Stephen Hawking: Perbedaan antara revisi

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(22 revisi perantara oleh 13 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
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|name = Stephen Hawking
|honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CH|CBE|FRS|FRSA}}
|image = [[Berkas:Stephen Hawkinghawking NASA2008 50thnasa 200804210001HQcropped.jpg|280px]]
|alt = Foto hitam putih Hawking di NASA
|birth_name = Stephen William Hawking
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Pada akhir 1970-an, Hawking diangkat sebagai [[Guru Besar Matematika Lucasian]] di Universitas Cambridge.{{sfn|Ferguson|2011|p=92}}<ref name="Auto2J-11" /> Kuliah pertamanya dalam kapasitasnya sebagai guru besar berjudul "Is the End in Sight for Theoretical Physics". Ia mengusulkan [[Supergravitasi N=8]] sebagai teori utama untuk menyelesaikan berbagai persoalan besar yang dipelajari fisikawan.{{sfn|Ferguson|2011|pp=93–94}} Pengangkatannya bertepatan dengan masalah kesehatan yang memaksanya dirawat di rumah.{{sfn|Ferguson|2011|pp=92–93}} Pada saat yang sama, ia juga mengubah pendekatannya terhadap fisika. Ia semakin intuitif dan spekulatif dan tidak lagi menuntut bukti matematis. "Bagi saya, lebih baik benar daripada cermat", kata Hawking kepada Kip Thorne.{{sfn|Ferguson|2011|p=96}} Pada tahun 1981, ia berpendapat bahwa informasi di lubang hitam tidak dapat diselamatkan apabila lubang hitam menghilang. [[Paraokds informasi lubang hitam|Paradoks informasi]] ini melanggar dasar mekanika kuantum dan memicu perdebatan yang menahun, termasuk "[[Perang Lubang Hitam]]" dengan [[Leonard Susskind]] dan [[Gerard 't Hooft]].{{sfn|Ferguson|2011|pp=96–101}}<ref name="Susskind2008" />
 
[[Berkas:Stephen Hawking.StarChild.jpg|jmpl|260px|Hawking pada tahun 1980-an, oleh Kantor Pusat Studi [[NASA]].]]
 
[[Inflasi (kosmologi)|Inflasi kosmologis]]{{snd}}teori bahwa setelah Dentuman Besar, alam semesta awalnya meluas dengan sangat cepat sebelum pelan-pelan melambat{{snd}}digagas oleh [[Alan Guth]] dan dikembangkan oleh [[Andrei Linde]].{{sfn|Ferguson|2011|pp=108–11}} Usai konferensi di Moskwa bulan Oktober 1981, Hawking dan [[Gary Gibbons]] mengadakan Nuffield Workshop selama tiga pekan pada musim panas 1982 dengan topik "The Very Early Universe" di Universitas Cambridge; lokakarya ini berfokus pada teori inflasi.{{sfn|Ferguson|2011|pp=111–14}}<ref name="Auto2J-12" /><ref name="Auto2J-13" /> Hawking juga memulai penelitian teori kuantum baru terhadap asal usul alam semesta. Dalam konferensi di Vatikan tahun 1981, ia memaparkan penelitiannya yang menunjukkan bahwa alam semesta mungkin tidak ada batas atau awal atau akhir.{{sfn|Ferguson|2011|pp=102–103}}{{sfn|White|Gribbin|2002|p=180}} Ia kemudian mengembangkan penelitian ini bersama [[James Hartle|Jim Hartle]]. Tahun 1983, mereka memperkenalkan sebuah model yang dikenal dengan nama [[keadaan Hartle–Hawking]]. Menurut model ini, sebelum [[kala Planck]], [[alam semesta]] tidak memiliki batas di ruang-waktu; sebelum Dentuman Besar, waktu tidak ada dan konsep awal semesta tidak ada artinya.<ref name="Auto2J-14" /> Singularitas awal model Dentuman Besar klasik digantikan oleh gambaran Kutub Utara. Seseorang tidak bisa pergi ke sebelah utara Kutub Utara, tetapi tidak ada batas di sana{{snd}}Kutub Utara hanyalah titik tempat bertemunya dan berakhirnya semua garis yang menuju ke utara.{{sfn|Baird|2007|loc=p. 234}}{{sfn|White|Gribbin|2002|pp=180–83}} Awalnya, usulan tanpa batas ini memprediksi [[bentuk alam semesta|alam semesta tertutup]] yang berdampak pada penjelasan keberadaan Tuhan. Seperti yang dijelaskan Hawking, "Apabila alam semesta tidak terbatas tetapi terkurung... Tuhan pun tidak bisa bebas memilih cara menciptakan alam semesta."{{sfn|Ferguson|2011|p=129}}
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Hawking sering bepergian, termasuk ke [[Cile]], [[Pulau Paskah]], [[Afrika Selatan]], Spanyol (untuk menerima [[Fonseca Prize]] tahun 2008),{{sfn|Ferguson|2011|p=233}}<ref name="Auto2J-29" /> Kanada,{{sfn|Ferguson|2011|p=239}} dan Amerika Serikat.{{sfn|Ferguson|2011|p=269}} Karena disabilitas yang dialaminya, Hawking sering bepergian dengan jet pribadi karena praktis. Pada 2011, jet pribadi menjadi satu-satunya cara ia bepergian ke luar negeri.{{sfn|Ferguson|2011|p=197,269}}
 
