Katedral Kordoba: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{redirect|Mezquita}}
{{distinguish|Katedral Córdoba|Katedral Córdoba de Veracruz}}
{{pp-move-indef|small=yes}}
{{Infobox church
| name =
| native_name = {{nativename|es|Mezquita-Catedral de Córdoba}}
| native_name_lang = Spanyol
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| other name =
| image = Mezquita de Córdoba desde el aire (Córdoba, España).jpg
| imagesize = 265px
|
| alt = Tampak burung dari Gereja Katedral Kordoba
| pushpin map = Spain#Europe
| pushpin label position =
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| osgraw = <!-- TEXT -->
| osgridref = <!-- {{gbmappingsmall| TEXT}} -->
| country = [[Spanyol]]
| location = [[Córdoba, Spanyol|Kordoba, Andalusia]]
| denomination = [[Gereja Katolik
| previous denomination =
| diocese = [[Keuskupan Córdoba di Spanyol|Keuskupan Córdoba]]
| status = [[Katedral]]
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}}
}}
'''
Menurut catatan tradisional, sebuah gereja [[Visigoth]]ik, [[Basilika]] Kristen [[Gereja Katolik|Katolik]] [[
Struktur masjid ini dianggap sebagai monumen penting dalam sejarah [[arsitektur Islam]] dan dianggap oleh banyak ahli sebagai sangat berpengaruh pada [[Arsitektur Moor|arsitektur "Moor"]] di wilayah [[Mediterania]] barat dari [[dunia Islam]].<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":19">{{Cite book|last=Ewert|first=Christian|title=La arquitectura islámica del Islam Occidental|publisher=Lunwerg Editores|year=1995|editor-last=Guzmán|editor-first=López|location=Madrid|pages=55–68|chapter=La mezquita de Córdoba: santuario modelo del Occidente islámico|language=es}}</ref><ref name=":28" /><ref name=":42">{{Cite book|title=Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|year=1992|isbn=0870996371|editor-last=Dodds|editor-first=Jerrilynn D.|location=New York|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":232">{{Cite book|last=Bennison|first=Amira K.|title=The Almoravid and Almohad Empires|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=2016|isbn=9780748646821|language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|281–284}} Bangunan ini juga merupakan salah satu [[Monumen-monumen nasional Spanyol|monumen bersejarah]] dan tempat wisata utama Spanyol,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Top things to do in Spain|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/spain/top-things-to-do|access-date=10 Desember 2020|website=Lonely Planet|language=en|archive-date=2021-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009054727/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/spain/top-things-to-do|dead-url=no}}</ref> serta [[Situs Warisan Dunia]] [[UNESCO]] sejak 1984.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|title=Historic Centre of Cordoba|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/313/|access-date=10 Desember 2020|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|archive-date=2023-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719134114/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/313/|dead-url=no}}</ref>
== Sejarah
=== Gereja [[Visigoth]]ik Santo Vinsensius ===
[[Berkas:Mezquita de Córdoba (10805458433).jpg|jmpl|[[Mosaik]] Romawi yang telah diekskavasi terlihat di bawah lantai Gereja Katedral saat ini.]]
