages=1895–1896|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14962-8|pmid=14667748}}</ref> dan MERS <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Eun|last2=Okada|first2=Kaori|last3=Kenniston|first3=Tom|last4=Raj|first4=V. Stalin|last5=Alhajri|first5=Mohd M.|last6=Farag|first6=Elmoubasher A.B.A.|last7=Alhajri|first7=Farhoud|last8=Osterhaus|first8=Albert D.M.E.|last9=Haagmans|first9=Bart L.|year=2014|title=Immunogenicity of an adenoviral-based Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus vaccine in BALB/C mice|journal=Vaccine|volume=32|issue=45|pages=5975–5982|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.08.058|pmid=25192975}}</ref> telah diuji pada [[Organisme model|hewan]]. Per tahun 2020, tidak ada vaksin untuk pengobatan atau pencegahan SARS terbukti aman dan efektif pada manusia.<ref name="JiangFutureVirology">{{Cite journal|last=Jiang|first=Shibo|last2=Lu|first2=Lu|last3=Du|first3=Lanying|year=2013|title=Development of SARS vaccines and therapeutics is still needed|journal=[[Future Virology]]|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–2|doi=10.2217/fvl.12.126}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/sars/|title=SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome)|date=5 March 2020|publisher=[[National Health Service]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309174230/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/sars/|archive-date=9 March 2020|access-date=31 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Menurut [[Jurnal akademik|jurnal ilmiah]] yang diterbitkan pada tahun 2005 dan 2006, identifikasi dan pengembangan vaksin dan obat-obatan baru untuk mengobati SARS menjadi prioritas bagi pemerintah di seluruh dunia.<ref name="PMID 15655773">{{Cite journal|last=Greenough|first=Thomas C.|last2=Babcock|first2=Gregory J.|last3=Roberts|first3=Anjeanette|last4=Hernandez|first4=Hector J.|last5=Thomas, Jr.|first5=William D.|last6=Coccia|first6=Jennifer A.|last7=Graziano|first7=Robert F.|last8=Srinivasan|first8=Mohan|last9=Lowy|first9=Israel|displayauthors=4|date=15 February 2005|title=Development and Characterization of a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome–Associated Coronavirus–Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody That Provides Effective Immunoprophylaxis in Mice|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_2005-02-15_191_4/page/507|journal=[[The Journal of Infectious Diseases]]|volume=191|issue=4|pages=507–14|doi=10.1086/427242|pmid=15655773}}</ref><ref name="PMID 15885812">{{Cite journal|last=Tripp|first=Ralph A.|last2=Haynes|first2=Lia M.|last3=Moore|first3=Deborah|last4=Anderson|first4=Barbara|last5=Tamin|first5=Azaibi|last6=Harcourt|first6=Brian H.|last7=Jones|first7=Les P.|last8=Yilla|first8=Mamadi|last9=Babcock|first9=Gregory J.|displayauthors=4|date=September 2005|title=Monoclonal antibodies to SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV): Identification of neutralizing and antibodies reactive to S, N, M and E viral proteins|deadurl=Smith|journal=[[Journal of Virological Methods]]|volume=128|issue=1–2|pages=21–8|doi=10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.03.021|pmid=15885812}}</ref><ref name="PMID 16453264">{{Cite journal|last=Roberts|first=Anjeanette|last2=Thomas|first2=William D.|last3=Guarner|first3=Jeannette|last4=Lamirande|first4=Elaine W.|last5=Babcock|first5=Gregory J.|last6=Greenough|first6=Thomas C.|last7=Vogel|first7=Leatrice|last8=Hayes|first8=Norman|last9=Sullivan|first9=John L.|displayauthors=4|date=March 2006|title=Therapy with a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome–Associated Coronavirus–Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody Reduces Disease Severity and Viral Burden in Golden Syrian Hamsters|journal=[[The Journal of Infectious Diseases]]|volume=193|issue=5|pages=685–92|doi=10.1086/500143|pmid=16453264}}</ref>
 
