Varian SARS-CoV-2: Perbedaan antara revisi
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| Turunan dari 20A<ref name="nextstrain-amendation" />
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Varian SARS-CoV-2 dikelompokkan berdasarkan garis keturunan dan mutasi komponennya.<ref name="The biological and clinical signifi">{{cite journal |last1=Tao |first1=Kaiming |last2=Tzou |first2=Philip L. |last3=Nouhin |first3=Janin |last4=Gupta |first4=Ravindra K. |last5=de Oliveira |first5=Tulio |last6=Kosakovsky Pond |first6=Sergei L. |last7=Fera |first7=Daniela |last8=Shafer |first8=Robert W. |date=17 September 2021 |title=The biological and clinical significance of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants |journal=Nature Reviews Genetics |pp=1–17 |doi=10.1038/s41576-021-00408-x}}</ref> Namun, per Juli 2021, belum ada penamaan yang konsisten untuk varian-varian ini.<ref name="3.6">{{cite book |author=WHO Headquarters |date=8 Januari 2021 |title=SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequencing for public health goals: Interim guidance, 8 January 2021 |chapter=3.6 Considerations for virus naming and nomenclature |page=6 |publisher=Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-genomic_sequencing-2021.1 |access-date=2 Februari 2021}}</ref> Banyak organisasi, termasuk pemerintah dan surat kabar, merujuknya dengan tempat pertama kali varian itu ditemukan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statnews.com/2021/02/09/not-british-variant-call-it-b117/ |title=Don't call it the 'British variant.' Use the correct name: B.1.1.7 |date=9 Februari 2021 |website=STAT |access-date=12 Februari 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/why-the-who-won-t-call-it-the-u-k-variant-and-you-shouldn-t-either-1.5292441?cache=yes%3FclipId%3D1723871 |authors=Flanagan, R. |date=2 Februari 2021 |title=Why the WHO won't call it the 'U.K. variant', and you shouldn't either |website=CTV News |access-date=12 Februari 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
Setelah membahas berbulan-bulan, [[Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia]] (WHO) menetapkan nama-nama dari [[Alfabet Yunani|huruf Yunani]] untuk galur penting pada 31 Mei 2021<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/mvankerkhove/status/1399388129300205569 |title=Today, @WHO announces new, easy-to-say labels for #SARSCoV2 Variants of Concern (VOCs) & Interest (VOIs) |access-date=7 Juli 2021 |language=en}}</ref> agar tiap varian bisa dirujuk dengan mudah tanpa menimbulkan stigma.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statnews.com/2021/05/31/the-name-game-for-coronavirus-variants-just-got-a-little-easier/ |authors=Branswell, H. |date=31 Mai 2021 |title=The name game for coronavirus variants just got a little easier |work=Stat News |access-date=28 Juni 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/15-01-2021-statement-on-the-sixth-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-pandemic |author=Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia |date=15 Januari 2021 |title=Statement on the sixth meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic |access-date=18 Januari 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Keputusan ini juga menimbang kritikan dari negara-negara terhadap penggunaan nama negara untuk merujuk varian; WHO menyinggung potensi munculnya stigma akibat penggunaan nama negara.<ref>{{cite news |title=Covid: WHO renames UK and other variants with Greek letters |date=31 Mei 2021 |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-57308592 |access-date=7 Juli 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
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== Kriteria pencatatan ==
Pada umumnya, virus mengalami mutasi sepanjang waktu sehingga muncul varian-varian baru. Ketika varian baru tampak berkembang dalam suatu populasi, ia dapat ditandai sebagai "varian yang sedang muncul". Untuk kasus SARS-CoV-2, garis keturunan baru sering berbeda satu sama lain hanya pada beberapa nukleotida.<ref
