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{{Infobox saint
|honorific_prefix = '''[[Santo]]'''
|name=Maksimus Pengaku Iman
|birth_date= Sekitar tahun 580
|death_date={{death date|662|8|13|df=y}}
|feast_day=13 Agustus ([[Kalender Gregorius|Penanggalan Gregorian]]), 21 Januari ataudan 13 Agustus ([[Kalender Julius|Penanggalan Yulian]])
|venerated_in=[[Gereja Ortodoks Timur]]<br>[[Gereja Katolik]]<br>[[Komuni Anglikan|gereja Anglikan]]<br>[[Lutheranisme|gereja Lutheran]]
|image=Maximus_Confessor.jpg
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|beatified_place=
|beatified_by=
|canonized_date=[[Kongregasi bagi Penyebab Penganugerahan Gelar Santo-Santa|Prakongregasi]]
|canonized_place=
|canonized_by=
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'''Maksimus Pengaku Iman''' ({{lang-el|Μάξιμος ὁ [[:wikt:ομολογητής|Ὁμολογητής]]}}, ''Maksimos ho Homologetes''), yang juga dikenal dengan nama '''Maksimus Teolog''' dan '''Maksimus dari Konstantinopel''' (Sekitar 580 – 13 Agustus 662), adalah seorang [[rahib]] sekaligus [[teologi|teolog]] dan sarjana [[Kekristenan|Kristen]].
 
Sebelum menjadi rahib, Maksimus adalah seorang pegawai aparatur sipil negara, bahkan terbilang salah seorang tangan kanan [[Daftar Kaisar Romawi Timur|Kaisar]] [[Heraklius]], tetapi akhirnya meninggalkan hiruk-pikuk dunia politik dan berkhalwat di biara. Maksimus menguasai ilmu filsafat dari berbagai aliran, dan sebagaimana yang lazim pada zamannya, mengenal baik karya-karya tulis dialog filsafat Plato maupun ulasan-ulasan aliran filsafat Plato tentang gagasan-gagasan Aristoteles dan Plato, misalnya karya-karya tulis [[Plotinus]], [[Porfirios|Porfirius]], [[Iamblikos|IamblikusYamblikus]], dan [[Proclus|Proklus]].
 
Ketika salah seorang sahabatnya mulai menyiarkan paham [[Kristologi|kristologis]] [[Monotelitisme]], Maksimus ikut terseret ke dalam kontroversi yang timbul akibat paham tersebut, dan mengusung salah satu tafsir rumusan Kristologi [[Kristen Kalsedon|Kalsedon]] yang mendasari penegasan bahwa [[Yesus]] memiliki [[Kehendak (filsafat)|kehendak]] insani maupun kehendak ilahi. Lantaran berpendirian seperti inilah Maksimus akhirnya dianiaya. Sesudah diadili, lidah dan tangan kanannya dimutilasi. Maksimus selanjutnya menjalani pengasingan sampai akhir hayatnya pada tanggal 13 Agustus 662 di [[Tsageri]] (sekarang di [[Georgia (negara)|Georgia]]). Meskipun demikian, pendirian teologisnya dibenarkan [[Konsili Konstantinopel III]], dan Maksimus sendiri dihormati sebagai orang kudus tidak lama sesudah wafat.
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== Riwayat hidup ==
=== Masa muda ===
SedikirSedikit sekali informasi yang tersedia mengenai riwayat hidup Maksimus sebelum terlibat dalam konflik-konflik teologis dan politik yang dipicu kontroversi Monotelitisme.<ref>Keterangan berikut ini bersumber dari biografi panjang Maksimus dari abad ke-10 yang dikatalogkan dengan kode BHG 1234 dan tercetak di dalam ''Patrologia Graeca'' karya Migne (90, 68A1-109B9). Belakangan Meskipun demikian, keterangan tersebut belakangan ini sudah dipertanyakan berdasarkan penelitian ilmiah mutakhir. Pengarang atau tepatnya penyusun BHG 1234 ternyata menyadur isi salah satu biografi Teodorus Rahib Studium (BHG 1755) guna mengisi kekosongan informasi tentang Maksimus di dalam karya tulisnya (Lih. W. Lackner, Zu Quellen und Datierung der Maximosvita (BHG<sup>3</sup> 1234), dalam Analecta Bollandiana 85 [1967], hlmn. 285-316). Informasi penyusun BHG 1234 memang disadur dari kisah-kisah sengsara orang-orang kudus yang ada pada zamannya, yang sama sekali tidak memuat keterangan tentang masa muda Maksimus (Lih. B. Roosen, Maximi Confessoris Vitae et Passiones Graecae. The Development of a Hagiographic Dossier, dalam Byzantion 80 [2010], menyusul). Berdasarkan bukti-bukti yang sebagian besar bersifat internal dari karya-karya tulis Maksimus sendiri, C. Boudignon mengemukakan pendapatnya bahwa Maksimus adalah tokoh kelahiran Palestina (Lih. C. Boudignon, Maxime le Confesseur était-il constantinopolitain?, dalam B. Janssens – B. Roosen – P. Van Deun [penyunting], Philomathestatos. Studies in Greek and Byzantine Texts Presented to Jacques Noret for his Sixty-Fifth Birthday [= Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 137], Leuven – Paris – Dudley, MA, 2004, hlmn. 11-43; dan id., Le pouvoir de l'anathème ou Maxime le Confesseur et les moines palestiniens du VIIe siècle, dalam A. Camplani – G. Filoramo, Foundations of Power and Conflicts of Authority in Late-Antique Monasticism. Proceedings of the International Seminar, Turin, 2–4 December 2004 [= Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta, 157], Leuven – Paris – Dudley, MA, 2007, hlmn. 245-274). Jika benar demikian, maka pendapat tersebut mengukuhkan keandalan biografi Maronit, sekalipun biografi Maronit jelas-jelas anti-Maksimus.</ref> Banyak sarjana yang mempelajarimendalami riwayat hidup dan karya-karya tulis Maksimus mempertanyakan banyak sekali keterangan tentang Maksimusdirinya yang tersaji di dalam biografi Maronit, antara lain keterangan bahwa "Maksimus lahir di Palestina", ungkapan yang lazim dipakai pada abad ke-7 untuk menjatuhkan citra lawan. Selain itu, taraf pendidikan Maksimus yang nyata-nyata sangat tinggi mustahil dicapai lewat bangku pendidikan di daerah mana pun di Kekaisaran Romawi Timur selain Konstantinopel, dan mungkin sekali Kaisarea serta Aleksandria. Mustahil pula "orang dari kalangan bawah", yakni gambaran tentang Maksimus di dalam biografi Maronit, saat baru berumur tiga puluh tahun sudah berhasil menjabat sebagai ''protoasekretis'' (panitera utama) majelis istana Kaisar Heraklius, salah satu jabatan dengan kewenangan yang sangat besar di Kekaisaran Romawi Timur. Lebih mungkin Maksimus berasal dari keluarga ningrat, dan mengenyam pendidikan bermututerbaik tinggipada zamannya di bidang studi filsafat, matematika, astronomi, dan sebagainya. Meskipun demikian, Maksimus memang tidak belajar ilmu retorika, sebagaimana yang diakuinyapengakuannya sendiri di dalam karya tulisnya yang lebih awalpertama, ''Ambigua ad Iohannem'',<ref name="Constas">{{cite book | last = Constas | first = Nicholas |editor= Nicholas Constas| title = On Difficulties in the Church Fathers: The Ambigua, Jilid 1| publisher = Harvard University Press, Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library Series, Jilid 28| location = Cambridge, MA | year = 2014 | isbn = 978-0-674-72666-6 }}</ref> karena kelemahannya dalam mengungkapkan gagasan dengan gaya bahasa yang berbunga-bunga sesuai kaidah-kaidah baku dalam berbudi bahasa di Kekaisaran Romawi Timur. Meskipun demikian, karena alasaalasan-alasan yang tidak yangterungkap di Nevertheless,dalam forsegelintir reasonsfakta nototobiografis explainedyang indapat thedihimpun fewdari autobiographicalkarya-karya details to be gleaned from his textstulisnya, Maksimus meninggalkan gegap gempita kehidupan duniawi life dan mengikrarkan [[kaul religius|kaul pertarakanzahid]] di biara tempat Panglima [[Philippikos|Panglima Filipikus]] pernah dipaksa berkhalwat, tepatnya di kota Krisopolis (sekarang [[Üsküdar]], Turki). Kemudian hari Maksimus diangkat menjadi [[abbas|abas]] di biara itu.<ref name="cathency">{{CathEncy| wstitle =St. Maximus of Constantinople| title =St. Maximus of Constantinople |author= M. Gildas| first = | last = | authorlink = }} ''"Tokoh besar ini berasal dari sebuah keluarga ningrat di Konstantinopel."''</ref>
 