Menurut catatan tradisional, situs Gereja Katedral Kordoba saat ini pada awalnya merupakan sebuah [[gereja]] [[Kekristenan|Kristen]] yang didedikasikan untuk Santo Vinsensius dari Saragossa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mezquita de Cordoba - Cordoba, Spain|url=http://www.sacred-destinations.com/spain/cordoba-mezquita|access-date=11 Desember 2020|website=www.sacred-destinations.com|language=en|archive-date=2010-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412191445/http://www.sacred-destinations.com/spain/cordoba-mezquita|dead-url=no}}</ref> Gereja ini juga digunakan bersama oleh [[Umat Kristen|orang Kristen]] dan [[Muslim]] untuk beribadah setelah [[penaklukan Hispania oleh Umayyah]].<ref name=":18" /><ref name="khoury" /><ref name="Armstrong2013"/><ref name="christys">{{cite book|author=Ann Christys|chapter=The meaning of topography in Umayyad Cordoba|title=Cities, Texts and Social Networks, 400–1500|editor=Anne E. Lester|publisher=Routledge|year=2017|quote=It is a commonplace of the history of Córdoba that in their early years in the city, the Muslims shared with the Christians the church of S. Vicente, until ʿAbd al-Raḥmān I bought the Christians out and used the site to build the Great Mosque. It was a pivotal moment in the history of Córdoba, which later historians may have emphasised by drawing a parallel between Córdoba and another Umayyad capital, Damascus. The first reference to the Muslims’ sharing the church was by Ibn Idhārī in the fourteenth century, citing the tenth-century historian al-Rāzī. It could be a version of a similar story referring to the Great Mosque in Damascus, which may itself have been written long after the Mosque was built. It is a story that meant something in the tenth-century context, a clear statement of the Muslim appropriation of Visigothic Córdoba.|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Guia2014">{{cite book|last=Guia|first=Aitana|title=The Muslim Struggle for Civil Rights in Spain, 1985–2010: Promoting Democracy Through Islamic Engagement|date=1 Juli 2014|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|isbn=9781845195816|page=137|quote=It was originally a small temple of Christian Visigoth origin. Under Umayyad reign in Spain (711–1031 CE), it was expanded and made into a mosque, which it would remain for eight centuries. During the Christian reconquest of Al-Andalus, Christians captured the mosque and consecrated it as a Catholic church.|language=en}}</ref> Ketika komunitas Muslim tumbuh dan ruang yang ada menjadi terlalu kecil untuk ibadah [[salat]], [[basilika]] diperluas sedikit demi sedikit.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Marçais|first=Georges|title=L'architecture musulmane d'Occident|publisher=Arts et métiers graphiques|year=1954|location=Paris|language=fr}}</ref>{{Rp|136}}
Pengaturan berbagi situs ini berlangsung hingga tahun [[785]], ketika separuh bagian Kristen dibeli oleh [[Abdurrahman ad-Dakhil]] yang kemudian dilanjutkan untuk menghancurkan<ref name="grove" /><ref name=":02" /> struktur [[gereja]] dan membangun Masjid Agung Kordoba di situs tersebut.<ref name="Guia2014" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Jarbel|first1=Rodriguez|title=Muslim and Christian Contact in the Middle Ages: A Reader|publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]|isbn=9781442600669|page=41|language=en}}</ref> Sebagai imbalannya, Abdurrahman ad-Dakhil juga mengizinkan orang-orang Kristen untuk membangun kembali gereja-gereja lain yang hancur – termasuk gereja-gereja yang didedikasikan untuk para martir Kristen yang sangat mereka hormati<ref name="CalvertGallichan1907">{{cite book|last1=Calvert|first1=Albert Frederick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GqMMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR42|title=Cordova, a City of the Moors|last2=Gallichan|first2=Walter Matthew|publisher=J. Lane|year=1907|pages=42–|language=en|access-date=2021-10-14|archive-date=2023-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725073840/https://books.google.com/books?id=GqMMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR42|dead-url=no}}</ref> – sebagaimana disepakati dalam persyaratan penjualan.<ref name="Meri176">{{cite book|first1=Josef W.|last1=Meri|first2=Jere L.|last2=Bacharach|title=Medieval Islamic Civilization|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|page=176|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Irving">{{Cite book|last=Irving|first=T. B.|title=The Falcon of Spain|publisher=Ashraf Press, Lahore|year=1962|page=82|language=en}}</ref>
