Internet Defense League: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Internet Defense League''' (IDL) adalah organisasi dan jaringan yang diluncurkan pada Maret 2012 yang bertujuan untuk mengorganisir protes dan tanggapan lain terhadap ancaman yang dirasakan terhadap [[Internet freedom|kebebasan Internet]] dan [[Netralitas net|Internet terbuka]].<ref name=":32">{{Cite news|date=4 Juli 2013|title=Internet sites join July 4 protest against U.S. surveillance|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-security-internet-protest/internet-sites-join-july-4-protest-against-u-s-surveillance-idUKL2N0FA0Q120130704|author=Reuters Staff|publisher=[[Reuters]]|access-date=7 Desember 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite journal|last=Swift|first=Jeffrey|date=2013|title=Resisting the Robust: the Internet Defense League and the Potential of Networked Kairos|url=https://currents.dwrl.utexas.edu/2013/resisting-the-robust-the-internet-defense-league-and-the-potential-of-networked-kairos.html|journal=Currents in Electronic Literacy|publisher=Digital Writing and Research Lab, [[Universitas Texas di Austin]]|issn=1524-6493|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Albanesius|first=Chloe|date=28 Mei 2012|title=Internet Defense League Crafts 'Bat Signal' for the Web|url=https://uk.pcmag.com/internet-3/63446/internet-defense-league-crafts-bat-signal-for-the-web|work=[[PC Magazine]]|access-date=7 Desember 2021|language=en}}</ref> IDL dibentuk menyusul [[Protes SOPA dan PIPA|protes terhadap SOPA dan PIPA]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Szaniszlo|first=Marie|date=5 Juli 2013|title=NSA’s surveillance program blasted by Hub demonstrators|url=https://www.bostonherald.com/2013/07/05/nsas-surveillance-program-blasted-by-hub-demonstrators/|work=The Boston Herald|access-date=7 Desember 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":43">{{Cite news|last=Zetter|first=Kim|title=Kapow! The Net Gets a Bat Signal for Fighting Government and Hollywood Bad Guys|url=https://www.wired.com/2012/07/internet-defense-league/|date=17 Juli 2012|work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|language=en-US|issn=1059-1028|access-date=7 Desember 2021}}</ref> Pada 2013, IDL memiliki 30.000 anggota<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gross|first=Grant|date=2 July 2013|title=Civil rights groups plan July 4 protest against NSA surveillance|url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/2706449/civil-rights-groups-plan-july-4-protest-against-nsa-surveillance.html|work=Computerworld|access-date=7 Desember 2021}}</ref> yang terdiri dari organisasi, situs web dan individu.<ref name=":64">{{Cite news|last=Seidman|first=Andrew|date=19 Juli 2012|title=Internet Coalition Vows to Stave Off Regulation|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-WB-35260|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=7 Desember 2021|language=en}}</ref>

Situs IDL dibuat oleh [[organisasi nirlaba]] Fight for the Future, sebuah kelompok yang dikenal karena turut ambil bagian dalam protes anti-SOPA tahun 2011<ref name=":83">{{Cite web|last=Netburn|first=Deborah|date=26 Mei 2012|title=Internet Defense League introduces 'cat signal' for websites|url=http://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-internet-defense-league-bat-signal-20120525,0,6915426.story|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=7 Desember 2021|language=en}}</ref> dan merupakan gagasan salah satu pendiri [[Reddit]], [[Alexis Ohanian]].<ref name=":22">{{Cite news|last=Kircher|first=Madison Malone|date=29 Desember 2016|title=Okay, But Who Is Alexis Ohanian?|url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2016/12/who-is-alexis-ohanian.html|work=New York Magazine|access-date=7 Desember 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Glenn|first=Devon|date=25 Mei 2012|title=Reddit Founder Forms Internet Defense League to Fight for Internet Freedom, Comic Book-Style|url=https://www.adweek.com/performance-marketing/reddit-founder-forms-internet-defense-league-to-fight-for-internet-freedom-comic-book-style/|work=Adweek|access-date=7 Desember 2021|language=en}}</ref> IDL secara resmi diluncurkan pada 19 Juli 2012,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Silbert|first=Sarah|date=19 Juli 2012|title=Internet Defense League forms with support of EFF and Mozilla, bills self as 'bat signal' of the web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2012-07-19-internet-defense-league-forms-bat-signal-web.html?guccounter=1|work=[[Engadget]]|access-date=7 Desember 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=20 Juli 2012|title=Internetin puolustusliiga luottaa kissasignaaliin|trans-title=The Internet Defense League relies on the cat signal|url=https://www.is.fi/digitoday/tietoturva/art-2000001761560.html|work=Ilta-Sanomat|language=fi|access-date=7 Desember 2021}}</ref> dengan mengadakan acara peluncuran di kota [[San Francisco]], [[Kota New York]], [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], [[London]] dan [[Ulan Bator]].