Tatkala [[Kekaisaran Sasaniyah|bangsa Persia]] merebutmenduduki [[Anatolia]], Maksimus terpaksa mengungsi ke sebuah biara di dekat kota [[Kartago]]. Di biara inilah ia menerima bimbingan langsung dari [[Sofronius dari Yerusalem|Santo Sofronius]], dan bersama-sama pembimbingnya mempelajari dengan cermat karya-karya tulis kristologis [[Gregorius dari Nazianzus]] dan [[Dionisius orang Areopagus|Dionisius Ahli Majelis Areopagus]]. Menurut I.P. Sheldon-Williams, pencapaian Maksimus adalah berhasil menata doktrin-doktrin yang dikemukakan karya-karya tulis tersebut di dalam suatu kerangka logika filsafat Aristoteles, sehingga menjadi selaras dengan semangat zamannya sekaligus semakin sukar disalahtafsirkan.<ref>The Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval Philosophy, A.H. Armstrong Cambridge (penyunting), 1967, hlm. 492</ref><!-- MaximusSelama continuedberdiam hisdi careerKartago, asMaksimus aterus theologicalberkiprah andsebagai spiritualteolog writermaupun duringpujangga his lengthy stay in Carthage.rohani,<ref name="Berthold">{{cite book | last = Berthold | first = George C.|editor= Everett Ferguson| chapter=Maximus Confessor|title = Encyclopedia of Early Christianity | publisher = Garland Publishing| location = New York | year = 1997 | isbn = 0-8153-1663-1 }}</ref> Maximusbahkan wasmenjadi alsotokoh heldyang in high esteem by thedisegani [[exarchEksarkatus of AfricaAfrika|exarchEksarkus]] [[Gregory theGregorius PatricianPatrisius|GregoryGregorius]] and(Wali theNegeri eparchAfrika) dan Eparkus [[GeorgeGeorgius (eparcheparkus)|GeorgeGeorgius]] (Wali Kota Kartago).<ref>{{cite book | last=Pringle | first=Denys | title=The Defence of Byzantine Africa from Justinian to the Arab Conquest: An Account of the Military History and Archaeology of the African Provinces in the Sixth and Seventh Century | location=Oxford, United Kingdom Inggris| publisher=British Archaeological Reports | year=1981 | isbn=0-86054-119-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4DIjAQAAIAAJ | page= 46}}</ref>
 
=== Terlibat kontroversi Monotelitisme ===
===Involvement in Monothelite controversy===
[[Image:Hexagram-Constans II and Constantine IV-sb0995.jpg|left|thumb|300px|A silverSekeping ''[[HexagramHeksagram (currencymata uang)|hexagrammaheksagrama]]'' showingperak Constansbergambar IIKaisar with[[Konstans hisII]] sonbersama putranya. ConstansKaisar Konstans II supportedmendukung [[MonothelitismMonotelitisme]], and haddan Maximusmenjatuhkan exiledpidana forpengasingan hiskepada refusalMaksimus tolantaran agreetidak tobersedia Monothelitemenerima teachingsMonotelistisme.]]
Sewaktu Maksimus tinggal di Kartago, timbul kontroversi seputar upaya memahami interaksi antara kodrat insani dan kodrat ilahi di dalam [[Inkarnasi (Kekristenan)|pribadi]] [[Yesus]]. Debat kristologis ini adalah buntut dari selisih paham yang timbul seusai penyelenggaraan [[Konsili Nikea I]] tahun 325, dan kian meruncing seusai penyelenggaraan [[Konsili Kalsedon]] tahun 451. [[Monotelitisme]] (ajaran tentang satu kehendak) digagas sebagai jalan tengah yang diharapkan mampu merukunkan golongan pengusung [[Diofisitisme]] dengan golongan pengusung [[Miafisitisme]] yang yakin bahwa Diofisitisme secara konseptual tidak dapat dibedakan dari [[Nestorianisme]]. Pengusung Monotelitisme menganut ajaran Konsili Kalsedon tentang [[persatuan hipostatik|kemanunggalan hipostatis]], yakni ajaran bahwa kodrat ilahi dan kodrat insani manunggal di dalam pribadi Kristus. Meskipun demikian, pengusung Monotelitisme melangkah lebih jauh lagi dengan mengajarkan bahwa Kristus hanya memiliki kehendak ilahi, dan tidak memiliki kehendak insani.
While Maximus was in Carthage, a controversy broke out regarding how to understand the interaction between the human and divine natures within the [[Incarnation (Christianity)|person]] of [[Jesus]]. This Christological debate was the latest development in disagreements that began following the [[First Council of Nicaea]] in 325, and were intensified following the [[Council of Chalcedon]] in 451. The [[Monothelite]] position was developed as a compromise between the [[dyophysite|dyophysitists]] and the [[miaphysitism|miaphysists]], who believed dyophysitism is conceptually indistinguishable from [[Nestorianism]]. The Monothelites adhered to the [[Chalcedonian]] definition of the [[hypostatic union]]: that two natures, one divine and one human, were united in the person of Christ. However, they went on to say that Christ had only a divine will and no human will (Monothelite is derived from the Greek for "one will").
 