[[Historisitas Alkitab|Historisitas]] narasi ini ditantang<ref name="grove">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture|editor1=Jonathan M. Bloom|editor2=Sheila S. Blair|title=Cordoba|url=http://bridgingcultures.neh.gov/muslimjourneys/items/show/263|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|quote=The tradition that the first mosque in Córdoba was housed in the Christian monastery of St. Vincent, and that it was said to have been shared with the city’s Christian congregation, has been challenged. It is almost certain, however, that the building that housed the early 8th-century mosque was destroyed by ῾Abd al-Rahman I for the first phase of the present Mezquita (Great Mosque).|language=en|access-date=2021-10-14|archive-date=2018-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010060721/http://bridgingcultures.neh.gov/muslimjourneys/items/show/263|dead-url=yes}}</ref> karena bukti [[arkeologi]]s yang sedikit dan narasi yang tidak dikuatkan oleh catatan [[Seni kontemporer|kontemporer]] tentang peristiwa setelah kedatangan awal [[Abdurrahman ad-Dakhil]] di [[Al-Andalus]].<ref name="khoury" /> Narasi gereja yang diubah menjadi masjid – yang ditelusuri kembali ke [[sejarawan]] abad kesepuluh, [[Muhammad bin Zakariya ar-Razi|Al-Razi]] – menggemakan narasi serupa tentang [[penaklukan Suriah oleh Muslim]], khususnya kisah pembangunan [[Masjid Agung Umayyah|Masjid Umayyah]] di [[Damaskus]].<ref name="khoury">{{cite journal|journal=Muqarnas|title=The Meaning of the Great Mosque of Cordoba in the Tenth Century|author=Nuha N. N. Khoury|volume=13|pages=80–98|year=1996|quote=A myth that associates the mosque's site with the church of Saint Vincent acts as an intermediary step in the transformation of the mosque into a monument of dynastic conquest [...] On the authority of the tenth-century al-Razi, later medieval historians assert that the original founders of the Cordoba mosque shared the church of Saint Vincent with the city's Christian population [...] The account posits a parallel with two earlier Islamic paradigms [...] However, the church of Saint Vincent is neither archaelogically attested as the major edifice mentioned by the historians [...] nor specifically by name in accounts of the events following Abd al-Rahman I's initial arrival in al-Andalus. Rather, the anonymous tenth-century Akhbar Majmu'a on the history of al-Andalus mentions ''a'' church, "the site of the present-day Friday mosque"|jstor=1523253|doi=10.2307/1523253|language=en}}</ref><ref name="christys" />
Bagi sejarawan Muslim [[Abad Pertengahan|abad pertengahan]], kesejajaran ini berfungsi untuk menyoroti [[Spanyol|penaklukan Spanyol]] oleh [[Dinasti Umayyah]] dan perampasan Gereja Visigothik Santo Vincentius.<ref name="khoury" /><ref name="christys" /> Sumber abad kesepuluh lainnya menyebutkan bahwa sebuah gereja yang berdiri di lokasi masjid tanpa rincian lebih lanjut mengenai gereja tersebut.<ref name="khoury" /> Sebuah pameran arkeologi di Gereja Katedral Kordoba menampilkan fragmen dari bangunan pada masa [[Abad Kuno Akhir|Romawi Akhir]]<ref name=":32" /> atau Visigoth, menekankan sifat asli Kristen dari kompleks tersebut.<ref name=":33">{{cite book|author=D. Fairchild Ruggles|title=Contested Cultural Heritage: Religion, Nationalism, Erasure, and Exclusion in a Global World|publisher=Springer|year=2010|isbn=9781441973054|editor=Helaine Silverman|pages=51–67|chapter=The Stratigraphy of Forgetting|quote=An archaeological display in the Mosque–Cathedral of Cordoba displays fragments of a Visigothic building, emphasizing an originally Christian nature of the site.|author-link=D. Fairchild Ruggles|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HCM93pyDhMEC&pg=PA63|language=en|access-date=2021-10-14|archive-date=2023-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725073845/https://books.google.com/books?id=HCM93pyDhMEC&pg=PA63|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="calderwood" />
Menurut Susana Calvo Capilla, seorang spesialis sejarah Gereja Katedral, meskipun sisa-sisa beberapa bangunan mirip gereja telah ditemukan di wilayah kompleks Gereja Katedral Kordoba, belum ada bukti [[arkeologi]] yang jelas telah ditemukan dimana Gereja Visigothik Santo Vincentius atau masjid pertama terletak di situs. Bangunan masjid pertama bisa jadi merupakan bangunan yang baru dibangun. Bukti menunjukkan bahwa kawasan bangunan ini mungkin merupakan dasar dari kompleks [[episkopal]], bukan sebuah gereja tertentu yang pada awalnya terbagi antara Muslim dan Kristen.<ref name="calderwood">{{cite news|author1=Eric Calderwood|title=The Reconquista of the Mosque of Córdoba|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/04/10/the-reconquista-of-the-mosque-of-cordoba-spain-catholic-church-islam/|access-date=29 Desember 2015|work=[[Foreign Policy]]|date=10 April 2015|language=en|archive-date=2022-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726233450/https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/04/10/the-reconquista-of-the-mosque-of-cordoba-spain-catholic-church-islam/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Susana Calvo Capilla|title=Las primeras mezquitas de al-Andalus a través de las fuentes árabes|journal=Al-Qantara|volume=28|number=1|year=2007|pages=169–170|doi=10.3989/alqantara.2007.v28.i1.34|doi-access=free|language=es}}</ref>
