Rasisme sistemik: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
k Bot: perubahan kosmetika |
k menambahkan pranala |
||
| (3 revisi perantara oleh 2 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 3:
Istilah rasisme [[institusi|terinstitusional]] pertama kali dipakai oleh [[Stokely Carmichael]] dan [[Charles V. Hamilton]] pada tahun 1967 di dalam buku mereka ''[[Black Power: The Politics of Liberation]]''.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |title=Institutional |edition=Second edition on CD-ROM Version 4.0 |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-956383-8}}</ref>
Mereka menulis bahwa meskipun rasisme [[Individu|individual]] sering kali dapat dikenali karena sifatnya yang terlihat, namun rasisme terinstitusional tidak begitu terlihat karena sifatnya yang substil. Rasisme jenis ini berasal dari penghulu-penghulu yang mapan dan dihormati di masyarakat, dan maka dari itu tidak mendapat kecaman publik sebanyak rasisme individual.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Carmichael |first1=Stokely |authorlink1=Stokely Carmichael |last2=Hamilton |first2=Charles V. |authorlink2=Charles V. Hamilton |title=Black Power: Politics of Liberation |date=1967 |publisher=Vintage |location=New York |isbn=978-0679743132 |page=[https://archive.org/details/blackpowerpoliti00carm_0/page/4 4] |edition=November 1992 |url=https://archive.org/details/blackpowerpoliti00carm_0/page/4}}</ref>
rasisme terinstitusional didefinisikan oleh [[William Macpherson (hakim)|Sir William Macpherson]] di dalam kasus [[pembunuhan Stephen Lawrence]] di [[Britania Raya]] tahun 1999 sebagai: "kegagalan kolektif sebuah organisasi untuk memberikan layanan yang sesuai dan profesional kepada orang-orang dikarenakan warna kulit, budaya, atau asal etnis mereka. Hal ini dapat dilihat atau dideteksi di dalam berbagai proses, sikap, dan perilaku yang setimpal dengan diskriminasi melalui [[prasangka]], ketidakpedulian, kesembronoan, dan stereotip rasis yang merugikan etnis minoritas."<ref>{{cite web|title= The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry: Report of an Inquiry by Sir William MacPherson of Cluny|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/277111/4262.pdf|url-status=live|access-date= 12 February 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171123104633/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/277111/4262.pdf|archive-date= 23 November 2017}}</ref><ref>Home Office, ''The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry: Report of an Inquiry by Sir William Macpherson of Cluny'', Cm 4262-I, February 1999, para 6.34 (cited in ''Macpherson Report—Ten Years On'' in 2009); [https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmhaff/427/42703.htm available] on the official British Parliament Website.</ref>
== Lihat pula ==
Baris 49:
* Duster, T. (2011).'' The "Morphing" Properties of Whiteness''. In Dalmage, H. & Rothman, B. K. (eds). Race in an Era of Change: A Reader. New York: Oxford.
*{{cite journal | last1 = Engberg | first1 = M. E. | year = 2004 | title = Improving Intergroup Relations in Higher Education: A Critical Examination of the Influence of Educational Interventions on Racial Bias | url = | journal = American Educational Research Association | volume = 74 | issue = 4| pages = 473–524 | doi=10.3102/00346543074004473}}
*{{cite journal | last1 = Fenelon | first1 = J | year = 2003 | title = Race, Research, and Tenure Institutional Credibility and the Incorporation of African, Latino, and American Indian Faculty | url =
*{{cite journal | last1 = Rankin | first1 = S. R. | last2 = Reason | first2 = R. D. | year = 2005 | title = Differing Perceptions:How Students of Color and White Students Perceive Campus Climate for Underrepresented Groups | url = | journal = Journal of College Student Development | volume = 46 | issue = 1| pages = 43–61 | doi=10.1353/csd.2005.0008}}
*{{cite journal | last1 = Stanley | first1 = C. A. | year = 2006 | title = Coloring the academic landscape: Faculty of color breaking the silence in predominantly White colleges and universities | url =
*Starr, Kevin. ''Endangered Dreams: The Great Depression in California'' (1997) p. 261. {{ISBN|0195118022}} The Mexican repatriation
*{{cite journal | last1 = Turner | first1 = C. S. V. | last2 = González | first2 = J. C. | last3 = Wood | first3 = J. L. | year = 2008 | title = Faculty of color in academe: What 20 years of literature tells us | url = | journal = Journal of Diversity in Higher Education | volume = 1 | issue = 3| pages = 139–168 | doi=10.1037/a0012837}}
Baris 62:
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3593082 Mass Imprisonment and the Life Course: Race and Class Inequality in U.S. Incarceration]
*[http://www.prisonpolicy.org/scans/sp/1003.pdf Crack Cocaine Sentencing Policy: Unjustified and Unreasonable]
*[http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/pqmyk Robert R. McKay, "Mexican Americans and Repatriation," Handbook of Texas Online], accessed 12 July 2015. Uploaded on 15 June 2010. Published by the [[Texas]] State Historical Association.
* Peter Ward, ''White Canada Forever: Popular Attitudes and Public Policy Toward Orientals in British Columbia'' (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1978), 132.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170408162540/http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/multiculturalism/asian/85years.asp When no longer needed to build the railroad, they dispersed along the line into chinatowns, as married singles]
| |||