TheMonotelitisme Monothelitedipromulgasi position[[Sergius wasI promulgateddari byKonstantinopel|Batrik [[PatriarchKonstantinopel Sergius I of Constantinople]] andbersama by[[Pirus Maximus'dari friendKonstantinopel|Pirus]], andsahabat successorsekaligus aspengganti theMaksimus Abbotselaku ofabas Chrysopolis,biara [[Patriarch Pyrrhus of Constantinople|Pyrrhus]]Krisopolis.<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=St. Maximus of Constantinople}}: "TheTindakan firstpertama actionSanto ofMaksimus St.yang Maximuskita thatketahui wedalam knowperkara ofini inadalah thismengirim affairsepucuk issurat akepada letterPirus, sentyang byketika himitu toadalah Pyrrhus,seorang thenabas andi abbot at ChrysopolisKrisopolis ..."</ref> FollowingSesudah theBatrik deathSergius ofmangkat Sergiuspada intahun 638, PyrrhusPirus succeededmenjadi himBatrik asKonstantinopel Patriarchmenggantikannya, buttetapi wasdipecat shortlytidak deposedlama owingkemudian tolantaran politicalalasan circumstancespolitik. DuringSemasa Pyrrhus'Pirus exilemenjalani fromhukuman Constantinople,pengasingannya Maximusdari andKonstantinopel, theMaksimus deposedmenantangnya Patriarchberdebat heldsecara aterbuka publicmengenai debate on the issue of MonothelitismMonotelistisme. InDi thedalam debate,acara whichdebat wasyang helddisaksikan inuskup-uskup theAfrika presenceUtara of many North African bishopsitu, MaximusMaksimus tookmempertahankan thependiriannya positionbahwa thatYesus Jesusmemiliki possessedkehendak bothilahi amaupun humankehendak and a divine willinsani. ThePirus resultakhirnya ofinsyaf theserta debatemengakui waskekeliruan thatMonotelitisme Pyrrhusdi admittedujung thedebat, errordan ofMaksimus the Monothelite position, and Maximusmenemaninya accompaniedberkunjung himke toRoma Romepada intahun 645.<ref>[[Philip Schaff]], ''History of the Christian Church'', VolumeJilid IV: Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590–1073 (onlineedisi editiondaring)[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc4.i.xi.vi.html §111], accesseddiakses tanggal 15 JanuaryJanuari 2007.</ref>
 
MaximusMaksimus maymungkin havetetap remainedtinggal indi RomeRoma, becausekarena heia washadir present when the newly electedsaat [[PopePaus MartinMartinus I]] convenedyang thebaru saja terpilih menggelar [[Konsili Lateran Council oftahun 649]] at thedi [[BasilicaBasilika ofSanto St. JohnYohanes Lateran|Basilika Lateran Basilica]], in RomeRoma.<ref>"Maximus the Confessor", indalam ''The Westminster Dictionary of Church History'', ed. Jerald Brauer (penyunting), Philadelphia:, Westminster Press, 1971) ({{ISBN|0-664-21285-9}}). ThisPada isumumnya generallykonsili knowndikenal asdengan the First or Secondsebutan [[LateranSinode SynodLateran]] yang pertama atau yang kedua, anddan istidak notdiakui recognizedsebagai as ansebuah [[Ecumenicalkonsili oikumenis|Konsili CouncilEkumenis]].</ref> TheDengan suara bulat, 105 bishopsorang presentuskup condemnedyang Monothelitismhadir inmengutuk theMonotelitisme officialdi actsdalam ofakta theresmi synodpersidangan, whichyang somediyakini believesebagian maypihak haveditulis been written by MaximusMaksimus.<ref>ForSebagai examplecontoh, Gerald Berthold, "Maximus Confessor" indalam ''Encyclopedia of Early Christianity'', (New York:Garland, 1997) ({{ISBN|0-8153-1663-1}}).</ref> ItDi waskota inRoma Romepula thatPaus PopeMartinus Martindan andMaksimus Maximusditangkap werepada arrested intahun 653 underatas orderstitah fromKaisar [[Constans II (Byzantine Empire)|ConstansKonstans II]], who supported theyang Monothelitemendukung doctrineMonotelitisme. PopeSri MartinPaus wasdiputuskan condemnedbersalah withouttanpa a trialdiadili, anddan diedwafat beforesebelum hediberangkatkan couldke beibu sentkota to the Imperial Capitalkekaisaran.<ref>David Hughes Farmer, ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Saints'', (Oxford:, Oxford University Press, 1987), hlm. 288 ({{ISBN|0-19-869149-1}}) p.288. ThisAkibat madekejadian Martinini, thePaus lastMartinus I menjadi [[BishopPaus of(Gereja RomeKatolik)|Uskup Roma]] to beterakhir veneratedyang asdihormati asebagai martyrmartir.</ref>
 
=== Pengadilan dan pengasingan ===
===Trial and exile===
Maximus'Lantaran refusaltidak tobersedia acceptmenerima MonothelitismMonotelitisme, causedMaksimus himdiberangkatkan toke beibu brought to the imperial capital ofkota [[ConstantinopleKonstantinopel]] tountuk bediadili trieddengan as adakwaan [[Heresyajaran sesat|hereticbidat]] inpada tahun 658. InDi ConstantinopleKonstantinopel, MonothelitismMonotelitisme hadsudah gainedmendapatkan thedukungan favorkaisar ofmaupun bothBatrik theKonstantinopel. EmperorMaksimus anddengan thesetia Patriarchberpegang ofteguh Constantinople.kepada Maximuspaham stood[[Diotelitisme]] behind(ajaran thetentang Dyothelitedua positionkehendak), andakibatnya wasia sentdijatuhi backpidana intopengasingan exileselama forempat fourtahun more yearslagi. DuringDalam hispersidangan, trialMaksimus hedidakwa wasmembantu accusedusaha ofpenaklukan aiding thekaum Muslim conquests [[MuslimPenaklukan conquestMesir ofoleh EgyptMuslim|indi EgyptMesir]] anddan [[MuslimPenaklukan conquestMaghreb ofoleh the MaghrebMuslim|NorthAfrika AfricaUtara]]. Dakwaan ini ia tolak mentah-mentah, whichdan ia sebut hesebagai rejectedfitnah asyang slanderkeji.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Walter Kaegi|author-link1=Walter Kaegi|title=Muslim Expansion and Byzantine Collapse in North Africa|date=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521196772|page=87|edition=illustratedberilustrasi}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Hans Urs von Balthasar|author-link1=Hans Urs von Balthasar|title=Cosmic Liturgy: The Universe According to Maximus the Confessor|url=https://archive.org/details/cosmicliturgyuni00balt|date=2003|publisher=Ignatius Press|isbn=9780898707588|page=[https://archive.org/details/cosmicliturgyuni00balt/page/n203 40]}}</ref>
 