Beberapa potensi dampak dari varian yang baru muncul adalah sebagai berikut:<ref name=":33" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://sciencespeaksblog.org/2021/02/02/covid-mega-variant-and-eight-criteria-for-a-template-to-assess-all-variants/ |author=IDSA Contributor |date=2 Februari 2021 |title=COVID "Mega-variant" and eight criteria for a template to assess all variants |website=Science Speaks: Global ID News |access-date=20 Februari 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref>
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=== Alpha (garis keturunan B.1.1.7) ===
{{utama|Varian Alpha SARS-CoV-2}}
[[Garis keturunan B.1.1.7]],<ref>{{cite report |author1=Rambaut, Andrew |author2=Loman, Nick |author3=Pybus, Oliver |author4=Barclay, Wendy |author5=Barrett, Jeff |author6=Carabelli, Alesandro |author7=Connor, Tom |author8=Peacock, Tom |author9=L. Robertson, David |author10=Vol, Erik |year=2020 |title=Preliminary genomic characterisation of an emergent SARS-CoV-2 lineage in the UK defined by a novel set of spike mutations |publisher=Written on behalf of COVID-19 Genomics Consortium UK |url=https://virological.org/t/preliminary-genomic-characterisation-of-an-emergent-sars-cov-2-lineage-in-the-uk-defined-by-a-novel-set-of-spike-mutations/563 |access-date=20 Desember 2020}}</ref> disebut juga 20I/501Y.V1 atau Variant of Concern 202012/01 (VOC-202012/01),<ref name="Chand2020">{{cite report |last1=Chand |first1=Meera |last2=Hopkins |first2=Susan |last3=Dabrera |first3=Gavin |last4=Achison |first4=Christina |last5=Barclay |first5=Wendy |last6=Ferguson |first6=Neil |last7=Volz |first7=Erik |last8=Loman |first8=Nick |last9=Rambaut |first9=Andrew |last10=Barrett |first10=Jeff |date=21 Desember 2020 |title=Investigation of novel SARS-COV-2 variant: Variant of Concern 202012/01 |publisher=[[Public Health England]] |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/947048/Technical_Briefing_VOC_SH_NJL2_SH2.pdf |access-date=23 Desember 2020}}</ref> sebelumnya dikenal sebagai Variant Under Investigation pertama pada Desember 2020 (VUI-202012/01), pertama kali terdeteksi pada Oktober 2020 selama [[pandemi Covid-19 di Britania Raya]] dari sampel yang diambil bulan sebelumnya.<ref name="CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/more/science-and-research/scientific-brief-emerging-variants.html |author=CDC |title=Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us |access-date=4 Januari 2021}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Sejak itu, prevalensinya menjadi dua kali lipat setiap 6,5 hari, perkiraan interval generasinya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://khub.net/documents/135939561/338928724/New+SARS-COV-2+variant+-+information+and+risk+assessment.pdf/b56d4591-0466-1a18-28dc-010e0fdeef53?t=1608569319930 |title=New evidence on VUI-202012/01 and review of the public health risk assessment |date=15 Desember 2020 |website=khub.net |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G3CT9N89L-c&t=9399 |title=COG-UK Showcase Event - YouTube |publisher=YouTube |access-date=25 Desember 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Varian ini berkorelasi dengan peningkatan yang signifikan pada tingkat infeksi Covid-19 di Britania Raya. Peningkatan ini diperkirakan setidaknya sebagian karena mutasi [[#N501Y|N501Y]]. Pada tanggal 2 Maret 2021, [[Pandemi Covid-19 di Indonesia|Indonesia]] melaporkan kasus pertamanya untuk varian ini.<ref>{{
=== Beta (garis keturunan B.1.351) ===
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=== Delta (garis Keturunan B.1.617.2) ===
{{utama|Varian Delta SARS-CoV-2}}
'''Varian Delta SARS-CoV-2''', juga dikenal sebagai '''B.1.617.2''',{{efn|Nama lainnya meliputi:<br />– '''G/452R.V3'''<ref>{{cite web |title=COVID-19 Weekly Epidemiological Update (2 May 2021) |url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/20210504_Weekly_Epi_Update_38.pdf |website=reliefweb.int |publisher=Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia |access-date=6 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref><br />– '''varian India'''}} adalah sebuah