Selain itu, tidak terdapat vaksin yang terbukti dapat menangani MERS.<ref>Shehata, M.M., Gomaa, M.R., Ali, M.A. et al. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11684-016-0430-6 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a comprehensive review.] Front. Med. 10, 120–136 (2016). {{DOI|10.1007/s11684-016-0430-6}}</ref> Ketika pasien MERS mulai meningkat, awalnya peneliti yakin bahwa penelitian SARS terdahulu dapat memberikan gambaran untuk pengembangan pengobatan terhadap MERS-CoV.<ref name="JiangFutureVirology"/><ref name="Butler3oct2013">{{Cite journal|last=Butler|first=Declan|date=October 2012|title=SARS veterans tackle coronavirus|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=490|issue=7418|pages=20|bibcode=2012Natur.490...20B|doi=10.1038/490020a|pmid=23038444}}</ref> Hingga Maret 2020, terdapat satu vaksin MERS (berbasis DNA) yang telah selesai uji klinis fase I (uji coba pada manusia sehat).<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Safety and immunogenicity of an anti-Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus DNA vaccine: a phase 1, open-label, single-arm, dose-escalation trial.|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30266-X|pmid=31351922}}</ref> Kemudian terdapat tiga vaksin lainnya sedang dalam pengembangan. Ketiga vaksin tersebut adalah vaksin dengan vektor virus, dua vektor adenovirus (ChAdOx1-MERS,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03399578|title=Safety and Immunogenicity of a Candidate MERS-CoV Vaccine (MERS001)|access-date=18 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04170829|title=Safety and Immunogenicity of a Candidate MERS-CoV Vaccine (MERS002)|access-date=18 March 2020}}</ref> BVRS-GamVac <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04130594|title=Study of Safety and Immunogenicity of BVRS-GamVac|access-date=18 March 2020}}</ref> ), dan satu vektor MVA (MVA-MERS-S<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03615911|title=Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of Vaccine Candidate MVA-MERS-S|access-date=18 March 2020}}</ref>).<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Recent Advances in the Vaccine Development Against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2019.01781|pmid=31428074}}</ref>
 
== Jenis-Jenis Vaksin ==
Mulai sejakSejak 2021, sembilan teknologi berbeda dengan beberapa teknologi lainnya yang belum terdefinisikan sudah mulai dalam fase riset dan pengembangan untuk menciptakan vaksin yang efektif melawan COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 vaccine tracker|url=https://vac-lshtm.shinyapps.io/ncov_vaccine_landscape/|website=vac-lshtm.shinyapps.io|access-date=2021-03-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Krammer|first=Florian|date=2020-10|title=SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in development|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2798-3|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=586|issue=7830|pages=516–527|doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2798-3|issn=1476-4687}}</ref> Beberapa dari kandidat vaksin ini memfokuskan tujuannya pada ujung runcing pada virus yang terbuat dari protein dan variannya sebagai antigen utama dalam infeksi COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Le|first=Tung Thanh|last2=Cramer|first2=Jakob P.|last3=Chen|first3=Robert|last4=Mayhew|first4=Stephen|date=2020-09-04|title=Evolution of the COVID-19 vaccine development landscape|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41573-020-00151-8|journal=Nature Reviews Drug Discovery|language=en|volume=19|issue=10|pages=667–668|doi=10.1038/d41573-020-00151-8}}</ref> Teknologi yang dikembangkan antara lain teknologi asam nukleat ([[RNA Duta dengan nukleosida yang termodifikasi|RNA duta dengan nukleosida yang termodifikasi)]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kowalski|first=Piotr S.|last2=Rudra|first2=Arnab|last3=Miao|first3=Lei|last4=Anderson|first4=Daniel G.