InPada tahun 662, MaximusMaksimus wassekali placedlagi ondiadili trialdengan oncedakwaan morebidat, anddan wassekali oncelagi morediputuskan convicted of heresybersalah. Following the trial Maximus wasUsai tortureddisidang, havinglidahnya hisdipotong tonguesupaya cuttidak out,lagi sodapat hemenyuarakan could no longer speak his rebellionpenentangannya, anddan histangan right hand cut off,kanannya sodipotong thatagar hetidak couldlagi nodapat longermenyurati writeorang letterslain.<ref>Gerald Berthold, "Maximus Confessor" indalam ''Encyclopedia of Early Christianity'', (New York:, Garland, 1997) ({{ISBN|0-8153-1663-1}}).</ref> MaximusMaksimus wasselanjutnya thendiasingkan exiledke to thedaerah [[LazicaLazika]] oratau [[ColchisKolkhis]] regionyang ofsekarang modern-daytermasuk wilayah negara [[Georgia (countrynegara)|Georgia]], anddan wasditahan castdi inbenteng the fortress of SchemarumSkemarum, perhapsmungkin Muris-Tsikhe, neardekat the modern town ofkota [[Tsageri]] sekarang.<ref>George C. Berthold (1985), ''Maximus Confessor: Selected Writings'', phlm. 31., Paulist Press, {{ISBN|0-8091-2659-1}}.</ref> HeIa diedwafat soontidak thereafterlama kemudian, onpada tanggal 13 AugustAgustus 662.<ref>ForSebagai examplecontoh, seelih. [http://www.catholic-forum.com/Saints/saintm96.htm Catholic Forum] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625134928/http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/saintm96.htm |date=2007-06-25 }}. TheBaik injuriesluka-luka Maximuspenyiksaan sustainedmaupun whilekesukaran beinghidup tortureddi andpengasingan themerupakan conditionssebab of his exile both contributed to his deathkematiannya, causingsehingga Maximusbanyak toorang bemenganggap consideredMaksimus asebagai martyrseorang by many[[martir]].</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xq8DujoXVOoC&pg=PA40|title=Maximus the Confessor and his Companions: Documents from Exile|last1=Allen|first1=Pauline|last2=Neil|first2=Bronwen|date=2003-01-16|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=9780191583421|pages=40|language=en}}</ref> ThePengadilan eventsdan ofpengasingan theyang trialsdijalani ofMaksimus Maximus were recorded bydicatat [[Anti-Paus Anastasius|Anastasius BibliothecariusPustakawan]], kepala arsiparis Gereja Roma.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qthjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58|title=Maximus the Confessor: Jesus Christ and the Transfiguration of the World|last=Blowers|first=Paul M.|date=2016-02-04|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780191068805|pages=58|language=en}}</ref>
 
== Warisan sejarah ==
==Legacy==
[[Image:Maksim ispovednik.jpg|thumb|285px|''MaximusMaksimus thePengaku ConfessorIman anddengan HisAneka MiraclesMukjizatnya''., An early 17th-centuryikon [[aliran Stroganov|gagrak schoolStroganov]] iconawal abad ke-17 fromdari [[Solvychegodsk|Solwicegodsk]].]]
AlongPendirian withteologis PopeMaksimus Martindan I,Paus MaximusMartinus wasI vindicated by thedibenarkan [[Third CouncilKonsili ofKonstantinopel ConstantinopleIII]] (the Sixth [[Ecumenical Council]],tahun 680–681), whichyang declaredmenegaskan thatbahwa [[ChristKristus]] possessedmemiliki bothkehendak ainsani humanmaupun andkehendak ailahi. divineDengan will.dikeluarkannya Withpenegasan thisini, declarationMonotelitisme Monothelitismdianggap became heresybidat, anddan Maksimus Maximussecara wasanumerta posthumouslydinyatakan declaredtidak innocentbersalah.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dgF9DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA352|title=Great Events in Religion: An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History [3 volumes]|last=Herrin|first=Hans|date=2016-11-28|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610695664|editor-last=Curta|editor-first=Florin|pages=352|language=en|chapter=Maximus the Confessor and the Monothelite controversy|editor-last2=Holt|editor-first2=Andrew}}</ref>
 
MaximusMaksimus istermasuk amongsalah thoseseorang Christianstokoh whoKristen wereyang venerateddihormati assebagai [[saintorang kudus]]s shortlytidak afterlama theirsesudah deathswafat. ThePembenaran vindicationterhadap ofpendirian Maximus'teologisnya theologicalmenjadikan positionMaksimus madesangat himpopuler extremelysatu populargenerasi withinsesudah aia generation after his deathwafat, andapalagi histersiar causekabar wastentang aidedterjadinya byberbagai themukjizat accountsdi of miracles at his tombmakamnya.<ref>ForSebagai examplecontoh, from the biographydari providedbiografi byyang thedisajikan [http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=100249 OrthodoxGereja ChurchOrtodoks indi AmericaAmerika]: "ThreeTiga candlesbatang appearedlilin overtampak thedi graveatas ofkubur StSanto MaximusMaksimus anddan burnedmenyala miraculously.secara Thisajaib, wastanda abahwa signSanto thatMaksimus Stadalah Maximussuar waspandu aajaran beaconyang oflurus Orthodoxysemasa during his lifetimehidupnya, anddan continuesterus tomemancarkan shinesinarnya forthsebagai assuri anteladan examplebagi ofsemua virtue for allorang. Many healingsBanyak occurredterjadi atkesembuhan hisdi tombmakamnya."</ref>
 
MaximusMaksimus isadalah onesalah ofseorang thetokoh lastterakhir menyang todiakui besebagai recognized[[Bapa byGereja]] botholeh theGereja OrthodoxOrtodoks andmaupun CatholicGereja Churches as a Father of the ChurchKatolik. InDi thedalam encyclicalensiklik ''Spe Salvi'' (tahun 2007), PopePaus BenedictBenediktus XVI calledmenyebut MaximusMaksimus sebagai 'the great Greek doctorDoktor ofBesar theGereja ChurchYunani', althoughkendati ittidak isjelas notapakah clearSri ifPaus thebermaksud Pontiffmenominasikan intendedMaksimus tosebagai nominatesalah Maximusseorang 'Doctor[[Doktor ofGereja]] theatau Church'sekadar ormenandaskan tobahwa sayMaksimus thatmemang headalah alreadyseorang wasDoktor oneGereja.<ref>TheKongregasi SacredSuci Congregationuntuk forPenganugerahan theGelar CausesOrang of SaintsKudus (Prot. Num. VAR. 7479/14) considersmenganggap thepernyataan Pope'sSri Paus declarationdi indalam ''Spe Salvi'' anbersifat informaltidak oneresmi.</ref>
 
