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{{Infobox drug
'''Ketamina''', dijual di bawah nama merek '''Ketalar''', adalah obat yang terutama digunakan untuk memulai dan mempertahankan [[anestesi]]. Hal ini memberikan efek [[analgesik]], [[sedasi]], dan [[amnesia]]. Kegunaan lainnya adalah untuk [[Sakit kronis|nyeri kronis]] dan sedasi dalam perawatan intensif.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zgaia|first=AO|last2=Irimie|first2=A|last3=Sandesc|first3=D|last4=Vlad|first4=C|last5=Lisencu|first5=C|last6=Rogobete|first6=A|last7=Achimas-Cadariu|first7=P|date=2015|title=The role of ketamine in the treatment of chronic cancer pain.|journal=Clujul medical (1957)|volume=88|issue=4|pages=457–61|doi=10.15386/cjmed-500|pmc=4689236|pmid=26733743}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zapantis|first=A|last2=Leung|first2=S|date=September 2005|title=Tolerance and withdrawal issues with sedation.|journal=Critical care nursing clinics of North America|volume=17|issue=3|pages=211–23|doi=10.1016/j.ccell.2005.04.011|pmid=16115529}}</ref> fungsi Jantung, pernapasan, dan saluran napas refleks umumnya tetap fungsional.<ref name="GreenRoback2011">{{Cite journal|last=Green|first=SM|last2=Roback|first2=MG|last3=Kennedy|first3=RM|last4=Krauss|first4=B|year=2011|title=Clinical Practice Guideline for Emergency Department Ketamine Dissociative Sedation: 2011 Update|url=http://www.annemergmed.com/article/S0196-0644%2810%2901827-5/fulltext|journal=[[Annals of Emergency Medicine]]|volume=57|issue=5|pages=449–61|doi=10.1016/j.annemergmed.2010.11.030|pmid=21256625}}</ref> Efek biasanya dimulai dalam waktu lima menit bila diberikan melalui suntikan dan bertahan hingga 25 menit.
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 477168837
| image = Ketamine2DCSD.svg
| width = 150
| image2 = S-ketamine-from-HCl-xtal-3D-balls.png
| width2 = 175
| alt2 = (''S'')-Ketamine ball-and-stick model
 
<!--Clinical data-->| tradename = Ketalar, dll
| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|ketamine-hydrochloride}}
| DailyMedID = Ketamine
| licence_US = Ketamine
| pregnancy_AU = B3
| pregnancy_AU_comment = <ref name="Drugs.com pregnancy">{{cite web | title=Ketamine (Ketalar) Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=22 November 2019 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ketamine.html | access-date=18 May 2020 | archive-date=26 June 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626125239/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ketamine.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
| addiction_liability = Moderate–high<ref>{{cite web |title=Drug Scheduling |url=https://www.dea.gov/drug-information/drug-scheduling |publisher=US DEA |access-date=29 December 2023 |archive-date=8 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408102758/https://www.dea.gov/drug-information/drug-scheduling |url-status=live }} Ketamine is listed in Schedule III.</ref><ref>Huang, MC., Lin, SK. (2020). Ketamine Abuse: Past and Present. In: Hashimoto, K., Ide, S., Ikeda, K. (eds) Ketamine. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2902-3_1</ref>
| routes_of_administration = Any<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bell RF, Eccleston C, Kalso EA | title = Ketamine as an adjuvant to opioids for cancer pain | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 6 | pages = CD003351 | date = June 2017 | issue = 9 | pmid = 28657160 | pmc = 6481583 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD003351.pub3 | url = http://opus.bath.ac.uk/57535/1/Published_Version.pdf | access-date = 10 September 2018 | archive-date = 12 January 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240112122726/http://opus.bath.ac.uk/57535/1/Published_Version.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Moyse DW, Kaye AD, Diaz JH, Qadri MY, Lindsay D, Pyati S | title = Perioperative Ketamine Administration for Thoracotomy Pain | journal = Pain Physician | volume = 20 | issue = 3 | pages = 173–184 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28339431 }}</ref><ref name="MathewZarate2016">{{cite book | vauthors = Mathew SJ, Zarate Jr CA |title=Ketamine for Treatment-Resistant Depression: The First Decade of Progress |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QDOgDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 |date=25 November 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-42925-0 |pages=8–10, 14–22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185726/https://books.google.com/books?id=QDOgDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 |archive-date=8 September 2017 }}</ref><ref name="MD">{{cite web|title=Ketamine Hydrochloride: Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference|date=9 January 2017|access-date=24 August 2017|veditors=Brayfield A|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|website=MedicinesComplete|url=https://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/current/ms-3114-h.htm|location=London, UK|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828134205/https://about.medicinescomplete.com/wp-content/themes/mc-marketing/assets/images/favicons-tiles/favicon.ico|url-status=live}}</ref>
| class = Antagonis reseptor NMDA; [[Anestesi umum]]; Halusinogen disosiatif; [[Analgesik]]; [[Antidepresan]]
| ATC_prefix = N01
| ATC_suffix = AX03
| legal_AU = S8
| legal_BR = C1
| legal_CA = Schedule I
| legal_DE = Unscheduled
| legal_UK = Class B
| legal_US = Schedule III
| legal_UN = Unscheduled
| legal_status = Rx-only
 
