General Motors: Perbedaan antara revisi

Jelajahi riwayat secara interaktif

← Revisi sebelumnya

Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan

VisualTeks wiki

Revisi per 17 Januari 2009 02.05 sunting Bennylin (bicara \| kontrib) Pengurus antarmuka, Pengurus 256.322 suntingan k disambiginfo ← Revisi sebelumnya		Revisi terkini sejak 3 Oktober 2023 00.24 sunting balikkan Hendy Sannidhya (bicara \| kontrib) 5.838 suntingan Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan Tag: Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler Suntingan seluler lanjutan
(64 revisi perantara oleh 32 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 1: {{~~disambiginfo\|GM~~other uses\|GM}} {{Infobox company ~~{{kotak info perusahaan \|~~ \| ~~company_name~~ name = General Motors \|Company \| logo = [[File:General motors logo with wordmark.svg\|250px]] ~~company_logo = [[Berkas:GM,_logo.png\|70px\|GM logo]] \|~~ \| caption = ~~company_type = Terbuka ([[NYSE]]: [http://www.nyse.com/about/listed/lcddata.html?ticker=GM GM]) \|~~ \| image = RenCen.JPG{{!}}border ~~company_slogan = \|~~ \| image_size = 205px ~~foundation = [[1908]] \|~~ \| image_caption = [[Renaissance Center]] di [[Detroit\|Detroit, Michigan]]. ~~location = [[Detroit, Michigan]]; fasilitas produksi di 30 negara bagian A.S. dan 32 negara \|~~ \| type = [[Perusahaan publik\|Publik]] ~~key_people = Rick Wagoner, Ketua Umum & CEO\|~~ \| traded_as = {{unbulleted list \| {{NYSE\|GM}} \| [[S&P 100\|Komponen S&P 100]] \| [[S&P 500\|Komponen S&P 500]]}} ~~num_employees = 326.999 ([[2006]]) \|~~ \| industry = [[Industri otomotif\|Otomotif]] \| \| foundation = {{ubl ~~products = [[mobil]]<br />[[mesin]]<br />[[elektronik]]<br />[[komunikasi]] \|~~ \| {{start date and age\|1908\|9\|16}} (dengan nama General Motors Corporation) ~~revenue = [[dolar A.S.\|US$]]207,349 milyar ([[2006]]) \|~~ \| {{start date and age\|2009\|8\|11}} (dengan nama General Motors Company)<ref name=filing>{{cite web\|title=Department of State, Division of Corporations\|url=https://delecorp.delaware.gov/tin/GINameSearch.jsp\|website=General Information Name Search\|publisher=State of Delaware\|accessdate=14-04-2015\|page=File#=4718317\|date=11-08-2009\|archive-date=2010-01-06\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106214416/https://delecorp.delaware.gov/tin/GINameSearch.jsp\|dead-url=yes}}</ref>}} ~~homepage = [http://www.gm.com/ www.gm.com]~~ \| founder = {{unbulleted list \| [[William C. Durant]] \| [[Charles Stewart Mott]] \| [[Frederic L. Smith]]}} \| location_city = [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]] \| location_country = [[Amerika Serikat]] \| locations = 396 fasilitas di enam benua<ref name="GMemploy"/> \| area_served = Seluruh dunia {{small\|(kecuali Korea Utara, Kuba, Iran, Sudan, dan Suriah)}} \| key_people = [[Mary Barra]]<br>{{small\|(Ketua dan CEO)}}<br>Dan Ammann<br>{{small\|(Presiden)}} \| products = {{unbulleted list \| [[Mobil]] \| Suku cadang mobil \| Kendaraan komersial}} \| production = {{increase}} 9.958.000 kendaraan (2015)<ref>{{cite press release\|url=http://media.gm.com/content/dam/Media/gmcom/investor/2016/feb/earnings/GM-2015-Q4-Press-Release-Highlights.pdf \|title=GM 2015 Q4 Press Release Highlights \|publisher=General Motors \|accessdate=03-02-2016}}</ref> \| services = {{unbulleted list \| Pembiayaan kendaraan \|}} \| revenue = {{decrease}} {{US$\|152,35 miliar\|link=yes}} (2015)<ref name="xbrlus_1">{{cite web\|url=http://media.gm.com/content/dam/Media/gmcom/investor/2016/feb/earnings/GM-2015-Q4-Chart-Set.pdf\|title=GM 2015 Q4 Chart set, General Motors Company\|date=03-02-2016\|publisher=General Motors\|access-date=2017-01-04\|archive-date=2022-03-09\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309030206/https://media.gm.com/content/dam/Media/gmcom/investor/2016/feb/earnings/GM-2015-Q4-Chart-Set.pdf\|dead-url=no}}</ref> \| operating_income = {{increase}} {{US$\|5,346 miliar}} (2015)<ref name="xbrlus_1"/> \| net_income = {{increase}} {{US$\|9,687 miliar}} (2015)<ref name="xbrlus_1"/> \| assets = {{increase}} {{US$\|194,52 miliar}} (2015)<ref name="xbrlus_1"/> \| equity = {{increase}} {{US$\|39,87 miliar}} (2015)<ref name="xbrlus_1"/> \| num_employees = 216.000 (2015)<ref name="GMemploy">{{cite web \|title=Our Company \|url=http://www.gm.com/company/aboutGM/our_company.html \|publisher=General Motors \|year=2014 \|accessdate=06-11-2014 \|quote=Our 212,000 plus employees work in 396 facilities touching six continents, they speak more than 50 languages and touch 23 time zones. \|archive-date=2012-10-25 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025164501/http://www.gm.com/company/aboutGM/our_company.html \|dead-url=yes }}</ref> \| parent = \| divisions = [[GMC (otomotif)\|GMC]]<br />[[Cadillac]]<br />[[Buick]]<br />[[Chevrolet]] \| subsid = {{Collapsible list\|title=Daftar\| '''Transportasi''' * [[FAW-GM\|Jie Fang]] * General Motors ** [[General Motors Special Vehicles\|GMSV]] * [[SAIC-GM-Wuling\|Wuling]] ** [[Baojun]] '''Jasa Keuangan''' * [[GM Financial]] '''Lainnya'''<br />Logistik: * [[GM Goodwrench]] Industri: * [[ACDelco]] * [[DMAX (mesin)\|DMAX]] * [[GM Components Holdings]] Internasional: * General Motors América do Sul [[General Motors do Brasil]] [[GM Colmotores\|GM Colmotores (Kolombia)]] * [[General Motors Kanada]] ** [[CAMI Automotive]] * General Motors Tiongkok * [[General Motors de Mexico]] * [[General Motors India]] ** [[Chevrolet Sales India Private Limited\|CSIPL]] * [[GM Daewoo\|GM Korea]] [[Chevrolet Eropa]] [[GM Vietnam]] * [[GM Uzbekistan]] * [[GM Mesir]] * [[General Motors Afrika Selatan]] * General Motors Jepang}} \| homepage = {{URL\|http://www.gm.com/index.html}} \| footnotes = <ref name=gm10k2012>{{cite web \|url=http://services.corporate-ir.net/SEC/Document.Service?id=P3VybD1hSFIwY0RvdkwyRndhUzUwWlc1cmQybDZZWEprTG1OdmJTOWtiM2R1Ykc5aFpDNXdhSEEvWVdOMGFXOXVQVkJFUmlacGNHRm5aVDA0TnpNek16RTJKbk4xWW5OcFpEMDFOdz09JnR5cGU9MiZmbj1HZW5lcmFsTW90b3JzQ29tcGFueV8xMEtfMjAxMzAyMTUucGRm \|title=Form 10-K Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2012 Commission File Number 001-34960 General Motors Company \|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> \|date=15-02-2013 \|publisher=General Motors \|format=PDF \|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6IgGIw1UX?url=http://services.corporate-ir.net/SEC/Document.Service?id=P3VybD1hSFIwY0RvdkwyRndhUzUwWlc1cmQybDZZWEprTG1OdmJTOWtiM2R1Ykc5aFpDNXdhSEEvWVdOMGFXOXVQVkJFUmlacGNHRm5aVDA0TnpNek16RTJKbk4xWW5OcFpEMDFOdz09JnR5cGU9MiZmbj1HZW5lcmFsTW90b3JzQ29tcGFueV8xMEtfMjAxMzAyMT \|archivedate=2013-08-06 \|deadurl=no \|accessdate=06-08-2013 \|df=mdy }}</ref> }} '''General Motors ~~Corporation~~Company''' ({{nyse\|GM}}), juga dikenal dengan '''GM''', adalah sebuah ~~produsen~~perusahaan [[~~mobil~~otomotif]] [[perusahaan multinasional\|multinasional]] yang bermarkas di [[~~Amerika~~Renaissance ~~Serikat~~Center]] ~~dengan operasi~~ di ~~seluruh~~Detroit, ~~dunia termasuk~~Michigan, [[~~Buick~~Amerika Serikat]] yang mendesain, ~~[[Cadillac]]~~membuat, ~~[[Chevrolet]]~~memasarkan, ~~[[GM~~dan ~~Daewoo\|Daewoo]],~~mendistribusikan ~~[[GMC~~kendaraan ~~Truck\|GMC]],~~dan ~~[[Holden]],~~suku ~~[[Hummer]]~~cadang kendaraan, ~~[[Opel]]~~serta memberikan layanan jasa pembiayaan. Perusahaan saat ini, ~~[[Pontiac]]~~General Motors Company LLC ("GM baru"), ~~[[Saturn~~dibentuk tahun 2009 setelah pailitnya '''General Motors Corporation''' (~~mobil~~"GM lama")~~\|Saturn]]~~, yang menjadi [[~~Saab~~Motors ~~Automobile\|Saab~~Liquidation Company]]. Perusahaan baru mengakuisisi aset mayoritas milik GM lama, ~~dan~~termasuk ~~[[Vauxhall~~merek "General Motors~~\|Vauxhall]]~~". General Motors memproduksi kendaraan di 37 negara dalam sembilan merek, yaitu [[Chevrolet]], [[Buick]], [[GMC (otomotif)\|GMC]], [[Cadillac]], [[General Motors Special Vehicles\|GMSV]], [[Wuling Motors\|Wuling]],dan [[Baojun]].<ref>{{cite news \|title=Sales of Ravon Cars Start in Russia \|url=http://ut.uz/en/business/sales_of_ravon_cars_start_in_russia \|work=Uzbekistan Today \|accessdate=28-06-2016 \|date=23-10-2015 \|archive-date=2017-01-13 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113231821/http://ut.uz/en/business/sales_of_ravon_cars_start_in_russia \|dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name="GM_Stockholder-letter_2011">{{cite web\|url=http://www.gmannualreport.com/stockholder-letter.html\|title=Shareholder Letter \| General Motors Company 2011 Annual Report\|publisher=gmannualreport.com\|first=Daniel F.\|last=Akerson\|year=2012\|accessdate=06-10-2012\|archive-date=2013-05-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501185239/http://www.gmannualreport.com/stockholder-letter.html\|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="About Our Company">{{cite web \|url=http://www.gm.com/company/aboutGM/our_company.html \|title=About Our Company \|publisher=General Motors \|date=18-11-2010 \|accessdate=28-11-2013 \|archive-date=2012-10-25 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025164501/http://www.gm.com/company/aboutGM/our_company.html \|dead-url=yes }}</ref> Divisi Chevrolet dan GMC memproduksi [[truk]], dan juga kendaraan penumpang lainnya. Merek lainnya termasuk ACDelco, Allison Transmission, dan [[General Motors Electro-Motive Division]] yang memproduksi [[lokomotif diesel-listrik]]. GM juga mempunyai bagian dalam [[Isuzu]], [[Subaru]], dan [[Suzuki]] di [[Jepang]] dan sebuah ''joint venture'' dengan [[Lada\|AutoVAZ (Lada)]] di [[Rusia]]. Pada Desember [[2003]], GM membeli [[Delta Motor Corporation\|Delta]] di [[Afrika Selatan]], di mana GM telah sebelumnya mengambil 45% bagian pada [[1997]], dan sekarang menjadi anak perusahaan yang dimiliki penuh, General Motors Afrika Selatan. == Unit bisnis == ~~Markas GM terletak di [[Renaissance Center]] di [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]].