==Theology Teologi ==
AsSelaku apengikut student ofajaran [[Pseudo-DionysiusDionisius Ahli Areopagus]], MaximusMaksimus wasadalah onesalah ofseorang manydi Christianantara theologiansbanyak whoteolog preservedKristen andyang interpretedmelestarikan thedan earliermenafsirkan filsafat [[Neo-PlatonicNeoplatonisme]] philosophyterdahulu, includingtermasuk thegagasan-gagasan thoughtpara offilsuf such figures asseperti [[Plotinus]] anddan [[Proclus|Proklus]]. Maximus'Karya worktulis onMaksimus Pseudo-Dionysiusmengenai theketokohan Areopagitedan ajaran Pseudo-Dionisius wasAhli continuedAeropagus byditeruskan [[Johannes Scotus Eriugena|JohnYohanes ScotusSkotus Eriugena]] atatas thepermintaan request ofKaisar [[CharlesKarl theyang Botak|Karel BaldBulus]].<ref name = CE>{{CathEncy|wstitle=St. Maximus of Constantinople}}</ref>
 
ThePengaruh Platonicfilsafat influencePlato onterhadap Maximus'penalaran thoughtMaksimus canjelas besekali seentampak most clearly in hispada [[Philosophicalantropologi anthropologyfilosofis|theologicalantropologi anthropologyteologis]]nya. Here,Dalam Maximushal adoptedini, theMaksimus Platonicmengadopsi model ofpola ''[[Neoplatonism#IdeasNeoplatonisme|exitus-reditus]]'' (exitulang-alik) andfilsafat return)Plato, teachingdengan thatmengajarkan humanitybahwa wasmanusia madediciptakan in themenurut [[Imago Dei|imagecitra of GodAllah]], anddan thetujuan purposekeselamatan ofadalah salvationuntuk ismemulihkan topersatuan restoremanusia usdengan to unity with GodAllah.<ref>"Maximos, St., Confessor" in thedalam ''Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church'', ed. F.L. Cross (penyunting), London:, Oxford Press, 1958) ({{ISBN|0-19-211522-7}}). OneAjaran seesini thisteristimewa especiallytampak indi Maximus'dalam ''MystagogyMystagogia'' anddan ''Ambigua'' yang ditulisnya.</ref> This emphasis onPenitikberatan [[divinizationpengilahian (ChristianKristen)|divinizationpengilahian]] oratau ''[[TheosisTeosis (Easternteologi OrthodoxOrtodoks theologyTimur)|theosisteosis]]'' helpedini securemempermudah Maximus'Maksimus placemendapatkan intempat Easterndi theology,dalam asruang theselingkup conceptsteologi haveKristen alwaysTimur, karena konsep-konsep tersebut heldsenantiasa andijunjung importanttinggi placedi inlingkungan EasternKristen ChristianityTimur.<ref>"Maximus the Confessor" indalam Michael O'Carroll, ''Trinitas: A Theological Encyclopedia of the Holy Trinity'', (Delaware:, Michael Glazier, Inc, 1987) ({{ISBN|0-8146-5595-5}}).</ref>
 
ChristologicallyDi Maximusranah insisted onKristologi, aMaksimus strictmenganut [[dyophysitismDiofisitisme]], whichgaris cankeras, beyang seendapat asdipandang asebagai corollarykorolarium of(imbas) thedari emphasis onpenitikberatan ''theosisteosis''. InDalam termskaitannya ofdengan salvationkeselamatan, humanitymanusia isdimaksudkan intendeduntuk tobersatu besecara fullyparipurna uniteddengan with GodAllah. ThisBagi isMaksimus, possiblepersatuan foryang Maximusdemikian becausesangat Godtidak wasmustahil firstterwujud, fullykarena unitedAllah withyang humanitypertama-tama inbersatu thesecara paripurna dengan manusia di dalam incarnationinkarnasi.<ref name = CE/> IfJika ChristKristus didtidak notmenjadi becomemanusia fullysecara humanparipurna (ifmisalnya, forandaikata example,Kristus hehanya onlymemiliki hadkehendak ailahi divinedan and nottidak amemiliki humankehendak willinsani), thenmaka salvationkeselamatan wastidak nolagi longermungkin possibleterwujud, askarena humanitymanusia couldtidak notdapat becomemenjadi fullyilahi divinesecara paripurna.<ref>"Maximos, St., Confessor" in thedalam ''Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, ed. F.L. Cross (penyunting), London:, Oxford Press, 1958) ({{ISBN|0-19-211522-7}}).</ref> FurthermoreSelain itu, inMaksimus hisPengaku worksIman Maximusmendalilkan theketidakbersyaratan Confessorinkarnasi arguedilahi thedi unconditionalitydalam of the divinekarya-karya incarnationtulisnya.<ref name="Radosavljević_1975">HieromonkHieromonakos Artemije Radosavljević, Τὸ Μυστήριον τῆς Σωτηρίας κατὰ τὸν Ἅγιον Μάξιμον τὸν Ὁμολογητήν., Αθήνα, 1975., versi Englishbahasa versionInggris: Bishop Artemije Radosavljević [http://www.synodinresistance.org/pdfs/2009/03/26/20090326aGiatiEnsB7%20Folder/20090326aGiatiEnsB7.pdf Why Did God Become Man? The Unconditionality of the Divine Incarnation. Deification as the End and Fulfillment of Salvation According to St. Maximos the Confessor] — SourceSumber: Τὸ Μυστήριον... [TheMisteri mysterykeselamatan ofmenurut salvationSanto accordingMaksimus toPengaku St. Maximos the ConfessorIman], (Athens:Atena, 1975), pphlmn. 180–196</ref>
 
RegardingDi salvation,ranah Maximusgagasan hastentang beenkeselamatan, describedMaksimus asdianggap asebagai proponent ofpenganjur ''[[apocatastasisapokatastasis]]'' oratau [[universalrekonsiliasi reconciliationuniversal]], theyakni ideagagasan thatbahwa allsegala rationaljiwa soulsberakal willbudi eventuallypada beakhirnya redeemedakan ditebus, likesama seperti [[OrigenOrigenes]] anddan [[St.Gregorius Gregorydari ofNisa|Santo Gregorius dari NyssaNisa]].<ref>"[http://www.theandros.com/glossary.html Apokatastasis] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.istoday/20060620083238/http://www.theandros.com/glossary.html |date=2006-06-20 }}" ''Theandros: An Online Journal of Orthodox Christian Theology and Philosophy''. AccessedDiakses tanggal 12 AugustAgustus 2007. {{CathEncy|wstitle=Apocatastasis}}</ref> WhileMeskipun thisanggapan claimini hassudah been disputeddisanggah,<ref>Hans Urs von Balthasar, ''Cosmic Liturgy: The Universe According to Maximus the Confessor'', (Ignatius Press, 2003), 355–356hlmn. 355–356 {{ISBN|0-89870-758-7}}.</ref> otherssebagian havepihak arguedberkilah thatbahwa MaximusMaksimus sharedmengajarkan thiskeyakinan belief inakan [[universalrekonsiliasi reconciliationuniversal]] withini hiskepada mostmurid-muridnya yang sudah betul-betul spirituallydewasa maturesecara studentsrohani.<ref>{{citation |first=John C. |last=Médaille |url=http://www.medaille.com/hope.htm |title=The Daring Hope of Hans Urs Von Balthasar |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020626234845/http://www.medaille.com/hope.htm |archive-date=26 JuneJuni 2002 |access-date=15 JuneJuni 2017}}</ref>
 
