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{{Infobox saint
|honorific_prefix = '''[[Santo]]'''
|name=Maksimus Pengaku Iman
|birth_date= Sekitar tahun 580
|death_date={{death date|662|8|13|df=y}}
|feast_day=13 Agustus ([[Kalender Gregorius|Penanggalan Gregorian]]), 21 Januari
|venerated_in=[[Gereja Ortodoks Timur]]<br>[[Gereja Katolik]]<br>[[Komuni Anglikan|gereja Anglikan]]<br>[[Lutheranisme|gereja Lutheran]]
|image=Maximus_Confessor.jpg
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|beatified_place=
|beatified_by=
|canonized_date=[[Kongregasi bagi Penyebab Penganugerahan Gelar Santo-Santa|Prakongregasi]]
|canonized_place=
|canonized_by=
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'''Maksimus Pengaku Iman''' ({{lang-el|Μάξιμος ὁ [[:wikt:ομολογητής|Ὁμολογητής]]}}, ''Maksimos ho Homologetes''), yang juga dikenal dengan nama '''Maksimus Teolog''' dan '''Maksimus dari Konstantinopel''' (Sekitar 580 – 13 Agustus 662), adalah seorang [[rahib]] sekaligus [[teologi|teolog]] dan sarjana [[Kekristenan|Kristen]].
Sebelum menjadi rahib, Maksimus adalah seorang pegawai aparatur sipil negara, bahkan terbilang salah seorang tangan kanan [[Daftar Kaisar Romawi Timur|Kaisar]] [[Heraklius]], tetapi akhirnya meninggalkan hiruk-pikuk dunia politik dan berkhalwat di biara. Maksimus menguasai ilmu filsafat dari berbagai aliran, dan sebagaimana yang lazim pada zamannya, mengenal baik karya-karya tulis dialog filsafat Plato maupun ulasan-ulasan aliran filsafat Plato tentang gagasan-gagasan Aristoteles dan Plato, misalnya karya-karya tulis [[Plotinus]], [[Porfirios|Porfirius]], [[Iamblikos|
Ketika salah seorang sahabatnya mulai menyiarkan paham [[Kristologi|kristologis]] [[Monotelitisme]], Maksimus ikut terseret ke dalam kontroversi yang timbul akibat paham tersebut, dan mengusung salah satu tafsir rumusan Kristologi [[Kristen Kalsedon|Kalsedon]] yang mendasari penegasan bahwa [[Yesus]] memiliki [[Kehendak (filsafat)|kehendak]] insani maupun kehendak ilahi. Lantaran berpendirian seperti inilah Maksimus akhirnya dianiaya. Sesudah diadili, lidah dan tangan kanannya dimutilasi. Maksimus selanjutnya menjalani pengasingan sampai akhir hayatnya pada tanggal 13 Agustus 662 di [[Tsageri]] (sekarang di [[Georgia (negara)|Georgia]]). Meskipun demikian, pendirian teologisnya dibenarkan [[Konsili Konstantinopel III]], dan Maksimus sendiri dihormati sebagai orang kudus tidak lama sesudah wafat.
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== Riwayat hidup ==
=== Masa muda ===
Tatkala [[Kekaisaran Sasaniyah|bangsa Persia]]
=== Terlibat kontroversi Monotelitisme ===
[[Image:Hexagram-Constans II and Constantine IV-sb0995.jpg|left|thumb|300px|
Sewaktu Maksimus tinggal di Kartago, timbul kontroversi seputar upaya memahami interaksi antara kodrat insani dan kodrat ilahi di dalam [[Inkarnasi (Kekristenan)|pribadi]] [[Yesus]]. Debat kristologis ini adalah buntut dari selisih paham yang timbul seusai penyelenggaraan [[Konsili Nikea I]] tahun 325, dan kian meruncing seusai penyelenggaraan [[Konsili Kalsedon]] tahun 451. [[Monotelitisme]] (ajaran tentang satu kehendak) digagas sebagai jalan tengah yang diharapkan mampu merukunkan golongan pengusung [[Diofisitisme]] dengan golongan pengusung [[Miafisitisme]] yang yakin bahwa Diofisitisme secara konseptual tidak dapat dibedakan dari [[Nestorianisme]]. Pengusung Monotelitisme menganut ajaran Konsili Kalsedon tentang [[persatuan hipostatik|kemanunggalan hipostatis]], yakni ajaran bahwa kodrat ilahi dan kodrat insani manunggal di dalam pribadi Kristus. Meskipun demikian, pengusung Monotelitisme melangkah lebih jauh lagi dengan mengajarkan bahwa Kristus hanya memiliki kehendak ilahi, dan tidak memiliki kehendak insani.