~~ Selain dua belas merek di atas, General Motors juga memiliki 20% saham di [[Industries Mécaniques Maghrébines\|IMM]] dan 77% saham di [[GM Daewoo]]. Perusahaan ini juga memiliki sejumlah usaha patungan ({{lang-en\|joint venture(s)}}), termasuk [[Shanghai GM]], [[SAIC-GM-Wuling]] dan [[FAW-GM]] di Tiongkok, [[GM-AvtoVAZ]] di Rusia, [[Ghandhara Industries]] di Pakistan, [[GM Uzbekistan]], [[General Motors India Private Limited\|General Motors India]], [[General Motors Mesir]], dan [[Isuzu Truck Afrika Selatan]]. General Motors mempekerjakan 212.000 karyawan dan melakukan usaha di lebih dari 140 negara.<ref name="GMemploy"/> General Motors terbagi dalam lima segmen bisnis, yaitu ''GM Amerika Utara'' (GMNA), ''[[Opel\|Kelompok Opel]]'', ''GM Operasi Internasional'' (GMIO), ''GM Amerika Selatan'' (GMSA), dan ''[[GM Financial]]''.<ref name="GMannualreport2011">{{cite web \|url=http://www.gmannualreport.com/common/documents/2011_GM_Annual_Report.pdf \|title=General Motors Company 2011 Annual Report \|publisher=General Motors Company \|access-date=2017-01-04 \|archive-date=2013-01-24 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124034505/http://www.gmannualreport.com/common/documents/2011_GM_Annual_Report.pdf \|dead-url=no }}</ref>{{rp\|12, 13}} General Motors memimpin penjualan kendaraan global selama 77 tahun berturut-turut dari 1931 hingga 2007, lebih lama daripada pabrikan mobil lainnya, dan saat ini termasuk pabrikan mobil terbesar di dunia berdasarkan angka penjualan unit kendaraan.<ref name="GALLIGAN">{{cite web\|last=Galligan\|first=Kathleen\|title=GM again the world's largest automaker\|url=http://www.freep.com/article/20120119/BUSINESS0101/120119015/GM-again-world-s-largest-automakter\|work=Detroit Free Press\|accessdate=January 20, 2012\|archive-date=2016-01-01\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101014836/http://www.freep.com/article/20120119/BUSINESS0101/120119015/GM-again-world-s-largest-automakter\|dead-url=no}}</ref> General Motors adalah produsen kendaraan terbesar di dunia dari segi penjualan tahunan dan mempekerjakan lebih dari 326.999 orang. Pada [[2001]], GM menjual 8,5 juta kendaraan melalui seluruh cabangnya. Pada [[2002]], GM menjual 15% dari seluruh kendaraan dan truk di dunia. Mereka juga memiliki [[Electronic Data Systems]] dari [[1984]] sampai [[1996]] dan, sebelum menjualnya ke [[News Corporation]], [[DirecTV]]. GM memiliki [[Frigidaire]] dari [[1918]] sampai [[1979]]. General Motors beroperasi di kebanyakan negara di luar A.S. melalui anak perusahaan-anak perusahaan yang dikuasai sepenuhnya, kecuali di [[Republik Rakyat Tiongkok\|Tiongkok]] melalui 10 usaha patungan.<ref name="GMannualreport2011"/>{{rp\|18, 96}} ~~[[2005\|Pada 2005]], ketua umum (sejak [[1 Mei]] [[2003]]) dan [[CEO]]-nya (sejak [[1 Juni]] [[2000]]) adalah Rick Wagoner.~~ Anak perusahaan GM [[OnStar]] menyediakan jasa keselamatan, keamanan, dan informasi kendaraan. ~~== Pranala luar ==~~ Tahun 2009, General Motors melepas beberapa merek, dengan menutup [[Saturn Corporation\|Saturn]], [[Pontiac]], dan [[Hummer]], dan berhasil melakukan reorganisasi yang didukung oleh pemerintah A.S. Tahun 2010, GM yang telah reorganisasi melakukan [[penawaran umum perdana]] yang menjadi salah satu dari lima penawaran umum perdana terbesar di dunia hingga saat ini dan mengembalikan profitabilitasnya pada akhir tahun itu.