Varian ini bertanggung jawab terhadap sebagian peningkatan kasus pada [[Pandemi Covid-19 di India|gelombang kedua pandemi di India]] yang dimulai sejak Februari 2021.<ref name=":0">[https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/11/india-covid-explainer-what-we-know-about-the-bpoint1point617-variant.html WHO labels a Covid strain in India as a ‘variant of concern’ — here’s what we know], CNBC, 11 May 2021.</ref><ref name=":1">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-57067190 WHO says India Covid variant of 'global concern'], BBC News, 11 May 2021.</ref><ref>[https://science.thewire.in/health/covid-19-the-second-wave-may-not-be-the-last-but-which-one-will-be/ India’s second COVID-19 wave], The Wire Science, 22 April 2021.</ref>
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=== N439K ===
{{utama|N439K}}
Mutasi [[N439K]] berarti perubahan dari [[asparagina]] (N) menjadi [[lisina]] (K) pada posisi [[asam amino]] 439.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mercatelli |first1=Daniele |last2=Triboli |first2=Luca |last3=Fornasari |first3=Eleonora |last4=Ray |first4=Forest |last5=Giorgi |first5=Federico M. |date=18 November 2020 |title=Coronapp: A web application to annotate and monitor SARS‐CoV‐2 mutations |journal=Journal of Medical Virology |doi=10.1002/jmv.26678 |doi-access=free |language=en |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jmv.26678}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Wenyang |last2=Xu |first2=Chang |last3=Wang |first3=Pingping |last4=Luo |first4=Meng |last5=Xu |first5=Zhaochun |last6=Cheng |first6=Rui |last7=Jin |first7=Xiyun |last8=Guo |first8=Yu |last9=Xue |first9=Guangfu |last10=Juan |first10=Liran |last11=Nie |first11=Huan |last12=Jiang |first12=Qinghua |date=23 November 2020 |title=N439K variant in spike protein may alter the infection efficiency and antigenicity of SARS-CoV-2 based on molecular dynamics simulation |publisher=bioRxiv |doi=10.1101/2020.11.21.392407 |language=en}}</ref> Mutasi ini diyakini pertama kali ditemukan pada musim semi tahun 2020 di [[Skotlandia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/20/scientists-on-lookout-for-covid-mutations-which-cause-treatments-to-lose-potency |title=Hunt on for future Covid mutations that cause treatments to lose potency |date=20 Oktober 2020 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en |access-date=23 Desember 2020}}</ref> Mutasi ini menghilang selama [[pembatasan sosial]] di negara tersebut. Namun, mutasi ini ditemukan pula di [[Rumania]], [[Norwegia]], [[Swiss]], [[Republik Irlandia|Irlandia]], [[Belgia]], [[Jerman]], dan [[Britania Raya]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/20/scientists-on-lookout-for-covid-mutations-which-cause-treatments-to-lose-potency |editor=Ian Sample |date=20 Oktober 2020 |title=Hunt on for future Covid mutations that cause treatments to lose potency |work=[[The Guardian]] |issn=0261-3077 |language=en |access-date=23 Desember 2020}}</ref> Mutasi ini telah masuk ke [[Indonesia]] sejak bulan November 2020.<ref>{{
=== E484K ===
{{utama|E484K}}
Mutasi [[E484K]] berarti perubahan dari [[asam glutamat]] (E) menjadi [[lisina]] (K) pada posisi [[asam amino]] 484.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Mutations-of-SARS-CoV-2-are-Causing-Concern.aspx |last=Greenwood |first=Michael |date=15 Januari 2021 |title="What Mutations of SARS-CoV-2 are Causing Concern?" |website=News Medical Lifesciences |access-date=16 Januari 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Mutasi ini dilaporkan termasuk mutasi kabur, yaitu mutasi yang memudahkan virus untuk kabur dari [[Sistem imun|sistem kekebalan tubuh]] inangnya,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://i-base.info/escape-mutation/ |title=escape mutation |date=11 Oktober 2012 |publisher=[[HIV i-Base]] |access-date=19 Februari 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Wise |first=Jacqui |date=5 Februari 2021 |title=Covid-19: The E484K mutation and the risks it poses |journal=[[The BMJ]] |volume=372 |page=n359 |issn=1756-1833 |s2cid=231821685 |doi=10.1136/bmj.n359 |doi-access=free |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/372/bmj.n359}}</ref> dari setidaknya satu bentuk [[antibodi monoklonal]] terhadap SARS-CoV-2.