[[Berkas:Weston Library Opening by John Cairns 20.3.15-139.jpg|jmpl|ka|Hawking bersama pustakawan University of Oxford [[Richard Ovenden]] (kiri) dan ilmwuan alam [[David Attenborough]] (kanan) pada pembukaan [[Weston Library]], Oxford, Maret 2015. Ovenden menganugerahkan [[Bodley Medal]] kepada Hawking dan Attenborough.]]
 
Per 2003, para fisikawan sepakat bahwa Hawking keliru mengenai hilangnya informasi dalam lubang hitam.{{sfn|Ferguson|2011|pp=216–17}} Dalam kuliah tahun 2004 di Dublin, ia mengaku kalah taruhan dengan Preskill, tetapi menjelaskan solusinya sendiri yang cukup kontroversial terhadap masalah paradoks informasi. Solusi ini meliputi kemungkinan bahwa lubang hitam memiliki lebih dari satu [[topologi]].{{sfn|Ferguson|2011|pp=217–20}}<ref name=presskill /> Dalam artikel tahun 2005 yang ia tulis tentang hal ini, ia berpendapat bahwa paradoks informasi dijelaskan dengan mempelajari semua sejarah alam semesta alternatif; hilangnya informasi dalam lubang hitam dibatalkan oleh lubang hitam yang tidak kehilangan informasi.<ref name="concedbet" />{{sfn|Ferguson|2011|pp=223–24}} Pada Januari 2014, ia mengaku bahwa dugaan hilangnya informasi dalam lubang hitam adalah "blunder terbesarnya".<ref>{{cite news |last=Kwong |first=Matt |date=28 January 2014 |title=Stephen Hawking's black holes 'blunder' stirs debate |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/stephen-hawking-s-black-holes-blunder-stirs-debate-1.2514299 |publisher=[[CBC News]] |accessdate=14 March 2018}}</ref>
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Sepanjang kariernya, Hawking membimbing 39 mahasiswa PhD ternama.<ref>* {{MathGenealogy|id=78459}}
* {{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Bruce |last=Allen |title=Vacuum energy and general relativity |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=1983 |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=5544 |authorlink=Bruce Allen (physicist) }} {{WebarchiveCite web |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=5544 |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2016-08-26 |archive-date=2016-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125092707/http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=5544 |datedead-url=2016-01-25unfit }}
* {{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Raphael |last=Bousso |title=Pair creation of black holes in cosmology |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=1997 |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=18697 |authorlink=Raphael Bousso }} {{WebarchiveCite web |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=18697 |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2016-08-26 |archive-date=2016-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125092707/http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=18697 |datedead-url=2016-01-25unfit }}
* {{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Bernard John |last=Carr |title=Primordial black holes |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=1976 |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=6798 |authorlink=Bernard Carr }} {{WebarchiveCite web |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=6798 |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2016-08-26 |archive-date=2016-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125092707/http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=6798 |datedead-url=2016-01-25unfit }}
* {{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Helen Fay |last=Dowker |title=Space-time wormholes |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=1991 |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=7858 |authorlink=Fay Dowker }} {{WebarchiveCite web |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=7858 |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2016-08-26 |archive-date=2016-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125092707/http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=7858 |datedead-url=2016-01-25unfit }}
* {{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Christophe Georges Gunnar Sven |last=Galfard |title=Black hole information & branes |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=2006 |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=28782 }} {{WebarchiveCite web |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=28782 |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2016-08-26 |archive-date=2016-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125092707/http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=28782 |datedead-url=2016-01-25unfit }}
* {{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Gary William |last=Gibbons |title=Some aspects of gravitational radiation and gravitational collapse |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=1973 |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=8671 |authorlink=Gary Gibbons }} {{WebarchiveCite web |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=8671 |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2016-08-26 |archive-date=2016-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125092707/http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=8671 |datedead-url=2016-01-25unfit }}