<ref name="Businessweek_2012-02-16">{{Citation \|last=Brady \|first=Diane \|date=16-02-2012 \|title=Record profits, but still mixed success at GM \|journal=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]] \|url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-02-17/record-profits-but-still-mixed-success-at-gm \|accessdate=10-03-2012 \|postscript=. \|archive-date=2012-03-27 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327004302/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-02-17/record-profits-but-still-mixed-success-at-gm \|dead-url=no }}</ref> {{en}} [http://www.gm.com/ Situs web resmi GM Amerika Serikat] {{id}} [http://www.gm.co.id/ GM Indonesia - Chevrolet] Pada Maret 2016, General Motors membeli Cruise Automation, suatu perusahaan rintisan kendaraan otomatis dari San Francisco, untuk mengembangkan mobil yang dapat mengemudikan sendiri.<ref>{{Cite news \|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/us-gm-cruiseautomation-idUSKCN0WD1ND \|title=GM buys Cruise Automation to speed self-driving car strategy \|first=Joseph \|last=White \|newspaper=Reuters \|date=11-03-2016 \|access-date=13-03-2016 \|archive-date=2023-03-26 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032948/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gm-cruiseautomation-idUSKCN0WD1ND \|dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://gadgets.ndtv.com/others/news/gm-buys-self-driving-technology-startup-cruise-812784\|title=GM Buys Self-Driving Technology Startup Cruise\|website=NDTV Gadgets360.com\|date=12-03-2016\|access-date=13-03-2016\|archive-date=2016-03-12\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312130144/http://gadgets.ndtv.com/others/news/gm-buys-self-driving-technology-startup-cruise-812784\|dead-url=no}}</ref> ~~<!-- interwiki -->~~ Tahun 2020 akhir, General Motors melepas beberapa merek di Australia, dengan menutup [[Holden]] dan [[HSV]]. Untuk tetap setia berada di Australia dan Selandia Baru, General Motors hanya merubah nama HSV menjadi [[GMSV]] yang hanya memproduksi produk [[Chevrolet]] di Australia. ~~[[Kategori:Produsen mobil]]~~ ~~[[Kategori:Otomotif]]~~ ~~[[an:General Motors]]~~ === Perubahan logo === ~~[[ar:جنرال موتورز]]~~ Evolusi logo GM selama bertahun-tahun:<ref name="detnews">[https://www.detroitnews.com/story/business/autos/general-motors/2021/01/08/general-motors-launches-new-everybody-in-ev-campaign/6594786002/ GM redesigns iconic corporate logo as part new 'Everybody In' EV push] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406044123/https://www.detroitnews.com/story/business/autos/general-motors/2021/01/08/general-motors-launches-new-everybody-in-ev-campaign/6594786002/ \|date=2023-04-06 }} by Kalea Hall on ''The Detroit News'' – 8 Jan 2021</ref><gallery perrow="4" heights="90"> ~~[[be:General Motors]]~~ File:Gm logo 1938.png\|1938–1964 <ref name=detnews/> ~~[[bg:Дженеръл Мотърс]]~~ File:General Motors logo.svg\|[[Mark of Excellence]] (1964–2021) <ref name=detnews/> ~~[[bn:জেনারেল