==Reception Penerimaan ==
InDi lingkungan [[EasternKristen ChristianityTimur]], Maximus has alwaysMaksimus beensenantiasa influentialberpengaruh.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R8kNlh8AeEUC&pg=PA333|title=The Philokalia: Exploring the Classic Text of Orthodox Spirituality|last1=Bingaman|first1=Brock|last2=Nassif|first2=Bradley|date=2012-08-23|publisher=OUP USA|isbn=9780195390261|pages=333}}</ref> ASejumlah numberkarya oftulisnya hisdiikutsertakan worksdi are included in the [[Greek language|Greek]]dalam ''[[PhilokaliaFilokalia]]'', abunga collectionrampai ofkarya sometulis ofpara the most influentialpujangga [[OrthodoxGereja ChurchOrtodoks Timur|OrthodoxKristen ChristianOrtodoks]] writersyang paling berpengaruh.<ref name=":1" />
 
==Writings Karya tulis ==
* ''[[Ambigua ad Iohannem]]'' ("Difficult''Nas-Nas PassagesSukar Addresseduntuk to John"Yohanes'')<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UB83DwAAQBAJ&pg=PR15|title=Maximus the Confessor as a European Philosopher|last1=Mitralexis|first1=Sotiris|last2=Steiris|first2=Georgios|last3=Podbielski|first3=Marcin|last4=Lalla|first4=Sebastian|date=2017-09-18|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|isbn=9781498295581|pages=xv–xvi|language=en}}</ref> --><!-- PG91 1061A-1417C --><!--
* ''[[Ambigua ad Thomam]]'' (''Nas-Nas Sukar untuk Tomas'')<ref name=":0" /> <!-- PG91 1032-1060 – Baik ''Ambigua'' untuk Yohanes maupun ''Ambigua'' untuk Tomas merupakan telaah mendalam terhadap nas-nas sukar di dalam karya-karya tulis [[Pseudo-Dionisius Ahli Areopagus]] dan [[Gregorius dari Nazianzus]], berfokus pada isu-isu kristologis. Kemudian hari diterjemahkan pula oleh [[Johannes Scotus Eriugena|Eriugena]]. -->
* ''[[Capita XV]]'' ("Fifteen''Lima Chapters"Belas Bab'')<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbDqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PR19|title=The Oxford Handbook of Maximus the Confessor|last1=Allen|first1=Pauline|last2=Neil|first2=Bronwen|date=2015-03-26|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=9780191655258|pages=xix|language=en}}</ref>--> <!-- PG90 1177-1185 --><!--
* ''[[Capita de caritate]]'' (''Bab-Bab Tentang Cinta Kasih'')<ref name=":0" /> <!-- PG90 959-1082 - Karya tulis yang disusun mengikuti kebiasaan para ahli zuhud pada zamannya, yakni kumpulan-kumpulan seratus kalimat bijak untuk dibaca dan direnungkan pada waktu berdoa. -->
* ''[[Capita theologica et oeconomica]]'' (''Bab-Bab Teologi dan Ekonomi'') <!-- PG 90 1084-1173 - Karya tulis yang disusun mengikuti kebiasaan para ahli zuhud pada zamannya, yakni kumpulan-kumpulan seratus kalimat bijak untuk dibaca dan direnungkan pada waktu berdoa. -->
* ''[[Disputatio cum Pyrrho]]'' ("Dispute''Disputasi withdengan Pyrrhus"Pirus'')<ref name=":0" /> --><!-- PG91 288-353 anti-monotholeterisalah antimonotelitisme treatisedalam inbentuk conversationpercakapan withdengan Batrik [[Patriarch PyrrhusPirus ofdari ConstantinopleKonstantinopel]] --><!--
* ''[[Epistulae I–XLV]]'' ("''[[EpistlesEpistola|Surat]] 1–45"'')<ref name=":0" /> --><!-- PG91 364-649 --><!--
* ''[[Expositio orationis dominicae]]'' ("Commentary''Ulasan onDoa theBapa LordKami''s Prayer")
* ''[[Expositio in psalmum LIX|Expositio in Psalmum LIX]]'' ("Commentary''Ulasan on PsalmMazmur 59"'')<ref name=":0" />
* ''[[Liber Asceticus]]'' ("On''Kitab the Ascetic Life"Zahid'')<ref name=":0" /> --><!-- – ADiskusi discussionmengenai ontata thetertib monastichidup rule of lifemembiara. --><!--
* ''[[Mystagogia]]'' ("Mystagogy"''Mistagogia'')<ref name=":0" />--> <!-- PG91 658-718 – AUlasan commentarydan andrenungan meditationtentang onibadat theperayaan [[EucharisticEkaristi]] liturgy. --><!--
* ''[[Maximi Epistola ad Anastasium monachum discipulum]]'' ("Letter''Surat ofMaksimus Maximuskepada toRahib Murid Anastasius the Monk and Disciple"'')<ref name=":2" />
* ''[[Opuscula theologica et polemica]]'' ("Small''Risalah TheologicalTeologis anddan Polemical Works"Polemis'')<ref name=":2" />--> <!-- PG91 9-285 --><!--
* ''[[Quaestiones et dubia]]'' ("Questions''Pertanyaan-Pertanyaan anddan DoubtfulNas-Nas Passages"yang Meragukan'')<ref name=":0" />
* ''[[Quaestiones ad Thalassium]]'' (''Pertanyaan-Pertanyaan untuk Talasius'')<ref name=":0" /> <!-- – Uraian panjang lebar mengenai berbagai nas Alkitab. Kemudian hari diterjemahkan pula oleh [[Johannes Scotus Eriugena|Eriugena]]. -->
* ''[[Questiones ad Theopemptum]]'' ("Questions''Pertanyaan-Pertanyaan Addresseduntuk to Theopemptus"Teopemptus'')<ref name=":2" />
*''[[Testimonia et syllogismi]]'' ("Testimonies''Kesaksian anddan Syllogisms"Silogisme-Silogisme'')<ref name=":2" />
 
