Krisis kepresidenan Venezuela: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Update|date=Februari 2022}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
|title=Krisis Presidensial Venezuela 2019
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Unjuk rasa massa di seluruh Venezuela dan dunia terjadi pada 23 Januari ketika Guaido meminta rakyat Venezuela untuk berdemonstrasi menentang Maduro.<ref name="BBCProt">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-46979531|title=Protestas en Venezuela: miles de personas participan en manifestaciones masivas contra el gobierno de Maduro|date=23 January 2019|work=BBC News Mundo|access-date=30 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="MarchasMasivas">{{Cite news|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/venezuela/2019/01/24/las-50-fotos-de-las-masivas-marchas-contra-la-dictadura-de-nicolas-maduro-en-venezuela-y-latinoamerica/|title=Las 50 fotos de las masivas marchas contra la dictadura de Nicolás Maduro en Venezuela y Latinoamérica|date=24 January 2019|work=Infobae|access-date=30 January 2019}}</ref> Sebuah demonstrasi untuk mendukung [[Revolusi Bolivarian]] dan mendukung pemerintah juga terjadi.<ref name="DefiantMaduro">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/23/americas/venezuela-protests/index.html|title=Maduro defiant as Venezuelan opposition leader declares himself acting president|last=Sanchez, Ray and Nicole Chavez|date=23 January 2019|work=CNN|access-date=30 January 2019}}</ref> Demonstrasi massal tersebut berlangsung hingga 30 Januari.<ref name="BBCProtestsRage">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p06zjwkf|title=Trump backs Venezuela’s Guaido as demonstrations rage across the country|date=30 January 2019|work=BBC|access-date=31 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="DespiteRepression">{{Cite news|url=https://www.local10.com/espanol/noticias/venezuela/despite-repression-venezuelans-return-to-the-streets|title=Despite repression, Venezuelans return to the streets|last=Smith, Scott and Christine Armario|date=30 January 2019|work=Local10 News Miami|access-date=31 January 2019|archive-date=2019-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203131456/https://www.local10.com/espanol/noticias/venezuela/despite-repression-venezuelans-return-to-the-streets|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
Pertemuan khusus di [[Organisasi Negara-negara Amerika]] pada 24 Januari dan di [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|PBB]] pada 26 Januari diadakan, tetapi tidak ada konsensus yang tercapai. Sekretaris Jenderal PBB [[António Guterres]] menyerukan dialog untuk meredakan ketegangan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/01/1031382|title=UN political chief calls for dialogue to ease tensions in Venezuela; Security Council divided over path to end crisis|access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Meksiko dan Uruguay kemudian mengumumkan akan adanya sebuah konferensi internasional untuk negara-negara dengan posisi netral di Montevideo pada 7 Februari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.presidencia.gub.uy/comunicacion/comunicacionnoticias/encuentro-7-febrero-montevideo-situacion-venezuela-uruguay-mexico-dialogo|title=Uruguay y México convocan a conferencia internacional en Montevideo sobre situación en Venezuela|language=Spanish|access-date=31 January 2019|archive-date=2019-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201013356/https://www.presidencia.gub.uy/comunicacion/comunicacionnoticias/encuentro-7-febrero-montevideo-situacion-venezuela-uruguay-mexico-dialogo|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