<ref name=":13">{{Cite news|last=Meyer|first=David|date=19 Juli 2012|title=Hello kitty: Internet Defense League assembles to fight copyright lobby|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/hello-kitty-internet-defense-league-assembles-to-fight-copyright-lobby/|work=[[ZDNet]]|access-date=7 Desember 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Ngak|first=Chenda|date=19 Juli 2012|title=Internet Defense League launches as policy watchdogs|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/internet-defense-league-launches-as-policy-watchdogs/|work=[[CBS News]]|access-date=7 Desember 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":64" />

IDL mendapatkan dukungan awal dari [[Mozilla Foundation]], [[WordPress]], [[Reddit]], The Cheezburger Network, Electronic Frontier Foundation,<ref name=":64" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Greenberg|first=Andy|date=25 Mei 2012|title=Reddit's Alexis Ohanian And Activists Aim To Build A 'Bat-Signal For The Internet'|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2012/05/25/reddit-founder-and-activists-aim-to-build-a-bat-signal-for-the-internet/|website=[[Forbes]]|access-date=7 Desember 2012|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Tsukayama|first=Hayley|date=19 Juli 2012|title=Internet Defense League starts initiative today|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/internet-defense-league-starts-initiative-today/2012/07/19/gJQAdsD2vW_story.html|work=[[The Washington Post]]|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|access-date=7 Desember 2021}}</ref> Public Knowledge,<ref name=":43" /> OpenCongress,<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|last=Burt|first=Jeff|date=19 Juli 2012|title=Internet Defense League Launches to Combat Threats to Web|url=https://www.eweek.com/security/internet-defense-league-launches-to-combat-threats-to-web/|work=eWeek|access-date=7 Desember 2021|language=en}}</ref> Grooveshark,<ref name=":13" /> [[Imgur]],<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sasso|first=Brendan|date=18 Juli 2012|title=Reddit, Mozilla, Rep. Issa to launch 'Internet Defense League'|url=https://thehill.com/policy/technology/238719-reddit-mozzilla-rep-issa-to-launch-internet-defense-league|work=The Hill|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517162450/https://thehill.com/policy/technology/238719-reddit-mozzilla-rep-issa-to-launch-internet-defense-league|archive-date=17 Mei 2017|access-date=7 Desember 2021|url-status=dead|language=en}}</ref> Fark, Tor Project,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Brodkin|first=Jon|date=19 Juli 2012|title=Internet Defense League creates “cat signal” to save Web from next SOPA|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/07/internet-defense-league-creates-cat-signal-to-save-web-from-next-sopa/|work=[[Ars Technica]]|access-date=7 Desember 2021|language=en}}</ref> La Quadrature du Net<ref name=":72">{{Cite news|last=Kühl|first=Von Eike|date=20 Juli 2012|title=Internet Defense League: Die Liga der Netzaktivisten|trans-title=Internet Defense League: The League of Net Activists|url=https://www.zeit.de/digital/internet/2012-07/internet-defense-league-aktivisten|work=Die Zeit|language=de|access-date=7 Desember 2021}}</ref> dan Center for Democracy and Technology.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Cringely|first=Robert X.|date=20 Juli 2012|title=It's a bird, it's a plane -- it's the Internet Defense League|url=https://www.infoworld.com/article/2617880/it-s-a-bird--it-s-a-plane----it-s-the-internet-defense-league.html|work=InfoWorld|access-date=7 Desember 2021}}</ref> Sementara [[Wikipedia]] mempertimbangkan untuk bergabung dengan IDL.