* {{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Thomas |last=Hertog |title=The origin of inflation |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=2002 |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=23554 }} {{WebarchiveCite web |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=23554 |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2016-08-26 |archive-date=2016-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125092707/http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=23554 |datedead-url=2016-01-25unfit }}
* {{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Raymond |last=Laflamme |title=Time and quantum cosmology |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=1988 |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=10575 |authorlink=Raymond Laflamme }} {{WebarchiveCite web |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=10575 |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2016-08-26 |archive-date=2016-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125092707/http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=10575 |datedead-url=2016-01-25unfit }}
* {{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Don Nelson |last=Page |title=Accretion into and emission from black holes |publisher=California Institute of Technology |year=1976 |url=http://thesis.library.caltech.edu/7179/ |authorlink=Don Page (physicist) }}
* {{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Malcolm John |last=Perry |title=Black holes and quantum mechanics |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=1978 |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=12538 }} {{WebarchiveCite web |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=12538 |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2016-08-26 |archive-date=2016-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125092707/http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=12538 |datedead-url=2016-01-25unfit }}
* {{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Michael Joseph |last=Cassdiy |title=Quantum field theory and acausal spacetimes |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=1998 |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=19814 }}
* {{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Howard Andrew |last=Chamblin |title=Aspects of topology in classical and quantum gravity |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=1997 |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=17808 }}
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* {{cite thesis |degree=Phd |first=Edward Paul Scott |last=Shellard |title=Quantum effects in the early universe |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=1987 |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=13693 }}
* {{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Stephen Theodare Chesmer |last=Siklos |title=Singularities, invariants and cosmology |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=1977 |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=13779 }}
* {{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=James Frank |last=Sparks |title=M-theory on spin(7) manifolds |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=2002 |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=5544 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125092707/http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=5544 |date=2016-01-25 }}
* {{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Marika Maxine |last=Taylor-Robinson |title=Problems in M theory |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=1998 |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=5544 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125092707/http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=5544 |date=2016-01-25 }}
* {{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Nicholas |last=Warner |title=Non-perturbative quantum gravity |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=1982 |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=15023 }}
* {{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Brian |last=Whitt |title=Gravity: a quantum theory? |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=1989 |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=15218 }}
* {{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Zhong Chao |last=Wu |title=Cosmological models and the inflationary universe |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=1984 |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=15549 }} {{WebarchiveCite web |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=15549 |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2016-08-26 |archive-date=2016-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125092707/http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=15549 |datedead-url=2016-01-25unfit }}
* {{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Alan Loddon |last=Yuille |title=Topics in Quantum Gravity. |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=1981 |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=15651 }}</ref> Sesuai peraturan Universitas Cambridge, Hawking pensiun sebagai Guru Besar Matematika Lucasian pada tahun 2009. Meski muncul dugaan bahwa ia berencana meninggalkan Britania Raya sebagai bentuk protes atas pemotongan anggaran penelitian ilmiah dasar,{{sfn|Ferguson|2011|pp=238–39}} Hawking bekerja sebagai direktur penelitian di Departemen Matematika Terapan dan Fisika Teoretis Universitas Cambridge.<ref name="tel2012" />
 