Pemerintahan Maduro menyatakan bahwa krisis saat ini adalah sebuah [[kudeta]] dipimpin oleh Amerika Serikat untuk menggulingkannya dan mengendalikan cadangan minyak negara yang besar.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.presidencia.gob.ve/Site/Web/Principal/paginas/classMostrarEvento3.php?id_evento=12708|title=Canciller Arreaza advierte que objetivo de plan golpista es el petróleo venezolano|publisher=presidencia.gob.ve|access-date=30 January 2019|archive-date=2019-01-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131040106/http://www.presidencia.gob.ve/Site/Web/Principal/paginas/classMostrarEvento3.php?id_evento=12708|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rt.com/news/450083-venezuela-fm-us-oil-coup/|title=‘Oil’ the ‘sole and real’ purpose behind US ‘coup’ attempt, says Venezuela’s foreign minister|publisher=RT|access-date=30 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.europapress.es/internacional/noticia-maduro-afirma-petroleo-principal-motivo-presion-eeuu-contra-venezuela-20190130061636.html|title=Maduro afirma que el petróleo es el principal motivo de la presión de EEUU contra Venezuela|publisher=Europa Press|access-date=30 January 2019}}</ref>
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Sejak 2010, Venezuela menderita krisis sosial-ekonomi di bawah pimpinan [[Nicolás Maduro]] (dan secara singkat di bawah pendahulunya, [[Hugo Chávez|Hugo Chavez]]), karena tingkat kejahatan yang meningkat, [[hiperinflasi]], dan kualitas hidup yang rendah.<ref name="unstable">{{Cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/03/06/business/venezuela-chavez-oil-economy/|title=Chavez leaves Venezuelan economy more equal, less stable|last=Kevin Voigt|date=6 March 2013|publisher=CNN|access-date=6 March 2013}}</ref><ref name="FPmarch2013">{{Cite news|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/03/07/the-house-that-chavez-built/|title=The House That Chavez Built|last=Corrales|first=Javier|date=7 March 2013|work=[[Foreign Policy]]|access-date=6 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="NPRdec2014">{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2014/12/25/373128433/for-venezuela-drop-in-global-oil-prices-could-be-catastrophic|title=For Venezuela, Drop In Global Oil Prices Could Be Catastrophic|last=Siegel|first=Robert|date=25 December 2014|publisher=[[NPR]]|access-date=4 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="ELPAISfeb2015">{{Cite news|url=http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2015/01/30/actualidad/1422646346_475356.html|title=Volver a ser pobre en Venezuela|last=Scharfenberg|first=Ewald|date=1 February 2015|work=El Pais|access-date=3 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="FPcoupFATIGUE">{{Cite news|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/03/15/coup-fatigue-in-caracas-venezuela-maduro/|title=Coup Fatigue in Caracas|last=Lansberg-Rodríguez|first=Daniel|date=15 March 2015|agency=''[[Foreign Policy]]''|access-date=10 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="economist.com">{{Cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21526365|title=Venezuela's economy: Medieval policies|date=20 August 2011|work=[[The Economist]]|access-date=23 February 2014}}</ref> Sebagai akibat dari ketidakpuasan terhadap pemerintah, koalisi oposisi pun terpilih menjadi koalisi mayoritas pada Majelis Nasional untuk pertama kalinya sejak 1999; setelah pemilihan parlemen 2015.<ref name="NYTmuzzle">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/30/world/americas/venezuelas-supreme-court-takes-power-from-legislature.html|title=Venezuela Muzzles Legislature, Moving Closer to One-Man Rule|last=Casey|first=Nicholas|date=30 March 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|last2=Torres|first2=Patricia|page=A1|access-date=31 March 2017}}</ref> Setelah pemilihan, para anggota Majelis Nasional yang terdiri dari pejabat Bolivarian mengisi Mahkamah Agung, pengadilan tertinggi di Venezuela, dengan sekutu Maduro.<ref name="NYTmuzzle" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-23/venezuela-s-lame-duck-congress-names-new-supreme-court-justices|title=Venezuela’s Lame-Duck Congress Names New Supreme Court Justices|date=23 December 2015|work=Bloomberg|language=en|access-date=31 March 2017}}</ref> Pengadilan melucuti tiga anggota parlemen oposisi dari kursi Majelis Nasional mereka pada awal 2016, mengutip dugaan "penyimpangan" dalam pemilihan mereka, sehingga mencegah terjadinya supermayoritas oposisi yang akan mampu menantang Presiden Maduro.<ref name="NYTmuzzle" />