<ref name="NIIDJan2021">{{cite press release |author=<!--(tidak ada)--> |date=12 Januari 2021 |title=Brief report: New Variant Strain of SARS-CoV-2 Identified in Travelers from Brazil |location=Jepang |publisher=NIID (National Institute of Infectious Diseases) |url=https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/images/epi/corona/covid19-33-en-210112.pdf |access-date=14 Januari 2021}}</ref> Mutasi E484K ada dalam varian garis keturunan P.1 ([[Jepang]] dan [[Manaus]]),<ref name="virological2021">{{cite web |url=https://virological.org/t/genomic-characterisation-of-an-emergent-sars-cov-2-lineage-in-manaus-preliminary-findings/586 |title=Genomic characterisation of an emergent SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus: preliminary findings |date=12 Januari 2021 |website=Virological |language=en |access-date=23 Januari 2021}}</ref> garis keturunan P.2 ([[Brazil]], juga dikenal dengan B.1.1.248),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Voloch |first1=Carolina M. |last2=F |first2=Ronaldo da Silva |last3=Almeida |first3=Luiz G. P. de |last4=Cardoso |first4=Cynthia C. |last5=Brustolini |first5=Otavio J. |last6=Gerber |first6=Alexandra L. |last7=Guimarães |first7=Ana Paula de C. |last8=Mariani |first8=Diana |last9=Costa |first9=Raissa Mirella da |last10=Ferreira |first10=Orlando C. |last11=Workgroup |first11=Covid19-UFRJ |date=26 Desember 2020 |title=Genomic characterization of a novel SARS-CoV-2 lineage from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |journal=Le Phare de l'Esperanto |via=MedRxiv |language=en |issn=2024-8598 |s2cid=229379623 |doi=10.1101/2020.12.23.20248598 |url=https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.23.20248598v1}}</ref> dan varian 501.V2 ([[Afrika Selatan]]).<ref name="NIIDJan2021" /> Mutasi ini telah masuk ke Indonesia sejak bulan Februari 2021.<ref>{{
=== N501Y ===
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<ref name="phe-voc">{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/covid-19-variants-genomically-confirmed-case-numbers/variants-distribution-of-cases-data |title=Variants: distribution of cases data |website=Public Health England |publisher=Government Digital Service |access-date=16 Februari 2021 |language=en}} Diperbarui berkala. Data hingga 19 Mei 2021 dimasukkan ke dalam pembaruan 2 Juli 2021.</ref>
<ref name="aci-variants">{{cite web |url=https://aci.health.nsw.gov.au/covid-19/critical-intelligence-unit/sars-cov-2-variants |title=Living Evidence – SARS-CoV-2 variants |date=23 Juli 2021 |website=nsw.gov.au |publisher=Kementerian Kesehatan (New South Wales) |department=Agency for Clinical Innovation |access-date=22 Maret 2021 |language=en}} Diperbarui berkala.</ref>
<ref name="ecdc-variants">{{cite web |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/variants-concern |title=SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern |website=ECDC.eu |publisher=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control |access-date=12 Mei 2021 |language=en |archive-date=2021-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616103810/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/variants-concern |dead-url=yes }} Diperbarui berkala</ref>
<ref name="who-update-latest-impacts">{{cite techreport |title=Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19 - 20 July 2021 |date=20 Juli 2021 |type=Situation report |institution=Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia |url=https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---20-july-2021 |access-date=24 Juli 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="who-update-22june">{{cite techreport |title=Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19 - 22 June 2021 |date=22 Juni 2021 |type=Situation report |institution=Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia |url=https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---22-june-2021 |access-date=26 Juni 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
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