<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->| bioavailability = * [[Infus|Intravena]]: 100%<ref name="MathewZarate2016" />
* [[Penyuntikan intraotot|Intramuskular]]: 93%<ref name="MathewZarate2016" />
* [[Anestesi epidural|Epidural]]: 77%<ref name="Kintz2014">{{cite book | vauthors = Kintz P |title=Toxicological Aspects of Drug-Facilitated Crimes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgnUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA87 |date=22 March 2014 |publisher=Elsevier Science |isbn=978-0-12-416969-2 |pages=87– |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185726/https://books.google.com/books?id=YgnUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA87 |archive-date=8 September 2017 }}</ref>
* [[Pemberian hidung|Intranasal]]: 45–50%<ref name="MathewZarate2016" /><ref name="pmid23521979">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marland S, Ellerton J, Andolfatto G, Strapazzon G, Thomassen O, Brandner B, Weatherall A, Paal P |title=Ketamine: use in anesthesia |journal=CNS Neurosci Ther |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=381–9 |date=June 2013 |pmid=23521979 |pmc=6493613 |doi=10.1111/cns.12072 }}</ref>
* [[Sublingual]]: 24–30%<ref name="MathewZarate2016" /><ref name="Hashimoto2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hashimoto K | title = Rapid-acting antidepressant ketamine, its metabolites and other candidates: A historical overview and future perspective | journal = Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences | volume = 73 | issue = 10 | pages = 613–627 | date = October 2019 | pmid = 31215725 | pmc = 6851782 | doi = 10.1111/pcn.12902 }}</ref>
* Rektal: 25–30%<ref name="pmid23521979"/>
* Oral: 16–20%<ref name="MathewZarate2016" /><ref name="pmid23521979"/>
| protein_bound = 23 – 47%.<ref name="pmid6884418">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dayton PG, Stiller RL, Cook DR, Perel JM |title=The binding of ketamine to plasma proteins: emphasis on human plasma |journal=Eur J Clin Pharmacol |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=825–31 |date=1983 |pmid=6884418 |doi=10.1007/BF00607095 |s2cid=807011 }}</ref>
| metabolism = [[hati]], [[usus]] (oral):<ref name="MathewZarate2016" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hijazi Y, Boulieu R | title = Contribution of CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP2C9 isoforms to N-demethylation of ketamine in human liver microsomes | journal = Drug Metabolism and Disposition | volume = 30 | issue = 7 | pages = 853–8 | date = July 2002 | pmid = 12065445 | doi = 10.1124/dmd.30.7.853 | s2cid = 15787750 }}</ref><ref name="pmid27763887"/>
* Major: [[CYP3A4]], [[CYP2B6]]
| metabolites = * [[Norketamin]]
* [[Dehidronorketamin]]
* [[Hidroksinorketamin]]
| onset = * Intravenous: seconds<ref name=sinner>{{cite book | vauthors = Sinner B, Graf BM |chapter= Ketamine |title= Modern Anesthetics | veditors = Schüttler J, Schwilden H |series= Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology |year= 2008 |volume= 182 |issue= 182 |pages= 313–33 |isbn= 978-3-540-72813-9 |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-74806-9_15 |pmid=18175098}}</ref>
* Intramuscular: 1–5 min<ref name="sinner" /><ref name="Quibell2011" />
* Subcutaneous: 15–30 min<ref name="Quibell2011" />
* Insufflation: 5–10 min<ref name="sinner" />
* By mouth: 15–30 min<ref name="sinner" /><ref name="Quibell2011" />
| elimination_half-life = * Ketamin: 2,5–3 jam<ref name="sinner" /><ref name="MathewZarate2016" />
* Norketamin: 12 jam<ref name="Quibell2011" />
| duration_of_action = * Intramuscular: 0.5–2 hours<ref name="Quibell2011" />
* Insufflation: 45–60 min<ref name="sinner" />
* By mouth: 1–6+ jam<ref name="sinner" /><ref name="Quibell2011" />
| excretion = * [[Urin]]: 91%<ref name="pmid4603048"/>
* [[Feses]]: 3%<ref name="pmid4603048"/>
 
<!--Identifiers-->| index2_label = HCl
| IUPHAR_ligand = 4233
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| CAS_number = 6740-88-1
| CAS_number2_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| CAS_number2 = 1867-66-9
| CAS_supplemental = {{plainlist|
* 33643-46-8 ([[esketamin]])
* 33643-49-1 ([[arketamin]])
}}
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 6121
| PubChem = 3821
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| DrugBank = DB01221
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 3689
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 690G0D6V8H
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = D08098
| KEGG2_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG2 = D00711
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 742
| synonyms = CI-581; CL-369; CM-52372-2<ref name="MortonHall2012">{{cite book | vauthors = Morton IK, Hall JM |title=Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tsjrCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA159 |date=6 December 2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-011-4439-1 |pages=159– |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411144623/https://books.google.com/books?id=tsjrCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA159 |archive-date=11 April 2017 }}</ref>
 