Pengadilan kemudian menyetujui beberapa tindakan oleh Maduro dan memberinya kekuatan lebih pada 2017.<ref name="NYTmuzzle"
=== Pemilihan Presiden 2018 ===
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=== Seruan untuk membentuk pemerintahan transisi ===
Antara pemilihan presiden Mei 2018 dan pelantikan Maduro, ada seruan untuk mendirikan pemerintahan transisi.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elnuevoherald.com/opinion-es/opin-col-blogs/opinion-sobre-venezuela/article219161250.html|title=¿Dónde está el gobierno de transición en Venezuela?|last=Corao|first=Manuel|date=28 September 2018|website=[[El Nuevo Herald]]|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=26 January 2019}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elnuevoherald.com/opinion-es/opin-col-blogs/opinion-sobre-venezuela/article222393325.html|title=Primera meta de gobierno de transición en Venezuela: la estabilidad|last=Ortiz|first=Alexis|date=30 November 2018|website=[[El Nuevo Herald]]|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=26 January 2019}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite web|url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/es/latin-america-caribbean/andes/venezuela/71-friendly-fire-venezuelas-opposition-turmoil|title=Fuego amigo: el caos de la oposición venezolana|last=|first=|date=23 November 2018|website=[[International Crisis Group]]|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=26 January 2019}}</ref> CEO ''[[Venezuela Al Día]]'', Manuel Corao, berpendapat bahwa Maduro bukan lagi presiden dan bahwa "sebagian besar rakyat di Venezuela terwakili dalam Majelis Nasional [dan ingin] menunjuk pemerintahan transisi yang mengisi kekosongan kekuasaan dan membebaskan Venezuela dari kejahatan Komunis".<ref name=":12" /> Mantan legislator Venezuela Alexis Ortiz menyatakan bahwa "Paham Castrochavism [...] membusuk dalam ketidakmampuan, korupsi, dan penyerahan kedaulatan nasional", menyerukan pemerintah transisi untuk bekerja pada rekonsiliasi, mengadakan pemilihan umum, menerima bantuan kemanusiaan dan melindungi [[kebebasan sipil]], di antara beberapa permintaan lainnya.
Sebuah laporan pada November 2018 oleh [[ICG|International Crisis Group]] mengatakan bahwa "negara-negara tetangga dan kekuatan asing lainnya telah mengambil berbagai langkah - termasuk sanksi, untuk mencapai negosiasi transisi, yang merupakan jalan keluar terbaik dari krisis" <ref name=":16"
=== Pembenaran tantangan ===
Koalisi Oposisi Venezuela mendasarkan tindakannya pada Konstitusi Venezuela 1999, khususnya Pasal 233 yang menetapkan bahwa "pemimpin Majelis Nasional akan memegang jabatan presiden jika tidak ada presiden yang sah", yang mereka nyatakan setelah pemilihan presiden Venezuela 2018.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/01/15/maduro-is-usurper-its-time-restore-democracy-venezuela/|title=Maduro is a usurper. It’s time to restore democracy in Venezuela.|last=[[Juan Guaidó|Guaidó]]|first=[[Juan Guaidó|Juan]]|date=15 January 2019|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=16 January 2019}}</ref> Pasal 333 menyerukan warga negara untuk memulihkan dan menegakkan konstitusi jika tidak diikuti. Mereka berpendapat bahwa baik komunitas nasional dan internasional harus bersatu di bawah pemerintahan transisi yang akan menjamin bantuan kemanusiaan, membawa pemulihan [[Rule of law|aturan hukum]] Venezuela, dan akan mengadakan pemilihan demokratis.