'''Karya tulis yang dinisbatkan kepada Maksimus'''
* ''[[Ambigua ad Iohannem]]'' ("Difficult Passages Addressed to John")<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UB83DwAAQBAJ&pg=PR15|title=Maximus the Confessor as a European Philosopher|last1=Mitralexis|first1=Sotiris|last2=Steiris|first2=Georgios|last3=Podbielski|first3=Marcin|last4=Lalla|first4=Sebastian|date=2017-09-18|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|isbn=9781498295581|pages=xv–xvi|language=en}}</ref> --><!-- PG91 1061A-1417C --><!--
* ''[[Scholia (MaximusMaksimus thePengaku ConfessorIman)|Scholia]]'' – commentaryulasan ontentang thekarya-karya earlier writings oftulis Pseudo-DionysiusDionisius yang terdahulu. TheDi originaldalam editionedisi inasli bahasa Latin ofyang diterbitkan Balthasar Corderius (AntwerpAntwerpen, 1634), attributeskeseluruhan all of theisi ''Scholia'' todinisbatkan Maximuskepada Maksimus, but thetetapi authorshippenisbatan hassemacam beenini questionedsudah withdisanggah [[Hans Urs von Balthasar]] (1940, 1961), attributingyang somemenisbatkan ofsebagian theisi ''Scholia'' tokepada [[JohnYohanes ofdari ScythopolisSkitopolis]].<ref>Cosmic liturgy: the universe according to Maximus the Confessor – PageHalaman 393 [[Hans Urs von Balthasar]] 1961 EnglishTerjemahan bahasa translationInggris 2003</ref>
* ''[[Ambigua ad Thomam]]'' ("Difficult Passages Addressed to Thomas")<ref name=":0" /> --><!-- PG91 1032-1060 – Both the Ambigua to John and Thomas are explorations of difficult passages in the works of [[Pseudo-Dionysius]] and [[Gregory of Nazianzus]], focusing on Christological issues. This also was later translated by [[Eriugena]]. --><!--
* ''[[LifeRiwayat ofHidup theSang VirginPerawan (BiographyMaksimus)|LifeRiwayat ofHidup theSang VirginPerawan]]'' – earliestbiografi completelengkap biographytertua of MaryMaria, the mother ofibunda JesusYesus.<ref>Stephen J. Shoemaker, trans.(penerjemah), [http://yalepress.yale.edu/YupBooks/book.asp?isbn=9780300175042 ''Maximus the Confessor, The Life of the Virgin: Translated, with an Introduction and Notes''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522034014/http://yalepress.yale.edu/YupBooks/book.asp?isbn=9780300175042 |date=2012-05-22 }}, (New Haven:, Yale University Press, 2012) ({{ISBN|0300175043}}); [http://commonwealmagazine.org/maximus%E2%80%99s-mary Maximus's Mary], byoleh Sally Cuneen, ''Commonweal Magazine'', 4 DecemberDesember 2009</ref> ThisSalah issatu ankarya attributedtulis workyang anddinisbatkan nowkepada believedMaksimus nottetapi tosekarang besudah bydiyakini Maximusbukan thekarya tulis Maksimus Pengaku ConfessorIman. Jankowiak anddan Booth argueberpendapat thatbahwa "nonetidak ofada Maximus'ciri characteristickhas preoccupationsMaksimus appearyang inmuncul thedi dalam ''LifeRiwayat Hidup Sang Perawan'', anddan insebaliknya turntidak noneada oftema theutama ''Life'Riwayat Hidup Sang Perawan''s centralyang themesmuncul appearpada inrenungan-renungan thesekilas fleetingtentang MarianMaria reflectionsdi containeddalam within hiskarya-karya genuinetulis corpusMaksimus". TheyJankowiak alsodan writeBooth thatjuga theremengemukakan isdi nodalam Greekkarya manuscripttulis witnessingmereka thebahwa text,tidak noada evidencenaskah thatYunani anyyang keymembuktikan thinkerskeaslian whokarya drawtulis ontersebut, Maximustidak wereada awarebukti ofbahwa thepara ''Life'pemikir ''sterkemuka existenceyang andmenimba thatpengetahuan nodari recordkarya-karya oftulis theMaksimus menyadari keberadaan ''LifeRiwayat Hidup Sang Perawan'', asdan atidak workada existscatatan priordari toseparuh theakhir secondabad halfke-10 ofyang themenyebut-nyebut ''Riwayat Hidup Sang Perawan'' sebagai sebuah tenthkarya centurytulis.<ref>{{Cite book|title="A New Date-List of the Works of Maximus the Confessor" in The Oxford Handbook of Maximus the Confessor|author1=Jankowiak, M.|author2=Booth, P.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-19-967383-4|location=Oxford|pages=72–3}}</ref>
* ''[[Capita XV]]'' ("Fifteen Chapters")<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbDqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PR19|title=The Oxford Handbook of Maximus the Confessor|last1=Allen|first1=Pauline|last2=Neil|first2=Bronwen|date=2015-03-26|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=9780191655258|pages=xix|language=en}}</ref>--><!-- PG90 1177-1185 --><!--
* ''[[Capita de caritate]]'' ("Chapters on Charity")<ref name=":0" />--><!-- PG90 959-1082 - Work in the ascetic style of the 'century', where groups of one hundred short sayings are used as meditations during prayer. --><!--
* ''[[Capita theologica et oeconomica]]'' (Chapters on Theology and the Economy) --><!-- PG 90 1084-1173 - A work in the ascetic style of the 'century', where groups of one hundred short sayings are used as meditations during prayer. --><!--
* ''[[Disputatio cum Pyrrho]]'' ("Dispute with Pyrrhus")<ref name=":0" /> --><!-- PG91 288-353 – anti-monotholete treatise in conversation with [[Patriarch Pyrrhus of Constantinople]] --><!--
* ''[[Epistulae I–XLV]]'' ("[[Epistles]] 1–45")<ref name=":0" /> --><!-- PG91 364-649 --><!--
* ''[[Expositio orationis dominicae]]'' ("Commentary on the Lord's Prayer")
* ''[[Expositio in psalmum LIX|Expositio in Psalmum LIX]]'' ("Commentary on Psalm 59")<ref name=":0" />
* ''[[Liber Asceticus]]'' ("On the Ascetic Life")<ref name=":0" /> --><!-- – A discussion on the monastic rule of life. --><!--
* ''[[Mystagogia]]'' ("Mystagogy")<ref name=":0" />--><!-- PG91 658-718 – A commentary and meditation on the [[Eucharistic]] liturgy. --><!--
* ''[[Maximi Epistola ad Anastasium monachum discipulum]]'' ("Letter of Maximus to Anastasius the Monk and Disciple")<ref name=":2" />
* ''[[Opuscula theologica et polemica]]'' ("Small Theological and Polemical Works")<ref name=":2" />--><!-- PG91 9-285 --><!--
* ''[[Quaestiones et dubia]]'' ("Questions and Doubtful Passages")<ref name=":0" />
* ''[[Quaestiones ad Thalassium]]'' ("Questions Addressed to Thalassius")<ref name=":0" />--><!-- – A lengthy exposition on various Scriptural texts. This was later translated by [[Eriugena]]. --><!--
* ''[[Questiones ad Theopemptum]]'' ("Questions Addressed to Theopemptus")<ref name=":2" />
*''[[Testimonia et syllogismi]]'' ("Testimonies and Syllogisms")<ref name=":2" />
 