Pedro Marfil, seorang arkeolog di Universitas Kordoba, berargumen mengenai keberadaan kompleks seperti itu – termasuk [[basilika]] Kristen – di situs ini dengan menafsirkan sisa-sisa arkeologi yang ada.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Marfil|first=Pedro|title=Visigodos y omeyas: un debate entre la Antigüedad tardía y la Alta Edad Media|publisher=Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)|year=2001|editor-last=Caballero|editor-first=Luis|location=Madrid|pages=117–141|chapter=Córdoba de Teodosio a Abd al-Rahmán III|editor-last2=Mateos|editor-first2=Pedro|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Marfil|first=Pedro|date=2007|title=La basílica de San Vicente en la catedral de Córdoba|journal=Arqueología, Arte e Historia|volume=14|pages=33–45|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Marfil|first=Pedro|date=2006|title=La sede episcopal de San Vicente en la santa iglesia Catedral de Córdoba|journal=Al-Mulk|volume=6|pages=35–58|language=es}}</ref> Namun, teori ini ditentang oleh Fernando Arce-Sainz, arkeolog lain, yang menyatakan bahwa tidak satu pun dari banyak penyelidikan arkeologi di zaman modern telah berhasil menemukan sisa-sisa [[ikonografi]] [[Kekristenan|Kristen]], kuburan, atau bukti lain yang akan mendukung keberadaan sebuah gereja.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Arce-Sainz|first=Fernando|date=2015|title=La supuesta basílica de San Vicente en Córdoba: de mito histórico a obstinación historiográfica|journal=Al-Qantara|volume=36|issue=1|pages=11–44|doi=10.3989/alqantara.2015.001|doi-access=free|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Córdoba|first=Guy Hedgecoe in|title=Córdoba's Mosque-Cathedral dispute puts Spanish identity at centre stage|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/c%C3%B3rdoba-s-mosque-cathedral-dispute-puts-spanish-identity-at-centre-stage-1.4195391|access-date=11 Desember 2020|website=The Irish Times|language=en|archive-date=2022-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116091359/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/c%C3%B3rdoba-s-mosque-cathedral-dispute-puts-spanish-identity-at-centre-stage-1.4195391|dead-url=no}}</ref>
[[Sejarah seni|Sejarawan seni]] Rose Walker, dalam tinjauan seni [[Abad Kuno Akhir|antik akhir]] dan awal abad pertengahan di [[Spanyol]], juga mengkritik pandangan Marfil yang mengandalkan interpretasi pribadi.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book|last=Walker|first=Rose|title=Art in Spain and Portugal from the Romans to the Early Middle Ages: Routes and Myths|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|year=2016|pages=125–126|quote=Pedro Marfil has set out the archaeological arguments for earlier ecclesiastical occupation of the site of the Great Mosque in the sixth century, but these involve a considerable amount of interpretation that he clearly presents as his opinion. The mosaics discovered at basement level may belong to a late Roman complex. The bishops of Córdoba at that period would have had a residence, a cathedral, and other churches, but it remains unclear whether these were on the site of the Mosque, used a converted domus as at Barcelona, or reoccupied part or all of the complex at Cercadilla or other administrative buildings. Fragments of sculpture survive again without any reliable provenance and here without any documentary context. Displayed in the new Museo Arqueológico de Córdoba or in the Cathedral Mosque, pieces of liturgical furniture include altar supports and niche plaques but, unlike the material from Mérida, they do not form a coherent group.|language=en}}</ref> “[[Stratigrafi]]” dari situs ini rumit dan dibuat lebih rumit oleh dampaknya pada perdebatan politik kontemporer tentang identitas budaya di Spanyol.<ref name=":33" /> Terlepas dari struktur apa yang mungkin ada di situs tersebut, hampir pasti bahwa bangunan yang menampung masjid pertama di kota itu dihancurkan untuk membangun Masjid Agung Abdurrahman ad-Dakhil dan tidak ada hubungannya dengan bentuk akhir bangunan tersebut.<ref name="grove" /><ref name=":02" />{{Rp|136}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bloom|first=Jonathan M.|title=Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2020|isbn=9780300218701|pages=19|quote=Whatever earlier buildings have stood on the site – visitors today can still see mosaic floors some distance beneath the current floor – their orientation and plans have little to do with the mosque.|language=en}}</ref>
=== Pembangunan masjid ===
[[Berkas:Colonnes_de_la_Mezquita_(8281472877).jpg|jmpl|Tiang-tiang dan lengkung dua tingkat di bagian asli bangunan masjid.]]