=== Strategi oposisi ===
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== Pengakuan ==
[[Berkas:
▲[[Berkas:Venezuela_president_recognition_map_2019.svg|pus|jmpl|700px|
Negara yang mengakui kekuasaan presidensial
<br/>'''Hitam''': [[Venezuela]]
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* {{flag|Abkhazia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.emol.com/noticias/Internacional/2019/01/10/933848/Quienes-fueron-los-particulares-invitados-en-la-cuestionada-toma-de-poder-de-Nicolas-Maduro.html|title=Osetia del Sur y Abjasia, los desconocidos "países" invitados a la toma de poder de Nicolás Maduro en Venezuela|trans-title=South Ossetia and Abkhazia, the unknown "countries" invited to the inauguration of Nicolás Maduro in Venezuela|website=Emol|language=Spanish|date=10 January 2019}}</ref>
* {{flag|Sahrawi Republic}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201901140151.html|title=Western Sahara: Sahrawi Delegation Participates in Inauguration of Venezuelan President|date=12 January 2019|work=AllAfrica|access-date=}}</ref>
* {{flag|South Ossetia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/2209603-osetia-del-sur-desconocido-pais-sin-reconocimiento|title=Osetia del Sur, el desconocido país sin reconocimiento que apoya a Venezuela|trans-title=South Ossetia, the unknown country without recognition that supports Venezuela|date=10 January 2019|publisher=''La Nación'' (Argentina)|language=Spanish|access-date=2019-02-02|archive-date=2019-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110191525/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/2209603-osetia-del-sur-desconocido-pais-sin-reconocimiento|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
}}
==== Organisasi antar-pemerintah ====
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# {{flag|Ireland}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/dfatirl/status/1093137213381054464|title=Tánaiste @simoncoveney announces Ireland's support for Mr. Juan Guaidó. Full statement available at..|author=Irish Foreign Ministry|date=6 February 2019|publisher=[[Twitter]]|access-date=6 February 2019}}</ref>
# {{flag|Israel}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel recognizes Guaido as leader of Venezuela |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-israel/israel-recognizes-guaido-as-leader-of-venezuela-idUSKCN1PL0I8 |access-date=27 January 2019 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=27 January 2019 |quote='Israel joins the United States, Canada, most of the countries of Latin America and countries in Europe in recognizing the new leadership in Venezuela,' said Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu in a statement.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/IsraeliPM/status/1089536952532115457|title=Israel joins the United States, Canada, most of the countries of Latin America and countries in Europe in recognizing the new leadership in Venezuela.|author=PM of Israel|publisher=[[twitter]]|date=27 January 2019|access-date=7 February 2019}}</ref>
# {{flag|Italy}}<ref>{{cite news |url=
# {{flag|Latvia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/edgarsrinkevics/status/1092356623585157120|title=Latvia recognises and supports Mr. Juan Guaidó, President of the democratically elected National Assembly, as President ad interim of #Venezuela. We call for free, fair and democratic presidential elections @jguaido|first=Edgars|last=Rinkēvičs|date=4 February 2019|publisher=[[Twitter]]|access-date=4 February 2019}}</ref><ref name=Poland/>
# {{flag|Lithuania}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/LinkeviciusL/status/1092363337864757248|title=#Lithuania joins other #EU MS in supporting & acknowledging @jguaido, President of @AsambleaVE, as VZ President ad interim. We expect free & democratic elections, strongly support ICG, initiated by EU. Democracy & rule of law in #Venezuela must be restored, human rights protected|first=Linas|last=Linkevicius|date=4 February 2019|publisher=[[Twitter]]|access-date=4 February 2019}}</ref><ref name=Poland/>
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# {{flag|Malta}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.mt/en/Government/DOI/Press%20Releases/Pages/2019/February/05/pr190220.aspx|title=Statement by the Government of Malta|author=Government of Malta|date=5 February 2019|publisher=Government of Malta|access-date=5 February 2019}}</ref>