<ref name=":83" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Bishop|first=Bryan|date=26 Mei 2012|title=The Internet Defense League will let anyone with a web presence become a digital activist|url=https://www.theverge.com/2012/5/26/3045238/internet-defense-league-web-presence-protest|work=[[The Verge]]|access-date=7 Desember 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=27 Mei 2012|title=Internet Defense League Web-Streikgemeinschaft will das Internet beschützen|url=https://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/netzpolitik/internet-defense-league-a-835511.html|work=[[Der Spiegel]]|language=de|access-date=7 Desember 2021}}</ref> Ketika diluncurkan, IDL juga menerima dukungan dari anggota [[Kongres Amerika Serikat|Kongres AS]], termasuk [[Darrell Issa]], Ron Wyden dan Jerry Moran.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kamen|first=Jess|date=19 Juli 2012|title=Internet Defense League launches|url=https://www.politico.com/tipsheets/morning-tech/2012/07/us-lags-on-r-d-tax-credit-its-data-day-at-the-fcc-bpc-releases-cyber-report-internet-defense-league-launches-franken-chewing-and-mulling-on-facial-recognition-008860|work=[[Politico]]|access-date=7 Desember 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Cheredar|first=Tom|date=19 Juli 2012|title=Step aside Batman, Internet Defense League to light up the sky with ‘Cat Signals’|url=https://venturebeat.com/2012/07/19/internet-defense-league-cat-signal/|work=VentureBeat|access-date=7 Desember 2021|language=en}}</ref>

Pada 2013, IDL secara aktif mengorganisir dan menentang [[''CISPA]]'', yakni Undang-undang Berbagi dan Perlindungan Intelijen Siber yang memungkinkan [[Pemerintah Amerika Serikat]] berbagi informasi mengenai lalu lintas internet dengan perusahaan manufaktur dan penyedia teknologi.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Burt|first=Jeff|date=29 Mei 2012|title=Internet Defense League Ready to Battle CISPA, Other Internet Threats|url=https://www.eweek.com/security/internet-defense-league-ready-to-battle-cispa-other-internet-threats/|work=eWeek|access-date=7 Desember 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Collier|first=Kevin|date=19 Maret 2013|title=Internet Defense League issues call to code against CISPA|url=https://www.dailydot.com/unclick/internet-defense-league-reddit-cispa/|work=The Daily Dot|access-date=7 Desember 2021|language=en}}</ref> Lebih dari tiga puluh ribu situs web bergabung atas seruan tersebut untuk menentangnya.<ref name=":52" /> Setelah kematian [[Aaron Swartz]], seorang aktivis internet, penulis dan pemrogram, mereka juga mendukung reformasi atas [["Undang-Undang Penipuan dan Penyalahgunaan Komputer]]" di Amerika Serikat.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kelly|first=Meghan|date=8 April 2013|title=Advocacy groups call for ‘week of action’ to change the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act|url=https://venturebeat.com/2013/04/08/cfaa-reform-week/|work=VentureBeat|access-date=7 Desember 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=McCullagh|first=Declan|date=2 April 2013|title='Aaron's Law' rewrite backfires, reformers now on defensive|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/aarons-law-rewrite-backfires-reformers-now-on-defensive/|work=[[CNET]]|access-date=7 Desember 2021|language=en}}</ref>

Pada Juli 2013, IDL mengorganisir kampanye "Restore the Fourth", yang mengacu kepada [[Amendemen Keempat Konstitusi Amerika Serikat|amandemen keempat Konstitusi AS]], untuk memprotes [[Pengawasan|pengawasan pemerintah]].<ref name=":32" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Koetsier|first=John|date=4 Juli 2013|title=‘Restore The 4th’ galvanizes over 100 nationwide protests against NSA, PRISM, and government spying|url=https://venturebeat.com/2013/07/04/restore-the-4th-galvanizes-over-100-nation-wide-protests-against-nsa-prism-and-government-spying/|work=VentureBeat|access-date=7 Desember 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=van Lier|first=Heleen|date=4 Juli 2013|title=Duizenden websites doen mee aan protest tegen 'schaamteloze spionage' NSA|url=https://www.ad.nl/buitenland/duizenden-websites-doen-mee-aan-protest-tegen-schaamteloze-spionage-nsa~a8eb6fd0/|work=Algemeen Dagblad|language=nl|access-date=7 Desember 2021}}</ref> Ribuan situs web turut serta dalam kampanye tersebut.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Youngman|first=Maura|date=10 Juli 2013|others=[[Harvard University]]|title=‘Restore the Fourth’ Rallies Aim to Curb Digital Surveillance|url=https://blogs.harvard.edu/internetmonitor/2013/07/10/restore-the-fourth-rallies-aim-to-curb-digital-surveillance/|work=Internet Monitor|publisher=Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society|access-date=7 Desember 2021|language=en}}</ref> Mereka menyerukan agar undang-undang yang mengatur tentang pengawasan diubah dan bagi pengguna Internet untuk menghubungi anggota Kongres AS agar menyelidiki program pengawasan yang dibuat [[Badan Keamanan Nasional|NSA.]