|date=2019-04-10|title=Delivering the Messenger: Advances in Technologies for Therapeutic mRNA Delivery|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6453548/|journal=Molecular Therapy|volume=27|issue=4|pages=710–728|doi=10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.02.012|issn=1525-0016|pmc=6453548|pmid=30846391}}</ref>, vektor virus yang tidak bereplikasi, peptida, protein rekombinan, virus yang dilemahkan, dan virus yang diinaktivasi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Diamond|first=Michael S.|last2=Pierson|first2=Theodore C.|date=2020-05-13|title=The Challenges of Vaccine Development against a New Virus during a Pandemic|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7219397/|journal=Cell Host & Microbe|volume=27|issue=5|pages=699–703|doi=10.1016/j.chom.2020.04.021|issn=1931-3128|pmc=7219397|pmid=32407708}}</ref>
 
Banyak teknologi vaksin yang dikembangkan untuk COVID-19 bukanlah vaksin yang mirip dengan vaksin influenza, namun menggunakan strategi "masa depan" agar dapat menyerang mekanisme infeksi COVID-19 secara presisi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-08|title=Here's How the COVID-19 Vaccines Stack Up Against the Flu Vaccine|url=https://www.healthline.com/health-news/think-the-covid-19-vaccine-isnt-good-enough-it-may-be-more-effective-than-the-flu-shot|website=Healthline|language=en|access-date=2021-03-25}}</ref> Teknologi vaksin yang masih dalam pengembangan juga dapat meningkatkan fleksibilitas dari manipulasi antigen dan efektifitasnya<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kanekiyo|first=Masaru|last2=Ellis|first2=Daniel|last3=King|first3=Neil P|date=2019-04-15|title=New Vaccine Design and Delivery Technologies|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6452296/|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=219|issue=Suppl 1|pages=S88–S96|doi=10.1093/infdis/jiy745|issn=0022-1899|pmc=6452296|pmid=30715361}}</ref> dalam melawan mekanisme infeksi COVID-19 pada sub-populasi yang rawan terinfeksi, seperti tenaga kesehatan, manula, anak-anak, wanita hamil, dan orang yang memiliki sistem imun yang lemah.
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=== Vaksin subunit ===
Vaksin subunit merupakan vaksin yang hanya mengandung satu atau lebih antigen tanpa keseluruhan partikel patogennya. Antigen yang digunakan biasanya merupakan subunit protein, tapi dapat menjadi molekul apapun yang merupakan fragmen dari patogen tersebut.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MODULE 2 – Subunit vaccines - WHO Vaccine Safety Basics|url=https://vaccine-safety-training.org/subunit-vaccines.html|website=vaccine-safety-training.org|access-date=2021-03-25|archive-date=2021-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320163614/https://vaccine-safety-training.org/subunit-vaccines.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
 
Pada Januari 2021, satu-satunya vaksin jenis ini yang diotorisasi adalah vaksin peptida EpiVacCorona.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Federal Budgetary Research Institution State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector"|date=2021-02-20|title=Simple, Blind, Placebo-controlled, Randomized Study of the Safety, Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity of Vaccine Based on Peptide Antigens for the Prevention of COVID-19 (EpiVacCorona), in Volunteers Aged 18-60 Years (I-II Phase)|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04527575}}</ref> Vaksin lainnya yang masih dalam uji klinis termasuk vaksin Novavax<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Novavax|date=2020-10-08|title=A 2-Part, Phase 1/2, Randomized, Observer-Blinded Study To Evaluate The Safety And Immunogenicity Of A SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Spike Protein Nanoparticle Vaccine (SARS-CoV-2 rS) With Or Without MATRIX-M™ Adjuvant In Healthy Subjects|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04368988}}</ref> dan RBD-Dimer. Sebelumnya, terdapat vaksin V451 yang sedang diuji klinis, namun dihentikan karena vaksin tersebut dapat menyebabkan hasil yang salah ketika resipien vaksin ini dites HIV.<ref>{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 Vaccine Shelved After False HIV Positives Affirms Need for Multiple Vaccines|url=https://www.biospace.com/article/covid-19-vaccine-scrapped-in-australia-after-producing-false-hiv-positives/|website=BioSpace|language=en-US|access-date=2021-03-25}}</ref>
 
