Keruntuhan Maya Klasik: Perbedaan antara revisi

 

Pada tahun 2012, penelitian yang diterbitkan dalam jurnal [[Science (jurnal)|Science]] menunjukkan bahwa berkurangnya curah hujan mungkin menyebabkan keruntuhan Maya. Berdasarkan sampel dari sedimen danau dan gua di wilayah sekitar kota-kota besar Maya, peneliti dapat menentukan curah hujan tahunan di wilayah tersebut. Kekeringan yang berlangsung antara tahun 800-950 mampu menghabiskan persediaan air musiman di dataran rendah Yucatán.<ref>

</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/02/120223142455.htm|title=Classic Maya Civilization Collapse Related to Modest Rainfall Reductions, Research Suggests|work=[[Science Daily]]|date=2012-02-23|accessdate=2012-02-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-17149812|title=Mild drought caused Maya collapse in Mexico, Guatemala|work=[[BBC News]]|date=2012-02-25|accessdate=2012-02-25}}</ref>

 

: {{cite book|author={{aut|Braswell, Geoffrey E.}}|year=2003|chapter=Introduction: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction|title=The Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction|editor=Geoffrey E. Braswell (Ed.)|location=Austin|publisher=University of Texas Press|pages=1–44|isbn=0-292-70587-5|oclc=49936017}}

: {{cite book|author={{aut|Coe, Michael D.}}|authorlink=Michael D. Coe|year=1999|title=The Maya|url=https://archive.org/details/maya0000coem_h0k7|edition=6th|location=New York|publisher=Thames and Hudson|isbn=0-500-28066-5|oclc=15895415}}

: {{cite book|author={{aut|Demarest, Arthur}}|authorlink=Arthur Demarest|year=2004|title=Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization|series=Case Studies in Early Societies, No. 3|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-59224-0|oclc=51438896}}

: {{cite journal |author={{aut|deMenocal, Peter B.}} |date=2001-04-27 |title=Cultural Responses to Climate Change During the Late Holocene |url=http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/%7Epeter/Resources/Publications/deMenocal.2001.pdf |format=[[PDF]] Reprint |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=292 |issue=5517 |pages=667–673 |location=New York |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |doi=10.1126/science.1059827 |pmid=11303088 |bibcode=2001Sci...292..667D |access-date=2014-01-02 |archive-date=2008-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217162859/http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/%7Epeter/Resources/Publications/deMenocal.2001.pdf |dead-url=yes }}

: {{cite journal |author={{aut|Diamond, Jared M.}} |authorlink=Jared Diamond |month=June |year=2003 |title=The Last Americans: Environmental Collapse and the End of Civilization |url=http://www.mindfully.org/Heritage/2003/Civilization-Collapse-EndJun03.htm |format=online Reprint |journal=[[Harper's Magazine|Harper's]] |volume=306 |issue=1837 |pages=43–51 |publisher=Harper's Magazine Foundation |location=New York |issn=0017-789X |oclc=4532730 |access-date=2014-01-02 |archive-date=2009-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090329224634/http://www.mindfully.org/Heritage/2003/Civilization-Collapse-EndJun03.htm |dead-url=yes }}

: {{cite journal |author={{aut|Dunning, Nicholas P.}} |coauthors={{aut|Sheryl Luzzadder-Beach, Timothy Beach, John G. Jones, [[Vernon Scarborough]]}}, and {{aut|T. Patrick Culbert}} |month=June |year=2002 |title=Arising from the ''Bajos'': The Evolution of a Neotropical Landscape and the Rise of Maya Civilization |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |volume=92 |issue=2 |pages=267–283 |location=Washington, DC|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|doi=10.1111/1467-8306.00290 |oclc=89457939}}

: {{cite book|author={{aut|Gill, Richardson B.}}|year=2000|title=The Great Maya Droughts: Water, Life, and Death|location=Albuquerque|publisher=[[University of New Mexico Press]]|isbn=0-8263-2194-1|oclc=43567384}}

: {{cite journal |author={{aut|Hodell, David A}} |authorlink=David A. Hodell |coauthors={{aut|Mark Brenner, Jason H. Curtis}}, and {{aut|Thomas Guilderson}} |date=18 May 2001 |title=Solar Forcing of Drought Frequency in the Maya Lowlands |url=http://mac01.eps.pitt.edu/Courses/GEOL3909/Hodell_et_al_2001.pdf |format=[[PDF]] Reprint |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=292 |issue=5520 |pages=1367–1370 |location=New York |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |doi=10.1126/science.1057759 |pmid=11359010 |bibcode=2001Sci...292.1367H |access-date=2014-01-02 |archive-date=2007-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813111332/http://mac01.eps.pitt.edu/Courses/GEOL3909/Hodell_et_al_2001.pdf |dead-url=yes }}

: {{cite journal |author={{aut|Kerr, Richard A.}} |date=18 May 2001 |title=Paleoclimate: A Variable Sun and the Maya Collapse |url=http://www.geology.ucdavis.edu/~gel108/examples/Example%234.pdf |format=[[PDF]] Reprint |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=292 |issue=5520 |pages=1293 |location=New York |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |doi=10.1126/science.292.5520.1293 |pmid=11360980 }}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

: {{cite book|author={{aut|Stuart, Gene S.}}|coauthors=and {{aut|George E. Stuart}}|year=1993|title=Lost Kingdoms of the Maya|location=Washington, DC|publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]|isbn=0-87044-928-1|oclc=27012239}}

: {{cite book|author=Tainter, Joseph A|authorlink=Joseph A. Tainter|year=2003. First published 1988|title=The Collapse of Complex Societies|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=M4H-02d9oE0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22collapse+of+complex+societies%22&hl=en&ei=1fCTTu7XG6TjiALbtMjjBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|place=New York & Cambridge, UK|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=0-521-38673-X|accessdate=11 October 2011}}

: {{cite book|author={{aut|Toynbee, Arnold J.}}|authorlink=Arnold Toynbee|year=1947|title=A Study of History|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.16566|edition=1st American ed., Somervell abridgement|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=New York|oclc=1151071}}

: {{cite book|author={{aut|Weiss, Harvey}}|year=1997|chapter=Late Third Millennium Abrupt Climate Change and Social Collapse in West Asia and Egypt|chapterurl=http://www.zetatalk.com/theword/tword04m.htm|editor=H. Nüzhet Dalfes, G. Kukla and Harvey Weiss (eds.)|title=Third Millennium BC Climate Change and Old World Collapse|location=Heidelberg/Berlin|publisher=Springer Verlag|pages=718–720|isbn=3-540-61892-9|oclc=35741821}}

: {{cite journal |author={{aut|Weiss, Harvey}} |coauthors=and {{aut|Raymond S. Bradley}} |date=2001-01-26 |title=What Drives Societal Collapse? |url=http://www.geo.umass.edu/faculty/bradley/weiss2001.pdf |format=[[PDF]] Reprint |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=291 |issue=5504 |pages=609–610 |location=New York |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |doi=10.1126/science.1058775 |pmid=11158667 }}

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