=== Pengadilan dan pengasingan ===
== Warisan sejarah ==
[[Image:Maksim ispovednik.jpg|thumb|285px|''
==
==
==
* ''[[Ambigua ad Iohannem]]'' (
* ''[[Ambigua ad Thomam]]'' (''Nas-Nas Sukar untuk Tomas'')<ref name=":0" /> <!-- PG91 1032-1060 – Baik ''Ambigua'' untuk Yohanes maupun ''Ambigua'' untuk Tomas merupakan telaah mendalam terhadap nas-nas sukar di dalam karya-karya tulis [[Pseudo-Dionisius Ahli Areopagus]] dan [[Gregorius dari Nazianzus]], berfokus pada isu-isu kristologis. Kemudian hari diterjemahkan pula oleh [[Johannes Scotus Eriugena|Eriugena]]. -->
* ''[[Capita XV]]'' (
* ''[[Capita de caritate]]'' (''Bab-Bab Tentang Cinta Kasih'')<ref name=":0" /> <!-- PG90 959-1082 - Karya tulis yang disusun mengikuti kebiasaan para ahli zuhud pada zamannya, yakni kumpulan-kumpulan seratus kalimat bijak untuk dibaca dan direnungkan pada waktu berdoa. -->
* ''[[Capita theologica et oeconomica]]'' (''Bab-Bab Teologi dan Ekonomi'') <!-- PG 90 1084-1173 - Karya tulis yang disusun mengikuti kebiasaan para ahli zuhud pada zamannya, yakni kumpulan-kumpulan seratus kalimat bijak untuk dibaca dan direnungkan pada waktu berdoa. -->
* ''[[Disputatio cum Pyrrho]]'' (
* ''[[Epistulae I–XLV]]'' (
* ''[[Expositio in psalmum LIX|Expositio in Psalmum LIX]]'' (
* ''[[Liber Asceticus]]'' (
* ''[[Mystagogia]]'' (
* ''[[Maximi Epistola ad Anastasium monachum discipulum]]'' (
* ''[[Opuscula theologica et polemica]]'' (
* ''[[Quaestiones et dubia]]'' (
* ''[[Quaestiones ad Thalassium]]'' (''Pertanyaan-Pertanyaan untuk Talasius'')<ref name=":0" /> <!-- – Uraian panjang lebar mengenai berbagai nas Alkitab. Kemudian hari diterjemahkan pula oleh [[Johannes Scotus Eriugena|Eriugena]]. -->
* ''[[Questiones ad Theopemptum]]'' (
*''[[Testimonia et syllogismi]]'' (
'''Karya tulis yang dinisbatkan kepada Maksimus'''
▲* ''[[Ambigua ad Iohannem]]'' ("Difficult Passages Addressed to John")<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UB83DwAAQBAJ&pg=PR15|title=Maximus the Confessor as a European Philosopher|last1=Mitralexis|first1=Sotiris|last2=Steiris|first2=Georgios|last3=Podbielski|first3=Marcin|last4=Lalla|first4=Sebastian|date=2017-09-18|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|isbn=9781498295581|pages=xv–xvi|language=en}}</ref> --><!-- PG91 1061A-1417C --><!--
* ''[[Scholia (
* ''[[
▲* ''[[Capita XV]]'' ("Fifteen Chapters")<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbDqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PR19|title=The Oxford Handbook of Maximus the Confessor|last1=Allen|first1=Pauline|last2=Neil|first2=Bronwen|date=2015-03-26|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=9780191655258|pages=xix|language=en}}</ref>--><!-- PG90 1177-1185 --><!--
▲* ''[[Disputatio cum Pyrrho]]'' ("Dispute with Pyrrhus")<ref name=":0" /> --><!-- PG91 288-353 – anti-monotholete treatise in conversation with [[Patriarch Pyrrhus of Constantinople]] --><!--
▲* ''[[Epistulae I–XLV]]'' ("[[Epistles]] 1–45")<ref name=":0" /> --><!-- PG91 364-649 --><!--
▲* ''[[Expositio orationis dominicae]]'' ("Commentary on the Lord's Prayer")
▲* ''[[Expositio in psalmum LIX|Expositio in Psalmum LIX]]'' ("Commentary on Psalm 59")<ref name=":0" />
▲* ''[[Liber Asceticus]]'' ("On the Ascetic Life")<ref name=":0" /> --><!-- – A discussion on the monastic rule of life. --><!--
▲* ''[[Mystagogia]]'' ("Mystagogy")<ref name=":0" />--><!-- PG91 658-718 – A commentary and meditation on the [[Eucharistic]] liturgy. --><!--
▲* ''[[Maximi Epistola ad Anastasium monachum discipulum]]'' ("Letter of Maximus to Anastasius the Monk and Disciple")<ref name=":2" />
▲* ''[[Opuscula theologica et polemica]]'' ("Small Theological and Polemical Works")<ref name=":2" />--><!-- PG91 9-285 --><!--
▲* ''[[Quaestiones et dubia]]'' ("Questions and Doubtful Passages")<ref name=":0" />
▲* ''[[Questiones ad Theopemptum]]'' ("Questions Addressed to Theopemptus")<ref name=":2" />
▲*''[[Testimonia et syllogismi]]'' ("Testimonies and Syllogisms")<ref name=":2" />
'''
▲* ''[[Scholia (Maximus the Confessor)|Scholia]]'' – commentary on the earlier writings of Pseudo-Dionysius. The original edition in Latin of Balthasar Corderius (Antwerp 1634) attributes all of the Scholia to Maximus, but the authorship has been questioned with [[Hans Urs von Balthasar]] (1940, 1961) attributing some of the Scholia to [[John of Scythopolis]].<ref>Cosmic liturgy: the universe according to Maximus the Confessor – Page 393 [[Hans Urs von Balthasar]] 1961 English translation 2003</ref>
