Kampanye Anti-Golongan Kanan: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Kampanye Anti-Golongan Kanan''' ({{lang-zh|s=反右运动|t=反右運動|p=Fǎnyòu Yùndòng}}) di [[Republik Rakyat Tiongkok]], yang berlangsung dari 1957 sampai sekitar 1959, adalah sebuah kampanye politik untuk menyingkirkan para terduga "[[golongan kanan]]" dalam [[Partai Komunis Tiongkok]] (PKT) dan di luar itu.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2014-12-07|title=The Anti-Rightist Movement and Its Ideological and Theoretical Consequences|journal=Chinese Law & Government|volume=29|issue=4|pages=36–45|language=en|doi=10.2753/CLG0009-4609290436}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Sun|first=Warren|date=2011-07-01|title=Chinese Anti-Rightist Campaign (1957-) (CD-ROM). Editorial Board of the Chinese Anti-Rightist Campaign CD-ROM Database|journal=The China Journal|volume=66|pages=169–172|doi=10.1086/tcj.66.41262814|issn=1324-9347}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sha|first=Shangzhi|date=|title=从反右运动看中国特色的政治斗争|url=http://www.yhcqw.com/36/8945.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125014337/http://www.yhcqw.com/36/8945.html|archive-date=2020-11-25|access-date=2020-07-18|website=[[Yanhuang Chunqiu]]}}</ref> Kampanye tersebut diluncurkan oleh [[Mao Zedong]], namun [[Deng Xiaoping]] dan [[Peng Zhen]] juga memainkan peran penting.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Chung|first=Yen-lin|date=2011|title=The Witch-Hunting Vanguard: The Central Secretariat's Roles and Activities in the Anti-Rightist Campaign|journal=The China Quarterly|volume=206|issue=206|pages=391–411|doi=10.1017/S0305741011000324|jstor=41305225|s2cid=153991512|issn=0305-7410}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Ning|date=2020-04-28|title=Victims and Perpetrators: Campaign Culture in the Chinese Communist Party's Anti-Rightist Campaign|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/754167|journal=Twentieth-Century China|language=en|volume=45|issue=2|pages=188–208|doi=10.1353/tcc.2020.0019|issn=1940-5065}}</ref> Kampanye Anti-Golongan Kanan secara signifikan merusak demokrasi di Tiongkok dan mengubah negara tersebut menjadi [[negara satu partai]] ''de facto''.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last1=King|first1=Gilbert|title=The Silence that Preceded China's Great Leap into Famine|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-silence-that-preceded-chinas-great-leap-into-famine-51898077/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014232813/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-silence-that-preceded-chinas-great-leap-into-famine-51898077/|archive-date=2019-10-14|access-date=2019-11-28|website=Smithsonian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2005|title=PETITIONING FOR REDRESS OVER THE ANTI-RIGHTIST CAMPAIGN|url=https://www.hrichina.org/sites/default/files/PDFs/CRF.2.2007/CRF-2007-2_Petitioning.pdf|website=Human Rights in China}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Liu|first=Zheng|date=2004-07-15|title=反右运动对人民代表大会建设和工作的损害|url=http://www.people.com.cn/GB/14576/28320/35193/35204/2641764.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609214209/http://www.people.com.cn/GB/14576/28320/35193/35204/2641764.html|archive-date=2020-06-09|access-date=2020-07-18|website=[[People's Daily|Renmin Wang]]|language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Du|first=Guang|date=2007|title="反右"运动与民主革命——纪念"反右"运动五十周年|url=https://www.modernchinastudies.org/us/issues/past-issues/97-mcs-2007-issue-3/1015-2012-01-05-15-35-22.html|access-date=2020-07-18|website=Modern China Studies|language=zh}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=Mu|first=Guangren|date=|title=反右运动的六个断面|url=http://www.yhcqw.com/31/8067.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124093045/http://www.yhcqw.com/31/8067.html|archive-date=2020-11-24|access-date=2020-07-18|website=[[Yanhuang Chunqiu]]}}</ref>
Definisi golongan kanan tidaklah selalu konsisten, terkadang meliputi kritikus [[politik sayap kanan|golongan kiri]] pemerintah, meskipun secara resmi merujuk kepada para intelektual yang tampak menyukai [[kaputalisme]], atau menentang pemerintahan satu partai serta [[kolektivisasi]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Vidal|first1=Christine|date=2016|title=The 1957-1958 Anti-Rightist Campaign in China: History and Memory (1978-2014)|url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01306892/document|url-status=live|journal=Hal-SHS|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128050256/https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01306892/document|archive-date=2019-11-28|access-date=2019-11-28}}</ref> Menurut statistik resmi Tiongkok pada periode "[[Boluan Fanzheng]]", kampanye tersebut mengakibatkan penindasan politik terhadap 550.000 orang.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name="silence">{{cite web|title=Uneasy silences punctuate 60th anniversary coverage|url=http://cmp.hku.hk/2009/09/10/1740/|publisher=China Media Project|access-date=2009-09-30|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611085558/http://cmp.hku.hk/2009/09/10/1740/|archive-date=2010-06-11}}</ref> Para peneliti memperkirakan bahwa jumlah korban sebenarnya adalah antara 1 dan 2 juta atau bahkan lebih tinggi.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Wu|first=Weiguang|date=2007|title=中共"八大"与"反右"运动|url=https://www.modernchinastudies.org/us/issues/past-issues/97-mcs-2007-issue-3/1013-2012-01-05-15-35-22.html|access-date=2020-07-18|website=Modern China Studies}}</ref> Deng Xiaoping menyatakan bahwa terdapat kesalahan pada Kampanye Anti-Golongan Kanan, dan kebanyakan korban menerima rehabiltiasi sejak 1959.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Qi|first=Yiming|date=2014-05-06|title=邓小平对"大跃进"的理解和认识--邓小平纪念网|url=http://cpc.people.com.cn/n/2014/0506/c69113-24980847.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-07-18|website=[[People's Daily|Renmin Wang]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2009-05-11|title=1957年反右运动|url=http://www.hrhl.pku.edu.cn/rqal/zgrqal/9874.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718072601/http://www.hrhl.pku.edu.cn/rqal/zgrqal/9874.htm|archive-date=2020-07-18|access-date=2020-07-18|website=[[Universitas Peking]]|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
==Referensi==
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