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Pada tahun 2006, Hawking mengajukan pertanyaan terbuka di Internet: "Di dunia yang mengalami kekacauan politik, sosial, dan lingkungan, bagaimana cara umat manusia bertahan hidup sampai 100 tahun berikutnya?" Ia kemudian mengklarifikasi: "Saya tidak tahu jawabannya. Itu sebabnya saya bertanya supaya masyarakat memikirkan hal ini dan sadar akan bahaya yang kita hadapi saat ini."<ref>{{cite news |title=The great man's answer to the question of human survival: Er, I don't know |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2006/aug/03/scientists.spaceexploration |publisher=[[The Guardian (UK)]]}}</ref>
 
Hawking khawatir bahwa kehidupan di Bumi terancam oleh [[perang nuklir]] mendadak, [[virus]] yang mengalami rekayasa genetik, [[pemanasan global]], dan ancaman lain yang belum kita ketahui.<ref name="nyt2007"/><ref name="telegraph planet Earth">{{cite news |title=Prof Stephen Hawking: disaster on planet Earth is a near certainty |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/12107623/Prof-Stephen-Hawking-disaster-on-planet-Earth-is-a-near-certainty.html |publisher=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref> Bencana berskala planet tidak akan memunahkanmemusnahkan manusia apabila manusia sudah mendirikan koloni di beberapa planet lain terlebih dahulu.<ref name="telegraph planet Earth"/> Hawking memandang bahwa penerbangan antariksa dan kolonisasi antariksa penting bagi masa depan manusia.<ref name=nyt2007/><ref name="Auto2J-31"/>
 
Hawking menyatakan bahwa karena alam semesta sangat luas, [[kehidupan ekstraterestrial|alien]] mungkin ada, tetapi manusia sebaiknya menghindari kontak dengan alien.<ref name="Auto2J-30"/><ref name="alien"/> Ia memperingatkan bahwa alien mungkin menguras sumber daya di Bumi. Pada tahun 2010, ia mengatakan, "apabila alien berkunjung ke sini, dampaknya kurang lebih seperti ketika Columbus mendarat di benua Amerika yang malah merugikan penduduk pribuminya."<ref name="alien"/>
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Dalam acara peluncuran versi DVD ''A Brief History of Time'', [[Leonard Nimoy]], pemeran [[Spock]] di ''[[Star Trek]]'', mengetahui bahwa Hawking ingin tampil di ''Star Trek''. Nimoy mengamininya dan Hawking pun muncul sebagai simulasi holografik dalam sebuah episode ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'' tahun 1993.{{sfn|Ferguson|2011|pp=177–78}}{{sfn|Larsen|2005|pp=93–94}}{{sfn|Okuda|Okuda|1999|p=380}} Pada tahun yang sama, suara sintetisnya direkam untuk disisipkan dalam lagu [[Pink Floyd]] berjudul "[[Keep Talking]]"{{sfn|Larsen|2005|pp=xiii, 94}}{{sfn|Ferguson|2011|p=178}} dan episode ''[[The Simpsons]]'' tahun 1999.{{sfn|Ferguson|2011|p=192}} Hawking tampil dalam film dokumenter ''The Real Stephen Hawking'' (2001),{{sfn|Ferguson|2011|p=196}} ''Stephen Hawking: Profile'' (2002) {{sfn|Ferguson|2011|p=221}} dan ''[[Hawking (film 2013)|Hawking]]'' (2013), dan seri dokumenter ''Stephen Hawking, Master of the Universe'' (2008).<ref name="Auto2J-26" /> Hawking juga menjadi bintang tamu di ''[[Futurama]]''<ref name="dt70" /> dan ''[[The Big Bang Theory]]''.<ref name="bbc-bbt" />
 