=== Jenis lainnya ===
Vaksin lain yang sedamsedang dalam uji klinis termasuk beberapa vaksin plasmid DNA,<ref>{{Cite web|title=IVI, INOVIO, and KNIH to partner with CEPI in a Phase I/II clinical trial of INOVIO’s COVID-19 DNA vaccine in South Korea – IVI|url=https://www.ivi.int/ivi-inovio-and-knih-to-partner-with-cepi-in-a-phase-i-ii-clinical-trial-of-inovios-covid-19-dna-vaccine-in-south-korea/|language=en-US|access-date=2021-03-25}}</ref> dua vaksin vektor lentivirus,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-14|title=Covid-19: A vaccine candidate using a lentiviral vector|url=https://www.pasteur.fr/en/all-sars-cov-2-covid-19-institut-pasteur/research-projects/covid-19-vaccine-candidate-using-lentiviral-vector|website=Institut Pasteur|language=en-gb|access-date=2021-03-25}}</ref>, vaksin konjugat, dan virus stomatitis vesikuler yang mengimitasi protein pada SARS-CoV-2.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR)|date=2021-01-04|title=A Phase I/II Randomized, Multi-Center, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Escalation Study to Evaluate the Safety, Immunogenicity and Potential Efficacy of an rVSV-SARS-CoV-2-S Vaccine (IIBR-100) in Adults|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04608305}}</ref>
 
Ilmuwan saat ini sedang meneliti apakah vaksin yang tersedia namun bukan ditujukan untuk COVID dapat digunakan untuk menguatkan sistem kekebalan tubuh dan mengurangi keparahan gejala dari infeksi COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Johnson|first=Carolyn Y.|last2=Mufson|first2=Steven|title=Can old vaccines from science’s medicine cabinet ward off coronavirus?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/06/11/can-old-vaccines-sciences-medicine-cabinet-ward-off-coronavirus/|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|access-date=2021-03-25}}</ref> Ada bukti sementara yang menunjukkan kalau vaksin BCG untuk tuberkolosis dapat memiliki efek yang non-spesifik untuk tuberkolosis pada sistem imun, namun belum ada bukti apkaah efek tersebut efektif untuk melawan COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination and COVID-19|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/bacille-calmette-guérin-(bcg)-vaccination-and-covid-19|website=www.who.int|language=en|access-date=2021-03-25}}</ref>
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* [[Universitas Washington di St. Louis]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.stlpublicradio.org/post/wash-u-scientists-are-developing-coronavirus-vaccine|title=Wash U Scientists Are Developing A Coronavirus Vaccine|last=Chen|first=Eli|website=news.stlpublicradio.org|language=en|access-date=2020-03-19}}</ref>
* Tiga proyek pengembangan vaksin yang didukung [[Koalisi Inovasi Kesiapsiagaan Epidemi|Koalisi untuk Kesiapsiagaan Epidemi Inovasi]] (CEPI), yakni proyek dari perusahaan [[bioteknologi]] [[Moderna]],<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ziady|first=Hanna|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/25/business/moderna-coronavirus-vaccine/index.html|title=Biotech company Moderna says its coronavirus vaccine is ready for first tests|date=26 February 2020|access-date=2 March 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228083910/https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/25/business/moderna-coronavirus-vaccine/index.html|archive-date=28 February 2020|publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> [[Farmasi Inovio|Inovio Pharmaceuticals]], dan [[Universitas Queensland]].