মটর্‌স]]~~ ~~[[bs~~File:Logo of General Motors]].svg\|2001–2021 <ref name=detnews/> File:GM-actualizado.svg\|2010–2021 <ref name=detnews/> ~~[[ca:General Motors Corporation]]~~ ~~[[cs~~File:General Motors]] 2021 gloss.svg\|2021 (grandient) <ref name=detnews/> File:General Motors (2021).svg\|2021 (flat) <ref>[https://www.core77.com/posts/104023/GM-Joins-Flat-Logo-Redesign-Movement-Hiding-Electric-Vehicle-Cue-in-the-Design GM Joins Flat Logo Redesign Movement, Hiding Electric Vehicle Cue in the Design] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406022236/https://www.core77.com/posts/104023/GM-Joins-Flat-Logo-Redesign-Movement-Hiding-Electric-Vehicle-Cue-in-the-Design \|date=2023-04-06 }} By Rain Noe - January 11, 2021</ref> ~~[[da:General Motors]]~~ File:General motors logo with wordmark.svg\|2022 (wordmark)<ref>[https://media.gm.com/content/dam/Media/gmcom/investor/2022/jan/q4-earnings-deck-and-cy-2021.pdf GM Brochure] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405043350/https://media.gm.com/content/dam/Media/gmcom/investor/2022/jan/q4-earnings-deck-and-cy-2021.pdf \|date=2023-04-05 }}, 1 Feb 2022</ref> ~~[[de:General Motors]]~~ </gallery> ~~[[en:General Motors]]~~ ~~[[eo:General Motors]]~~ == Referensi == ~~[[es:General Motors]]~~ {{reflist\|3}} ~~[[et:General Motors]]~~ ~~[[eu:General Motors]]~~ == Bacaan lanjutan == ~~[[fa:جنرال موتورز]]~~ ;Artikel ~~[[fi:General Motors]]~~ {{refbegin}} ~~[[fr:General Motors]]~~ * {{cite news \| title = G.M.'s Road From Prosperity to Crisis \| url = http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/05/31/business/20090531_GM_TIMELINE.html \| newspaper = The New York Times \| date = 31-05-2009 \| accessdate = 01-06-2009 \| archive-date = 2018-02-24 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180224081711/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/05/31/business/20090531_GM_TIMELINE.html \| dead-url = no }} ~~[[he:ג'נרל מוטורס]]~~ * {{cite news \| newspaper = The New York Times \| date = 25-05-2011 \| accessdate = 09-09-2012 \| title = Automotive Industry Crisis \| url = http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/c/credit_crisis/auto_industry/index.html \| first = Nick \| last = Bunkley \| archive-date = 2012-10-26 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121026072427/http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/c/credit_crisis/auto_industry/index.html \| dead-url = no }} ~~[[hr:General Motors]]~~ {{refend}} ~~[[hu:General Motors]]~~ ;Buku ~~[[it:General Motors]]~~ {{refbegin\|2}} ~~[[ja:ゼネラルモーターズ]]~~ * {{cite book\|title=Surviving Transformation: Lessons from GM's Surprising Turnaround\|last=Barabba\|first=Vincent P.\|year=2004\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VvbDYad7cLoC&lpg=PP1&dq=Surviving%20Transformation%3A%20Lessons%20from%20GM's%20Surprising%20Turnaround&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true\|location=New York\|isbn=978-0-19-517141-9\|oclc=474580094}} ~~[[ko:제너럴 모터스]]~~ * {{cite book\|title= Giant Enterprise: Ford, General Motors, and the Automobile Industry\|url= https://archive.org/details/giantenterprisef0000unse\|last= Chandler\|first= Alfred D., Jr.\|authorlink= Alfred D. Chandler, Jr.