Masjid Agung dibangun oleh [[Keamiran Kordoba|Keamiran Umayyah]] baru di [[Al-Andalus]] yang didirikan oleh [[Abdurrahman ad-Dakhil]] pada tahun [[756]]. Abdurrahman ad-Dakhil merupakan seorang buronan dan salah satu anggota terakhir keluarga [[Dinasti Umayyah|Umayyah]] yang tersisa yang sebelumnya pernah memerintah [[khilafah]] pertama di [[Damaskus]], [[Suriah]], secara turun temurun. [[Kekhalifahan Umayyah]] ini digulingkan selama [[Revolusi Abbasiyah]] pada tahun 750.
Dalam prosesnya, keluarga penguasa tersebut hampir semuanya terbunuh atau dieksekusi dalam prosesnya. Abdurrahman ad-Dakhil selamat dengan melarikan diri ke [[Afrika Utara]], kemudian setelah mendapatkan dukungan politik dan militer, mengambil alih pemerintahan Muslim di [[Iberia|Semenanjung Iberia]] dari gubernurnya, [[Yusuf bin Abdurrahman al-Fihri]]. [[Córdoba, Spanyol|Kordoba]] telah menjadi ibu kota provinsi Muslim Semenanjung Iberia dan diteruskan menjadi ibu kota [[keamiran]] independen oleh Abdurrahman ad-Dakhil.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kennedy|first=Hugh|title=Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|isbn=9781317870418|language=en}}</ref>
== Lihat pula ==
* [[
* [[
* [[
* [[Daftar
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==
* {{cite journal
|last1=Jover Báez
Baris 78 ⟶ 92:
|number=1
|pages=322–343
|url=https://www.academia.edu/32804328
|access-date=2021-10-09
|archive-date=2023-04-06
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406191907/https://www.academia.edu/32804328
|dead-url=no
}}
* {{cite book
|first=Barbara
Baris 87 ⟶ 106:
|year=2004
|isbn=9788874312368}}
* D.F. Ruggles, “From the Heavens and Hills: The Flow of Water to the Fruited Trees and Ablution Fountains in the Great Mosque of Cordoba,” in ''[https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300158991/rivers-paradise Rivers of Paradise: Water in Islamic Art] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409050811/https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300158991/rivers-paradise/ |date=2023-04-09 }}'', ed. S. Blair and J. Bloom (London: Yale University Press, 2009), pp. 81–103
* D.F. Ruggles, ''[https://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/book/14389.html Islamic Gardens and Landscapes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226150930/https://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/book/14389.html |date=2022-02-26 }}'' (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008)
== Pranala luar ==
{{commons|
* {{official website|https://mezquita-catedraldecordoba.es/}}
* [https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=37.879062,-4.779675&spn=0.003636,0.007522&t=k Masjid–Katedral Kordoba di Google Maps] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801144234/https://www.google.com/maps?ll=37.879062,-4.779675&spn=0.003636,0.007522&t=k |date=2023-08-01 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141006070341/http://islamic-arts.org/2012/mosque-of-cordova/ Masjid Raya Kordoba (pada awal abad ke-19)]
* [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/45966/rec/1 ''Al-Andalus: the art of Islamic Spain''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006090246/http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/45966/rec/1 |date=2014-10-06 }}, katalog pameran dari The Metropolitan Museum of Art (sepenuhnya tersedia online sebagai PDF), yang berisi materi tentang Masjid–Katedral Kordoba (lihat indeks)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131212044857/http://www.virtimeplace.com/en/vtp/cordoba-mosque-ext2 Masjid Raya Kordoba pada abad ke-10], VirTimePlace.
* [http://www.cordoba24.info/english/html/mezquita.html Informasi umum tentang Masjid–Katedral dan jam buka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406191911/http://www.cordoba24.info/english/html/mezquita.html |date=2023-04-06 }}
{{Kordoba, Spanyol}}
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[[Kategori:Arcade (arsitektur)]]
[[Kategori:Masjid abad ke-8]]
[[Kategori:
[[Kategori:Tengara kebudayaan Bien de Interés di Provinsi Kordoba (Spanyol)]]
[[Kategori:Katedral Katolik
[[Kategori:Bangunan dan struktur keagamaan yang diubah menjadi masjid]]
[[Kategori:Bangunan yang diubah menjadi Gereja Katolik]]
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