'''AttributedBunga textsrampai'''
* ''[[Scholia (Maximus the Confessor)|Scholia]]'' – commentary on the earlier writings of Pseudo-Dionysius. The original edition in Latin of Balthasar Corderius (Antwerp 1634) attributes all of the Scholia to Maximus, but the authorship has been questioned with [[Hans Urs von Balthasar]] (1940, 1961) attributing some of the Scholia to [[John of Scythopolis]].<ref>Cosmic liturgy: the universe according to Maximus the Confessor – Page 393 [[Hans Urs von Balthasar]] 1961 English translation 2003</ref>
* ''[[Life of the Virgin (Biography)|Life of the Virgin]]'' – earliest complete biography of Mary, the mother of Jesus.<ref>Stephen J. Shoemaker, trans., [http://yalepress.yale.edu/YupBooks/book.asp?isbn=9780300175042 ''Maximus the Confessor, The Life of the Virgin: Translated, with an Introduction and Notes''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522034014/http://yalepress.yale.edu/YupBooks/book.asp?isbn=9780300175042 |date=2012-05-22 }} (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012) ({{ISBN|0300175043}}); [http://commonwealmagazine.org/maximus%E2%80%99s-mary Maximus's Mary], by Sally Cuneen, ''Commonweal Magazine'', 4 December 2009</ref> This is an attributed work and now believed not to be by Maximus the Confessor. Jankowiak and Booth argue that "none of Maximus' characteristic preoccupations appear in the ''Life'', and in turn none of the ''Life' ''s central themes appear in the fleeting Marian reflections contained within his genuine corpus". They also write that there is no Greek manuscript witnessing the text, no evidence that any key thinkers who draw on Maximus were aware of the ''Life' ''s existence and that no record of the ''Life'' as a work exists prior to the second half of the tenth century.<ref>{{Cite book|title="A New Date-List of the Works of Maximus the Confessor" in The Oxford Handbook of Maximus the Confessor|author1=Jankowiak, M.|author2=Booth, P.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-19-967383-4|location=Oxford|pages=72–3}}</ref>
 
'''Collections'''
{{refbegin}}
* ''Maximus Confessor: Selected Writings (Classics of Western Spirituality)''. Ed., George C. Berthold. (penyunting), Paulist Press, 1985. ({{ISBN|0-8091-2659-1}}.)
* ''On the Cosmic Mystery of Jesus Christ: Selected Writings from St. Maximus the Confessor (St. Vladimir's Seminary Press "Popular Patristics" Series)''. Ed. & Trans, Paul M. Blowers, Robert Louis Wilken. (penyunting & penerjemah), St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 2004. ({{ISBN|0-88141-249-X}}.)
* ''St. Maximus the Confessor: The Ascetic Life, The Four Centuries on Charity (Ancient Christian Writers)''. Ed., Polycarp Sherwood. (penyunting), Paulist Press, 1955. ({{ISBN|0-8091-0258-7}}.)
* ''Maximus the Confessor (The Early Church Fathers)'', Intro.Andrew &Louth Trans.(pemberi Andrewkata Louth.pengantar & penerjemah), Routledge, 1996. ({{ISBN|0-415-11846-8}})
* ''Maximus the Confessor and his Companions (Documents from Exile) (Oxford Early Christian Texts)''. Ed. and Trans. Pauline Allen, Bronwen Neil. (penyunting & penerjemah), Oxford University Press, 2004. ({{ISBN|0-19-829991-5}}.)
* ''On Difficulties in the Church Fathers: The Ambigua: Volume I, Maximos the Confessor''., Ed.Nicholas andConstas Trans.(penyunting Nicholas& Constas.penerjemah), London:, Harvard University Press, 2014. ({{ISBN|978-0-674-72666-6}}.)
* ''On Difficulties in the Church Fathers: The Ambigua: Volume II, Maximos the Confessor''., Ed.Nicholas andConstas Trans.(penyunting Nicholas& Constas.penerjemah), London:, Harvard University Press, 2014. ({{ISBN|978-0-674-73083-0}}.)
* ''The Philokalia: The Complete Text compiled by St Nikodimos of the Holy Mountain and St Makarios of Corinth: Volume II''. Ed. and Trans., G.E.H. Palmer, Philip Sherrard, Kallistos Ware. (penyunting & penerjemah), London:, Faber and Faber, 1981. ({{ISBN|978-0-571-15466-1}}.)
{{refend}}-->
 
== Rujukan ==
Baris 118 ⟶ 117:
* {{cite book |author1=Allen, Pauline |author-link1= Pauline Allen |author2=Neil, Bronwen |title=The Oxford Handbook of Maximus the Confessor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_rHqBgAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-967383-4}}
* Baldi, Diego. ''Conrad Gesner, i Loci Communes dello pseudo Massimo Confessore e la Melissa del monaco Antonio'', dalam ''Bibliothecae.it'' 3.1 (2014)
* [[Hans Urs von Balthasar|Balthasar, Hans Urs (von)]], ''Cosmic Liturgy: The Universe According to Maximus the Confessor'', Ignatius Press, 2003 {{ISBN|0-89870-758-7}}
* Cooper, Adam G, ''The body in St Maximus Confessor: Holy Flesh, Wholly Deified'', Oxford Early Christian Studies, Oxford University Press, 2005 {{ISBN|0-19-927570-X}}
* Lauritzen, Frederick, ''Pagan energies in Maximus the Confessor: the influence of Proclus on the Ad Thomam 5'', dalam ''Greek Roman and Byzantine Studies'' 52.2 (2012)[http://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/view/13971/2771]
Baris 134 ⟶ 133:
 
== Pranala luar ==
{{Wikiquote|en:Maximus the Confessor|Maksimus Pengaku Iman}}
* {{wikisourcelang-inline|el|Μάξιμος ο Ομολογητής|Μάξιμος ὁ Ὁμολογητής}}
* [http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-texts/fathers/maximus.asp Pilihan karya-karya tulis] Santo Maksimus Pengaku Iman
Baris 140 ⟶ 139:
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070625134928/http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/saintm96.htm Maksimus Pengaku Iman] di situs web ''Catholic Forum''
* [http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=100249 Maksimus Pengaku Iman] di situs web Gereja Ortodoks di Amerika
* [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/30_20_0580-0662-_Maximus_Confessor.html ''Opera Omnia'' Yunani karya Migne, Patrologia Graeca beserta indeks-indeks analitis]
* [http://commonwealmagazine.org/maximus%E2%80%99s-mary RingkasaRingkasan biografi Maria (ibuda Yesus) karya Maksimus Pengaku Iman] di situs web ''Commonweal magazine''
* [https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maximus_the_Confessor makalah-makalah ilmiah tentang Maksimus Pengaku Iman yang diunggah daring]
* [https://www.academia.edu/12555165/A_New_Date-List_of_the_Works_of_Maximus_the_Confessor Marek Jankowiak, Phil Booth, ''A New Date-List of the Works of Maximus the Confessor'']