\|year= 1964\|publisher= Harcourt, Brace & World\|location= New York\|isbn= 978-0-405-13349-7\|oclc= 63017200}} ~~[[lt:General Motors]]~~ * {{cite book\|title= Chrome Colossus: General Motors and Its Times\|url= https://archive.org/details/chromecolossusge0000cray\|last= Cray\|first= Ed\|year= 1980\|publisher= McGraw-Hill\|location= New York\|isbn= 978-0-07-013493-5\|oclc= 6223723}} ~~[[nl:General Motors]]~~ * {{cite book\|title= Sloan Rules: Alfred P. Sloan and the Triumph of General Motors\|last= Farber\|first= David R.\|year= 2002\|publisher= University of Chicago Press\|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=CysLGUDseQAC&lpg=PP1&dq=Sloan%20Rules%3A%20Alfred%20P.%20Sloan%20and%20the%20Triumph%20of%20General%20Motors&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true\|location= Chicago\|isbn= 978-0-226-23804-3\|oclc= 49558636\|access-date= 2017-01-04\|archive-date= 2023-07-30\|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230730150809/https://books.google.com/books?id=CysLGUDseQAC&lpg=PP1&dq=Sloan%20Rules%3A%20Alfred%20P.%20Sloan%20and%20the%20Triumph%20of%20General%20Motors&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true\|dead-url= no}} ~~[[no:General Motors Corporation]]~~ * {{cite book\|title= Billy Durant: Creator of General Motors\|last= Gustin\|first= Lawrence R.\|year= 2008\|origyear=1973\|publisher=University of Michigan Press\|location=Ann Arbor\|oclc=179794253 \|isbn=978-0-472-03302-7}} ~~[[pl:General Motors]]~~ * {{cite book\|title= The Reckoning\|url= https://archive.org/details/reckoning00halbrich\|last= Halberstam\|first= David\|authorlink= David Halberstam\|series= A Thomas Congdon book\|year= 1986\|publisher= Morrow\|location= New York\|isbn= 978-0-688-04838-9\|oclc= 246158814}} ~~[[pt:General Motors]]~~ * {{cite book\|title= Rude Awakening: The Rise, Fall, and Struggle for Recovery of General Motors\|url= https://archive.org/details/rudeawakeningris00kell\|last= Keller\|first= Maryann\|year= 1989\|publisher= Morrow\|location= New York\|isbn= 978-0-688-07527-9\|oclc= 423222597}} ~~[[ro:General Motors]]~~ * {{cite book\|title=The Standard Catalogue of American Cars 1805–1942, 2nd edition\|url=https://archive.org/details/standardcatalogo0000kime\|last=Kimes\|first=Beverly Rae (editor)\|year=1989\|publisher=Krause Publications\|location=Iola, Wisconsin\|isbn=0-87341-111-0}} ~~[[ru:General Motors]]~~ * {{cite book\|title= Boss Kettering\|url= https://archive.org/details/bosskettering00lesl\|last= Leslie\|first= Stuart W.\|year= 1983\|publisher= Columbia University Press\|location= New York\|isbn= 978-0-231-05600-7\|oclc= 8845819}} ~~[[simple:General Motors]]~~ * {{cite book\|title=Time for a Model Change: Re-Engineering the Global Automotive Industry\|last1=Maxton\|first1=Graeme P.\|authorlink1=Graeme Maxton\|last2=Wormald\|first2=John\|year=2004\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3aN6rxZG2p0C&lpg=PP1&dq=Time%20for%20a%20Model%20Change%3A%20Re-Engineering%20the%20Global%20Automotive%20Industry&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true\|location=Cambridge, England\|isbn=978-0-521-83715-6\|oclc=54826137\|access-date=2017-01-04\|archive-date=2023-07-30\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730150809/https://books.google.com/books?id=3aN6rxZG2p0C&lpg=PP1&dq=Time%20for%20a%20Model%20Change%3A%20Re-Engineering%20the%20Global%20Automotive%20Industry&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true\|dead-url=no}} ~~[[sk:General