* [[Institut Nasional untuk Alergi dan Penyakit Menular]] (NIAID) bekerja sama dengan [[Moderna]] untuk mengembangkan vaksin berbasis [[Asam ribonukleat|RNA]] yang dapat berpasangan dengan reseptor COVID-19.<ref name="Reut_NIH_Moderna_3months"/> Vaksin tersebut dinamai mRNA-1273. Pada Februari 2020, NIAID mengajukan permohonan untuk melakukan uji klinis fase 1 dan membuka pendaftaran bagi yang bersedia menjadi subjek di Seattle, WA.<ref name="CTdotGOV-mRNA-1273">{{Cite web|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04283461|title=Safety and Immunogenicity Study of 2019-nCoV Vaccine (mRNA-1273) to Prevent SARS-CoV-2 Infection – Full Text View – ClinicalTrials.gov|website=clinicaltrials.gov|publisher=National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health|language=en|access-date=17 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="NIH-director-16-March">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-clinical-trial-investigational-vaccine-covid-19-begins|title=NIH clinical trial of investigational vaccine for COVID-19 begins|date=16 March 2020|website=National Institutes of Health (NIH)|publisher=National Institutes of Health|language=EN|access-date=17 March 2020}}</ref> Pada 16 Maret 2020, uji klinis fase 1 dimulai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-clinical-trial-investigational-vaccine-covid-19-begins|title=NIH clinical trial of investigational vaccine for COVID-19 begins|date=16 March 2020|publisher=US National Institutes of Health}}</ref>
* [[Farmasi Inovio|Inovio Pharmaceuticals]] bekerja sama dengan perusahaan di Tiongkok mengembangkan vaksin berbasis DNA. [[Uji klinis]] direncanakan dilakukan pada musim panas [[Belahan Bumi Utara|belahan bumi utara]] tahun 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mazumdar|first=Tulip|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-51299735|title=Coronavirus: Scientists race to develop a vaccine|date=30 January 2020|access-date=3 February 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130184311/https://www.bbc.com/news/health-51299735|archive-date=30 January 2020|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>
* Di Australia, [[Universitas Queensland]] sedang meneliti potensi vaksin jenis [[penjepit molekular]] yang akan memodifikasi protein virus untuk merangsang reaksi imun.<ref name="Guardian_CEPI_16weeks">{{Cite news|last=Devlin|first=Hannah|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/jan/24/lessons-from-sars-outbreak-help-in-race-for-coronavirus-vaccine|title=Lessons from SARS outbreak help in race for coronavirus vaccine|date=24 January 2020|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=25 January 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125203322/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/jan/24/lessons-from-sars-outbreak-help-in-race-for-coronavirus-vaccine|archive-date=25 January 2020}}</ref>
* Di Kanada, [[Organisasi Vaksin dan Penyakit Menular]] dan [[Universitas Saskatchewan]] menerima pendanaan dari pemerintah federal untuk mengembangkan vaksin. [[Uji coba hewan|Pengujian pada hewan]] akan dilakukan pada Maret 2020 dan pengujian pada manusia akan dilakukan pada 202.<ref name="CBC_Saskatch_6_8_weeks_nonhuman">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/vido-intervac-working-on-coronavirus-vaccine-1.5439118|title=Saskatchewan lab joins global effort to develop coronavirus vaccine|date=24 January 2020|access-date=25 January 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=httphttps://archive.today/jYfcU20200125205347/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/vido-intervac-working-on-coronavirus-vaccine-1.5439118|archive-date=25 January 2020-01-25|publisher=[[CBC News]]|agency=[[The Canadian Press]]|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="sask">{{Cite news|last=Vescera|first=Zak|url=https://thestarphoenix.com/news/local-news/u-of-s-team-gets-federal-dollars-to-develop-covid-19-vaccine|title=U of S team gets federal dollars to develop COVID-19 vaccine|date=6 March 2020|work=[[Saskatoon StarPhoenix]]|access-date=7 March 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309180736/https://thestarphoenix.com/news/local-news/u-of-s-team-gets-federal-dollars-to-develop-covid-19-vaccine/|archive-date=9 March 2020}}</ref>