Hawking mengizinkan suara sintetisnya digunakan<ref name="Mialet_2012">{{cite book |last=Mialet |first=Hélène |title=Hawking Incorporated: Stephen Hawking and the Anthropology of the Knowing Subject |date=28 June 2012 |page=211 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sGCBQPZMyqIC&lpg=PA211&dq=%22stephen%20hawking%22%20(%22copyright%22%7C%22copyrighted%22%7C%22trademark%22%7C%22trademarked%22)%20(%22voice%22%7C%22synthesizer%22%7C%22synthesiser%22)&pg=PA211#v=onepage&q=%22stephen%20hawking%22%20(%22copyright%22%7C%22copyrighted%22%7C%22trademark%22%7C%22trademarked%22)%20(%22voice%22%7C%22synthesizer%22%7C%22synthesiser%22)&f=false |accessdate=12 July 2015|isbn=9780226522265 }}</ref><ref name="Edgar_2014">{{cite news |last=Edgar |first=James |title='Have you still got that American voice?' Queen asks Stephen Hawking |date=30 May 2014 |work=The Telegraph |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/queen-elizabeth-II/10866057/Have-you-still-got-that-American-voice-Queen-asks-Stephen-Hawking.html |accessdate=12 July 2015}}</ref> dalam film biografi ''[[The Theory of Everything (film 2014)|The Theory of Everything]]'' (2014). Dalam film itu, ia diperankan oleh [[Eddie Redmayne]] yang kelak dianugerahi Academy Award.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Setoodeh |first1=Ramin |title=How Eddie Redmayne Became Stephen Hawking in ‘The Theory of Everything' |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/eddie-redmayne-theory-of-everything-stephen-hawking-1201340498/ |website=Variety |accessdate=24 February 2015}}</ref> Hawking tampil di ''[[Monty Python Live (Mostly)]]'' tahun 2014. Dalam seri itu, ia menyanyikan [[Galaxy Song]] setelah menabrakkan kursi rodanya ke [[Brian Cox (fisikawan)|Brian Cox]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=McAfee|first1=Melonyce|title=Stephen Hawking sings Monty Python's 'Galaxy Song'|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/14/entertainment/feat-stephen-hawking-sings-galaxy-song/|accessdate=12 January 2017|work=CNN|date=14 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Grow|first1=Korry|title=Hear Stephen Hawking Sing Monty Python's 'Galaxy Song'|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/videos/hear-stephen-hawking-sing-monty-pythons-galaxy-song-20150414|accessdate=12 January 2017|work=Rolling Stone|date=14 April 2015|archive-date=2017-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113162206/http://www.rollingstone.com/movies/videos/hear-stephen-hawking-sing-monty-pythons-galaxy-song-20150414|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
 
Hawking memanfaatkan ketenarannya untuk mengiklankan sejumlah produk seperti kursi roda,{{sfn|Ferguson|2011|p=196}} [[NS&I|National Savings]],<ref name="Auto2J-38" /> [[British Telecom]], [[Specsavers]], [[Egg Banking]],<ref name="Auto2J-39" /> dan [[Go Compare]].<ref name="Auto2J-40" /> Pada tahun 2015, ia mengajukan permohonan [[merek dagang]] untuk namanya sendiri.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Buchanan |first1=Rose Troup |title=Professor Stephen Hawking to trademark name |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/professor-stephen-hawking-to-trademark-name-10142840.html |accessdate=2 April 2015 |work=[[The Independent]] |date=20 March 2015}}</ref>
 