Motors]]~~ * {{cite book\|title= The End of Detroit: How the Big Three Lost Their Grip on the American Car Market\|url= https://archive.org/details/endofdetroithowb00mayn\|last= Maynard\|first= Micheline\|year= 2003\|publisher= Currency/Doubleday\|location= New York\|isbn= 978-0-385-50769-1\|oclc= 52623614}} ~~[[sl:General Motors]]~~ * {{cite book\|title=Billy, Alfred, and General Motors: The Story of Two Unique Men, a Legendary Company, and a Remarkable Time in American History\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HYFIiIll2eIC&lpg=PP1&dq=Billy%2C%20Alfred%2C%20and%20General%20Motors%3A%20The%20Story%20of%20Two%20Unique%20Men%2C%20a%20Legendary%20Company%2C%20and%20a&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true\|last=Pelfrey\|first=William\|year=2006\|publisher=AMACOM\|location=New York\|isbn=978-0-8144-0869-8\|oclc=61362777\|access-date=2017-01-04\|archive-date=2023-07-30\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730150808/https://books.google.com/books?id=HYFIiIll2eIC&lpg=PP1&dq=Billy%2C%20Alfred%2C%20and%20General%20Motors%3A%20The%20Story%20of%20Two%20Unique%20Men%2C%20a%20Legendary%20Company%2C%20and%20a&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true\|dead-url=no}} ~~[[sv:General Motors]]~~ * {{cite book\|title= The American Automobile; A Brief History\|url= https://archive.org/details/americanautomobi0000raej\|last= Rae\|first= John Bell\|year= 1965\|publisher= University of Chicago Press\|location= Chicago\|oclc= 236834\|series= The Chicago history of American civilization}} ~~[[tg:Ҷенерал Моторс]]~~ * {{Cite book \|last=Robertson \|first=Heather \|year=1995 \|title=Driving force: The McLaughlin family and the age of the car \|publisher=[[McClelland & Stewart]] \|url=https://archive.org/details/drivingforcemcla00robe \|isbn=0-7710-7556-1 \|ref=harv \|postscript=. ''A history of the businesses of [[Samuel McLaughlin]] and family, and the beginnings of [[General Motors Canada]] Ltd''. }} ~~[[th:เจเนรัลมอเตอร์]]~~ * {{cite book\|title= The Dream Maker: William C. Durant, Founder of General Motors\|url= https://archive.org/details/dreammaker00bern\|last= Weisberger\|first= Bernard A.\|authorlink= Bernard Weisberger\|year= 1979\|publisher= Little, Brown\|location= Boston\|isbn= 978-0-316-92874-8\|oclc= 5736758}} ~~[[tr:GM]]~~ {{refend}} ~~[[uk:General Motors]]~~ ~~[[yi:דזשי.עם.]]~~ == Pranala luar == ~~[[zh:通用汽车公司]]~~ {{Commons category\|General Motors}} * {{en}} [http://www.gm.com/ Situs web resmi GM Amerika Serikat] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222070636/http://www.gm.com/ \|date=2011-02-22 }} * {{id}} [http://www.gm.co.id/ GM Indonesia - Chevrolet] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406181715/http://www.gm.co.id/ \|date=2013-04-06 }} {{Finance links \| name = General Motors Company \| symbol = GM \| sec_cik = 1467858 \| yahoo = GM \| google = GM }} [[Kategori:Otomotif]] [[Kategori:Perusahaan Amerika Serikat]] [[Kategori:Perusahaan yang didirikan tahun 1908]] [[Kategori:Perusahaan otomotif Amerika Serikat]]