# {{flag|Marshall Islands}}<ref name="RNZ">{{cite web |title=Marshall Islands recognises Venezuela's Juan Guaido |url=https://amp.rnz.co.nz/article/a96ad67c-717a-4f4b-8e7d-276f7f2e5ab6 |website=RNZ |accessdate=9 February 2019 |date=7 February 2019}}</ref>
# {{flag|Montenegro}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mvp.gov.me/en/news/195924/Montenegro-supports-the-position-of-European-partners-on-the-need-for-holding-free-and-democratic-elections-in-Venezuela.html|title=Montenegro supports the position of European partners on the need for holding free and democratic elections in Venezuela|date=6 February 2019|publisher=MVP(Ministry of Foreign Affairs)|access-date=6 February 2019|archive-date=2019-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020512/http://www.mvp.gov.me/en/news/195924/Montenegro-supports-the-position-of-European-partners-on-the-need-for-holding-free-and-democratic-elections-in-Venezuela.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
# {{flag|Morocco}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1155036/venezuela-le-maroc-apporte-son-soutien-au-president-autoproclame-juan-guaido.html|title=Venezuela : Le Maroc apporte son soutien au président autoproclamé Juan Guaido|language=French|website=L'Orient le jour|access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref>
# {{flag|Netherlands}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ministerBlok/status/1092372480763838465|title=The eight-day period to call for free democratic and transparent elections in Venezuela expired today. The Kingdom of the Netherlands recognizes @jguaido as interim-President of Venezuela. We want freedom and democracy to return to Venezuela asap.|first=Stef|last=Blok|date=4 February 2019|publisher=[[Twitter]]|access-date=4 February 2019}}</ref><ref name=Poland/>
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==== Negara-negara PBB ====
{{columns-list|colwidth=18em|
# {{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/antigua-pm-says-caribbean-could-be-destabilised-as-a-result-of-situation-in-venezuela_155794?profile=1373|title=Jamaica Observer Limited|website=Jamaica Observer|access-date=2019-02-02|archive-date=2020-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105005145/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/antigua-pm-says-caribbean-could-be-destabilised-as-a-result-of-situation-in-venezuela_155794?profile=1373|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
# {{flag|Armenia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aysor.am/en/news/2019/01/24/armenia-venezuela/1516973|title=Armenia follows developments in Venezuela, hopes for peaceful solution: MFA spokesperson|website=Aysor}}</ref>
# {{flag|Barbados}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Writer |first1=Staff |date=29 January 2019 |year= |title=CARICOM optimistic of peaceful solution to Venezuelan crisis |url=https://barbadostoday.bb/2019/01/28/caricom-optimistic-of-peaceful-solution-to-venezuelan-crisis/ |dead-url= |publisher=Barbados Today Newspaper |publication-date= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=4 February 2019 |quote=St Kitts-Nevis, Trinidad and Tobago, Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, and Belize abstained during the vote while Grenada was not present.}}</ref>
# {{flag|Belize}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.breakingbelizenews.com/2019/01/20/prime-minister-barrow-speaks-out-against-foreign-intervention-in-nicaragua-and-venezuela/|title=Prime Minister Barrow speaks out against foreign intervention in Nicaragua and Venezuela|date=20 January 2019|publisher=Breaking Belize News}}</ref>
# {{flag|Grenada}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/grenada-worried-about-instabality-in-venezuela_155880?profile=1373|title=Jamaica Observer Limited|website=Jamaica Observer|access-date=2019-02-02|archive-date=2020-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107113309/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/grenada-worried-about-instabality-in-venezuela_155880?profile=1373|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
# {{flag|India}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-refuses-to-join-efforts-to-recognise-self-declared-president-of-venezuela/articleshow/67685085.cms|title=India refuses to join efforts to recognise self-declared president of Venezuela|last=Chaudhury|first=Dipanjan|date=25 January 2019|website=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/india-calls-for-dialogue-in-venezuela/1374805|title=India calls for dialogue in Venezuela|date=25 January 2019|work=[[Anadolu Agency]]|access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref>
# {{flag|Indonesia}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Indonesia calls for restraint in Venezuela |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/01/26/indonesia-calls-for-restraint-in-venezuela.html |accessdate=29 January 2019 |work=[[The Jakarta Post]] |date=26 January 2019}}</ref>
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Sebuah survei telepon terhadap 999 warga Venezuela oleh Hercon antara 25 dan 30 Januari menunjukkan bahwa 81,9% responden mengakui Guaido sebagai presiden, 13,4% menanggapi dengan menyatakan Maduro adalah presiden dan 4,6% tidak memutuskan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lapatilla.com/2019/01/31/819-de-venezolanos-reconoce-a-juan-guaido-como-primer-mandatario/|title=81,9 % de venezolanos reconoce a Juan Guaidó como presidente de Venezuela (Encuesta Hercón)|last=|first=|date=2019-01-31|website=[[La Patilla]]|language=es-ES|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-01-31}}</ref>
Sebuah jajak pendapat Januari 2019 oleh Hinterlaces, sebuah jajak pendapat yang dipimpin oleh anggota Majelis Konstituante Nasional {{Ill|Oscar Schemel|es}} yang digambarkan sebagai pro-Maduro,<ref name="reuters"
== Lihat pula ==
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