* Pada Januari 2020, [[Perusahaan Farmasi Janssen|Janssen]] mulai mengembangkan vaksin.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mishra|first=Manas|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-johnson-johnson-idUSKBN1ZS1VW|title=Johnson & Johnson working on vaccine for deadly coronavirus|date=29 January 2020|access-date=19 February 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129231718/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-johnson-johnson-idUSKBN1ZS1VW|archive-date=29 January 2020|agency=[[Reuters]]|editor-last=Orr|editor-first=Bernard}}</ref> Janssen mengembangkan vaksin oral bekerja sama dengan perusahaan bioteknologi, [[Vaxart]].<ref name="nas">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/vaxart-vxrt-a-long-shot-or-perfect-shot-2020-02-25|title=Vaxart (VXRT) – A long shot or perfect shot?|date=25 February 2020|publisher=NASDAQ, RTTNews.com|access-date=1 March 2020}}</ref>
* [[Emergent Biosolutions]] bekerja sama dengan [[Novavax]] Inc untuk mengembangkan. Mereka merencanakan untuk melakukan uji praklinis dan uji klinis fase 1 pada Juli 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gilgore|first=Sara|title=Novavax’s coronavirus vaccine program is getting some help from Emergent BioSolutions,|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2020/03/10/novavax-s-coronavirus-vaccine-program-is-getting.html|work=Washington Business Journal|publisher=American City Business Journals|date=10 March 2020|location=Charlotte NC}}</ref>
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* Arab Saudi<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=18 Januari 2021|title=AstraZeneca and Moderna vaccines to be administered in Saudi Arabia|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/saudi/astrazeneca-and-moderna-vaccines-to-be-administered-in-saudi-arabia-1.76573439|work=Gulf News|access-date=22 Januari 2021}}</ref>
*Britania Raya<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=8 Januari 2021|title=Conditions of Authorisation for COVID-19 Vaccine Moderna|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/regulatory-approval-of-covid-19-vaccine-moderna/conditions-of-authorisation-for-covid-19-vaccine-moderna|website=Medicines & Healthcare products Regulatory Agency|access-date=14 Januari 2021}}</ref>
*Israel<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=4 Januari 2021|title=Israeli Ministry of Health Authorizes COVID-19 Vaccine Moderna for Use in Israel|url=https://investors.modernatx.com/news-releases/news-release-details/israeli-ministry-health-authorizes-covid-19-vaccine-moderna-use|website=modernatx.com|access-date=14 Januari 2021|archive-date=2021-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122131221/https://investors.modernatx.com/news-releases/news-release-details/israeli-ministry-health-authorizes-covid-19-vaccine-moderna-use|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
* Kanada<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=13 November 2020|title=Regulatory Decision Summary - Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine - Health Canada|url=https://covid-vaccine.canada.ca/info/regulatory-decision-summary-detailTwo.html?linkID=RDS00736|website=Health Canada, Government of Canada|access-date=14 Januari 2021}}</ref>
*Saint Vincent dan Grenadines<ref name=":7" />
Baris 168 ⟶ 177:
*Guinea<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=31 Desember 2020|title=Guinea Begins Administering Russia's Sputnik V Covid-19 Vaccine|url=https://www.africanews.com/2020/12/31/guinea-begins-administering-russia-s-sputnik-v-covid-19-vaccine/|work=africanews|access-date=14 Januari 2021}}</ref>
*Honduras<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 Februari 2021|title=Honduras approves use of Sputnik V vaccine against COVID-19|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-02/25/c_139764745.htm|website=Xinhua|access-date=8 Maret 2021}}</ref>
*HongariaHungaria<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=Than|first=Krisztina|last2=Komuves|first2=Anita|date=21 Januari 2021|title=Hungary gives initial approval for AstraZeneca and Sputnik V vaccines|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-hungary-vaccine/hungarian-drug-regulator-approves-sputnik-v-vaccine-website-idUSKBN29P2DK|work=Reuters|access-date=22 Januari 2021}}</ref>