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dave|first=Paresh|date=3 Juli 2013|title=Protests against secret NSA tactics to light up Web July 4|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-restore-the-fourth-nsa-july-4-20130703-story.html|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=7 Desember 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Tsukayama|first=Hayley|date=3 Juli 2013|title=Groups, prominent Web sites to protest NSA programs on July 4th|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/groups-prominent-web-sites-to-protest-nsa-programs-on-july-4th/2013/07/03/503b62b4-e336-11e2-a11e-c2ea876a8f30_story.html|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=7 Desember 2021|language=en}}</ref> Mereka juga menyerukan agar situs web untuk mempublikasikan teks lengkap dari amandemen keempat.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Goodale|first=Gloria|date=4 Juli 2013|title=July 4 protests target NSA surveillance as Fourth Amendment violations|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2013/0704/July-4-protests-target-NSA-surveillance-as-Fourth-Amendment-violations|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=7 Desember 2021|language=en}}</ref> Pada 2015, IDL kembali melakukan protes terhadap pengawasan NSA.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Yuhas|first=Alan|date=29 May 2015|title=More than 10,000 websites 'blackout' Congress in protest of NSA surveillance laws|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/may/29/congress-nsa-website-block-patriot-act|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=7 Desember 2021|language=en}}</ref>

Menurut salah satu pendiri Fight for the Future, Tiffiniy Cheng, tujuan situs IDL adalah untuk mendaftarkan ribuan situs web, mulai dari organisasi besar hingga ke tingkat bloger yang dapat dimobilisasi dengan cepat jika diperlukan untuk memprotes undang-undang anti-pembajakan di masa yang akan datang. Mereka menggunakan simbol "sinyal kucing", yang terinspirasi oleh ''Bat-Signal'', semacam lampu atau senter dengan simbol yang diarahkan ke udara atau bangunan.<ref>{{citeCite webnews|url=https://www.merdeka.com/teknologi/tiru-metode-batman-internet-defense-league-luncurkan-cat-signal.html|title=Tiru metode Batman, Internet Defense League luncurkan cat signal|date=21 Juli 2012|last=Adnamazida|first=Rizqi|work=[[Merdeka.com]]|access-date=7 Desember 2021|editor-last=Adnamazida|editor-first=Rizqi|language=id}}</ref> Berbicara kepada CNN tentang mengapa mereka memilih kucing sebagai simbol mereka, Cheng mengatakan, "Terdapat suatu teori akademis... yang berbicara tentang jika Anda melarang kemampuan orang untuk berbagi foto kucing, mereka akan mulai memprotes secara massal."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sutter|first=John D.|date=29 Mei 2012|title=A 'bat signal' to defend the open Internet|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/05/29/tech/web/internet-defense-league/index.html|website=[[CNN]]|access-date=7 Desember 2021|language=en}}</ref> [[Sinyal digital]] ditambahkan ke situs-situs web yang mendukung IDL sebagai ''widget web'', semacam kode atau fitur untuk dipasang di bagian-bagian tertentu sebuah situs web,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wordpress.com/support/widgets/internet-defense-league-widget/|title=Widgets » Internet Defense League Widget|website=WordPress|access-date=7 Desember 2021|language=en|archive-date=2021-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209195324/https://wordpress.com/support/widgets/internet-defense-league-widget/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> agar menarik perhatian ketika suatu kampaye protes yang didukung IDL tengah berlangsung.<ref name=":72" /> Slogan situs adalah "''Make sure the Internet never loses. Ever''."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Scola|first=Nancy|date=25 July 2012|title=Congressman Darrell Issa's Call to the Internet's Right Side|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/congressman-darrell-issas-call-to-the-internets-right-side/260132/|work=[[The Atlantic]]|access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=":22" />