▲* ''[[Life of the Virgin (Biography)|Life of the Virgin]]'' – earliest complete biography of Mary, the mother of Jesus.<ref>Stephen J. Shoemaker, trans., [http://yalepress.yale.edu/YupBooks/book.asp?isbn=9780300175042 ''Maximus the Confessor, The Life of the Virgin: Translated, with an Introduction and Notes''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522034014/http://yalepress.yale.edu/YupBooks/book.asp?isbn=9780300175042 |date=2012-05-22 }} (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012) ({{ISBN|0300175043}}); [http://commonwealmagazine.org/maximus%E2%80%99s-mary Maximus's Mary], by Sally Cuneen, ''Commonweal Magazine'', 4 December 2009</ref> This is an attributed work and now believed not to be by Maximus the Confessor. Jankowiak and Booth argue that "none of Maximus' characteristic preoccupations appear in the ''Life'', and in turn none of the ''Life' ''s central themes appear in the fleeting Marian reflections contained within his genuine corpus". They also write that there is no Greek manuscript witnessing the text, no evidence that any key thinkers who draw on Maximus were aware of the ''Life' ''s existence and that no record of the ''Life'' as a work exists prior to the second half of the tenth century.<ref>{{Cite book|title="A New Date-List of the Works of Maximus the Confessor" in The Oxford Handbook of Maximus the Confessor|author1=Jankowiak, M.|author2=Booth, P.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-19-967383-4|location=Oxford|pages=72–3}}</ref>
{{refbegin}}
* ''Maximus Confessor: Selected Writings (Classics of Western Spirituality)''
* ''On the Cosmic Mystery of Jesus Christ: Selected Writings from St. Maximus the Confessor (St. Vladimir's Seminary Press "Popular Patristics" Series)''
* ''St. Maximus the Confessor: The Ascetic Life, The Four Centuries on Charity (Ancient Christian Writers)''
* ''Maximus the Confessor (The Early Church Fathers)'',
* ''Maximus the Confessor and his Companions (Documents from Exile) (Oxford Early Christian Texts)''
* ''On Difficulties in the Church Fathers: The Ambigua: Volume I, Maximos the Confessor''
* ''On Difficulties in the Church Fathers: The Ambigua: Volume II, Maximos the Confessor''
* ''The Philokalia: The Complete Text compiled by St Nikodimos of the Holy Mountain and St Makarios of Corinth: Volume II''
{{refend}}
== Rujukan ==
Baris 118 ⟶ 117:
* {{cite book |author1=Allen, Pauline |author-link1= Pauline Allen |author2=Neil, Bronwen |title=The Oxford Handbook of Maximus the Confessor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_rHqBgAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-967383-4}}
* Baldi, Diego. ''Conrad Gesner, i Loci Communes dello pseudo Massimo Confessore e la Melissa del monaco Antonio'', dalam ''Bibliothecae.it'' 3.1 (2014)
* [[Hans Urs von Balthasar|Balthasar, Hans Urs (von)]], ''Cosmic Liturgy: The Universe According to Maximus the Confessor'', Ignatius Press, 2003 {{ISBN|0-89870-758-7}}
* Cooper, Adam G, ''The body in St Maximus Confessor: Holy Flesh, Wholly Deified'', Oxford Early Christian Studies, Oxford University Press, 2005 {{ISBN|0-19-927570-X}}
* Lauritzen, Frederick, ''Pagan energies in Maximus the Confessor: the influence of Proclus on the Ad Thomam 5'', dalam ''Greek Roman and Byzantine Studies'' 52.2 (2012)[http://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/view/13971/2771]
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== Pranala luar ==
{{Wikiquote|en:Maximus the Confessor|Maksimus Pengaku Iman}}
* {{wikisourcelang-inline|el|Μάξιμος ο Ομολογητής|Μάξιμος ὁ Ὁμολογητής}}
* [http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-texts/fathers/maximus.asp Pilihan karya-karya tulis] Santo Maksimus Pengaku Iman
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070625134928/http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/saintm96.htm Maksimus Pengaku Iman] di situs web ''Catholic Forum''
* [http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=100249 Maksimus Pengaku Iman] di situs web Gereja Ortodoks di Amerika
* [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/30_20_0580-0662-_Maximus_Confessor.html ''Opera Omnia'' Yunani
* [http://commonwealmagazine.org/maximus%E2%80%99s-mary
* [https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maximus_the_Confessor makalah-makalah ilmiah tentang Maksimus Pengaku Iman yang diunggah daring]
* [https://www.academia.edu/12555165/A_New_Date-List_of_the_Works_of_Maximus_the_Confessor Marek Jankowiak, Phil Booth, ''A New Date-List of the Works of Maximus the Confessor'']
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