*Irak<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 Maret 2021|title=Russia’s Sputnik V vaccine authorized in Iraq|url=https://tass.com/economy/1262891|website=TASS|access-date=8 Maret 2021}}</ref>
*Iran<ref>{{Cite news|date=26 Januari 2021|title=Iran approves Russian coronavirus vaccine Sputnik V|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-russia-iran-idUSKBN29V1A8|newspaper=Reuters|language=en|access-date=8 Maret 2021}}</ref>
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|'''[[CoronaVac]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Phase III, observer-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of SARS-COV-2 inactivated vaccine in healthy adults aged 18–59 years in Indonesia|url=https://www.ina-registry.org/index.php?act=registry_trial_detail&code_trial=16202009080721WXFM0YX|website=Registri Penyakit Indonesia|access-date=4 Maret 2021|archive-date=2020-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084814/https://www.ina-registry.org/index.php?act=registry_trial_detail&code_trial=16202009080721WXFM0YX%2F|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
 
 
Baris 224 ⟶ 233:
* Bangladesh<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=4 Januari 2021|title=Oxford University-Astrazeneca vaccine: Bangladesh okays it for emergency use|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/oxford-university-astrazeneca-vaccine-bangladesh-okays-it-emergency-use-2022381|work=The Daily Star|access-date=14 Januari 2021}}</ref>
*Brazil<ref name=":5" />
*HongariaHungaria<ref name=":3" />
*Nepal<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pal|first=Gopal Sharma, Alasdair|date=2021-01-15|title=Nepal approves AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-nepal-idUSKBN29K140|newspaper=Reuters|language=en|access-date=2021-01-22}}</ref>
*Irak<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=19 Januari 2021|via=Yahoo News|title=Iraq approves Sinopharm, AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines for emergency use|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/iraq-approves-sinopharm-astrazeneca-covid-132845094.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS91cmw_c2E9dCZyY3Q9aiZxPSZlc3JjPXMmc291cmNlPXdlYiZjZD0mdmVkPTJhaFVLRXdpYXdzX0ZoYV91QWhWbXhEZ0dIZFFTQmFnUUZqQUNlZ1FJQWhBQyZ1cmw9aHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZpbi5uZXdzLnlhaG9vLmNvbSUyRmlyYXEtYXBwcm92ZXMtc2lub3BoYXJtLWFzdHJhemVuZWNhLWNvdmlkLTEzMjg0NTA5NC5odG1sJnVzZz1BT3ZWYXcySFB1ODZhWjFDczVkYVFZSWxpNUw0&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAANExjQoPMKJkgeVeBa8NMeJsChMdl1jsjJZzTrFpTZkI2NI38jEMqTp5GIRLEKl_AdzpoNOLX7Q16j2QCVxi5nvHyzmRfrGKBbwWACv-lbl6gWFWDxXZQ6knFCXTFRyC3e8XWik0oNuFkQd_oPXxNk8BJQrj7_RcG64o6vH4UIL7|work=ANI|access-date=22 Januari 2021}}</ref>
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|'''[[BBIBP-CorV]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Phase III clinical trial for inactivated novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) vaccine (Vero cells)|url=http://www.chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=56651|website=Chinese Clinical Trial Registry|access-date=4 Maret 2021|archive-date=2020-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084800/http://www.chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=56651%2F|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
 
 
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Beijing Institute of Biotechnology of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences
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* Tiongkok (''awal'')<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=29 Juni 2020|title=CanSino's COVID-19 vaccine approved for military use in China|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Pharmaceuticals/CanSino-s-COVID-19-vaccine-approved-for-military-use-in-China|work=Nikkei Asia|access-date=15 Januari 2021|archive-date=2021-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307024418/https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Pharmaceuticals/CanSino-s-COVID-19-vaccine-approved-for-military-use-in-China|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
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