Hawking menginspirasi penyanyi-penulis lagu Prancis [[Nolwenn Leroy]] untuk lagunya ''Stephen'', yang dirilis di albumnya tahun 2017 ''Gemme''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Stephen Hawking, un astrophysicien devenu icône de la culture populaire |url=https://www.europe1.fr/international/stephen-hawking-un-astrophysicien-devenu-icone-de-la-culture-populaire-3598826 |work=Europe1}}</ref>
 
== Penghargaan ==
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<ref name=hawkingphd>{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Stephen William |last=Hawking |title=Properties of Expanding Universes |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=1966 |url=https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.11283 |authorlink=Stephen Hawking |OCLC=62793673|doi=10.17863/CAM.11283}} {{EThOS|uk.bl.ethos.601153}} {{free access}}</ref>
 
<ref name="allenphd">{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Bruce |last=Allen |title=Vacuum energy and general relativity |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=1983 |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=5544 |authorlink=Bruce Allen (physicist) }} {{WebarchiveCite web |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=5544 |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2016-08-26 |archive-date=2016-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125092707/http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=5544 |datedead-url=2016-01-25unfit }}</ref>
 
<ref name="boussophd">{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Raphael |last=Bousso |title=Pair creation of black holes in cosmology |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=1997 |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=18697 |authorlink=Raphael Bousso }} {{WebarchiveCite web |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=18697 |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2016-08-26 |archive-date=2016-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125092707/http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=18697 |datedead-url=2016-01-25unfit }}</ref>
 
<ref name="carrphd">{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Bernard John |last=Carr |title=Primordial black holes |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=1976 |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=6798 |authorlink=Bernard Carr }} {{WebarchiveCite web |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=6798 |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2016-08-26 |archive-date=2016-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125092707/http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=6798 |datedead-url=2016-01-25unfit }}</ref>
 
<ref name="dowkerphd">{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Helen Fay |last=Dowker |title=Space-time wormholes |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=1991 |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=7858 |authorlink=Fay Dowker }} {{WebarchiveCite web |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=7858 |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2016-08-26 |archive-date=2016-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125092707/http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=7858 |datedead-url=2016-01-25unfit }}</ref>
 
<ref name="galfardphd">{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Christophe Georges Gunnar Sven |last=Galfard |title=Black hole information & branes |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=2006 |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=28782 }} {{WebarchiveCite web |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=28782 |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2016-08-26 |archive-date=2016-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125092707/http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=28782 |datedead-url=2016-01-25unfit }}</ref>
 
<ref name="gibbonsphd">{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Gary William |last=Gibbons |title=Some aspects of gravitational radiation and gravitational collapse |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=1973 |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=8671 |authorlink=Gary Gibbons }} {{WebarchiveCite web |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=8671 |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2016-08-26 |archive-date=2016-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125092707/http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=8671 |datedead-url=2016-01-25unfit }}</ref>
 
<ref name="hertogphd">{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Thomas |last=Hertog |title=The origin of inflation |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=2002 |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=23554 }} {{WebarchiveCite web |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=23554 |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2016-08-26 |archive-date=2016-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125092707/http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=23554 |datedead-url=2016-01-25unfit }}</ref>
 
<ref name="laflammephd">{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Raymond |last=Laflamme |title=Time and quantum cosmology |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=1988 |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=10575 |authorlink=Raymond Laflamme }} {{WebarchiveCite web |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=10575 |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2016-08-26 |archive-date=2016-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125092707/http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=10575 |datedead-url=2016-01-25unfit }}</ref>
 
<ref name="pagephd">{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Don Nelson |last=Page |title=Accretion into and emission from black holes |publisher=California Institute of Technology |year=1976 |url=http://thesis.library.caltech.edu/7179/ |authorlink=Don Page (physicist)}}</ref>
 
<ref name="perryphd">{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Malcolm John |last=Perry |title=Black holes and quantum mechanics |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=1978 |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=12538 }} {{WebarchiveCite web |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=12538 |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2016-08-26 |archive-date=2016-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125092707/http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=12538 |datedead-url=2016-01-25unfit }}</ref>
 
<ref name="wuphd">{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Zhongchao |last=Wu |title=Cosmological models and the inflationary universe |publisher=University of Cambridge |year=1984 |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=15549 }} {{WebarchiveCite web |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=15549 |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2016-08-26 |archive-date=2016-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125092707/http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=15549 |datedead-url=2016-01-25unfit }}</ref>
 
<ref name="royal">{{cite web |url=http://royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=show.tcl&dsqSearch=(RefNo==%27EC%2F1974%2F12%27) |title=Certificate of election: Hawking, Stephen, EC/1974/12 |publisher=The Royal Society |archivedate=4 February 2014 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6N82r0VCh?url=http://royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=show.tcl&dsqSearch=%28RefNo%3D%3D%27EC%2F1974%2F12%27%29 |location=London |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>
Baris 414 ⟶ 416:
<ref name="Auto2J-9">{{cite journal |last=Hawking |first=Stephen W. |year=1974 |title=Black hole explosions? |journal=Nature |volume=248 |issue=5443 |pages=30–31 |doi=10.1038/248030a0 |bibcode=1974Natur.248...30H}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Auto2J-10">{{cite journal |last=Hawking |first=Stephen W. |year=1975 |title=Particle creation by black holes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_communications-in-mathematical-physics_1975_43_3/page/199 |journal=[[Communications in Mathematical Physics]] |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=199–220 |doi=10.1007/BF02345020 |bibcode=1975CMaPh..43..199H}}</ref>
 
<ref name=black>{{cite book |first=Stephen|last=Hawking |title=Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NU9SoEwgdskC&pg=PT20 |year=1994 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-553-37411-7 |page=20}}</ref>
Baris 524 ⟶ 526:
<ref name="Auto2J-47">{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/cambridgeshire/content/articles/2007/04/18/hawking_building_feature.shtml |title=The Stephen Hawking Building |date=18 April 2007 |accessdate=24 February 2012 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Auto2J-48">{{cite press release |date= |title=Grand Opening of the Stephen Hawking Centre at Perimeter Institute |url=http://www.perimeterinstitute.ca/outreach/general-public/special-events/grand-opening-2011 |accessdate=6 June 2012 |publisher=Perimeter Institute }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.perimeterinstitute.ca/outreach/general-public/special-events/grand-opening-2011 |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2018-03-14 |archive-date=2012-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121229222647/http://www.perimeterinstitute.ca/outreach/general-public/special-events/grand-opening-2011 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Auto2J-49">{{cite web |url=http://www.cambridgenetwork.co.uk/news/time-to-unveil-corpus-clock/ |title=Time to unveil Corpus Clock |publisher=Cambridgenetwork.co.uk |date=22 September 2008 |accessdate=10 September 2015 |archive-date=2016-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125092708/http://www.cambridgenetwork.co.uk/news/time-to-unveil-corpus-clock/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
 
<ref name=tel2012>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/7528596/Professor-Stephen-Hawking-to-stay-at-Cambridge-University-beyond-2012.html |title=Professor Stephen Hawking to stay at Cambridge University beyond 2012 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=26 March 2010 |location=London |accessdate=9 February 2013}}</ref>
Baris 608 ⟶ 610:
* {{Britannica|257505}}
* {{C-SPAN|stephenhawking}}
* {{Worldcat id|lccn-n81-20731}}
* {{Guardian topic}}
* {{TED speaker}}