<!-- Chemical and physical data -->| IUPAC_name = (''RS'')-2-(2-Klorofenil)-2-(metilamino)sikloheksanona
| C = 13
| H = 16
| Cl = 1
| N = 1
| O = 1
| chirality = [[Campuran rasemat]]:<ref name="sinner" />
* [[Esketamin]] (''S''(+)-isomer)
* [[Arketamin]] (''R''(−)-isomer)
| SMILES = Clc1ccccc1C2(NC)CCCCC2=O
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C13H16ClNO/c1-15-13(9-5-4-8-12(13)16)10-6-2-3-7-11(10)14/h2-3,6-7,15H,4-5,8-9H2,1H3
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = YQEZLKZALYSWHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
| density =
| density_notes =
| melting_point = 92 <ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Sass W, Fusari S |date=1977 |chapter=Ketamine |title=Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances |volume=6 |publisher=Academic Press |pages=297–322 |doi=10.1016/S0099-5428(08)60347-0 |isbn=9780122608063 }}</ref>
| melting_high =
| melting_notes =
| boiling_point =
| boiling_notes =
| solubility =
| sol_units =
| specific_rotation =
}}
 
'''Ketamin''', dijual di bawah nama merek '''Ketalar''', adalah obat yang terutama digunakan untuk memulai dan mempertahankan [[anestesi]]. Hal ini memberikan efek [[analgesik]], [[sedasi]], dan [[amnesia]]. Kegunaan lainnya adalah untuk [[Sakit kronis|nyeri kronis]] dan sedasi dalam perawatan intensif.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zgaia|first=AO|last2=Irimie|first2=A|last3=Sandesc|first3=D|last4=Vlad|first4=C|last5=Lisencu|first5=C|last6=Rogobete|first6=A|last7=Achimas-Cadariu|first7=P|date=2015|title=The role of ketamine in the treatment of chronic cancer pain.|journal=Clujul medical (1957)|volume=88|issue=4|pages=457–61|doi=10.15386/cjmed-500|pmc=4689236|pmid=26733743}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zapantis|first=A|last2=Leung|first2=S|date=September 2005|title=Tolerance and withdrawal issues with sedation.|journal=Critical care nursing clinics of North America|volume=17|issue=3|pages=211–23|doi=10.1016/j.ccell.2005.04.011|pmid=16115529}}</ref> fungsi Jantung, pernapasan, dan saluran napas refleks umumnya tetap fungsional.<ref name="GreenRoback2011">{{Cite journal|last=Green|first=SM|last2=Roback|first2=MG|last3=Kennedy|first3=RM|last4=Krauss|first4=B|year=2011|title=Clinical Practice Guideline for Emergency Department Ketamine Dissociative Sedation: 2011 Update|url=http://www.annemergmed.com/article/S0196-0644%2810%2901827-5/fulltext|journal=[[Annals of Emergency Medicine]]|volume=57|issue=5|pages=449–61|doi=10.1016/j.annemergmed.2010.11.030|pmid=21256625}}</ref> Efek biasanya dimulai dalam waktu lima menit bila diberikan melalui suntikan dan bertahan hingga 25 menit.
 
Efek samping yang umum terjadi adalah reaksi psikologis setelah penggunaan obat dihentikan. Reaksi-reaksi ini diantaranya adalah agitasi, kebingungan, atau [[halusinasi]].<ref name="KetPres2013">{{Cite web|url=http://www.drugs.com/pro/ketamine-injection.html|title=Ketamine Injection|website=[[Drugs.com]]|access-date=1 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="StrayerNelson2008">{{Cite journal|last=Strayer|first=RJ|last2=Nelson|first2=LS|year=2008|title=Adverse events associated with ketamine for procedural sedation in adults|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0026626/|journal=[[American Journal of Emergency Medicine]]|volume=26|issue=9|pages=985–1028|doi=10.1016/j.ajem.2007.12.005|pmid=19091264}}</ref> Peningkatan [[tekanan darah]] dan tremor otot relatif umum terjadi, sedangkan [[tekanan darah rendah]] dan penurunan pernapasan cukup jarang.<ref name="KetSide2014">{{Cite web|url=http://www.drugs.com/sfx/ketamine-side-effects.html|title=Ketamine Side Effects|website=drugs.com|access-date=1 December 2014}}</ref> [[Laringospasme|Kejang laring]] mungkin jarang terjadi. Ketamin telah diklasifikasikan sebagai reseptor NMDA antagonis; hal ini juga bertindak pada [[reseptor opioid]].<ref name="pmid9806706">{{Cite journal|last=Kohrs|first=R|last2=Durieux|first2=ME|date=November 1998|title=Ketamine: Teaching an old drug new tricks|url=http://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/Fulltext/1998/11000/Ketamine__Teaching_an_Old_Drug_New_Tricks.39.aspx|journal=[[Anesthesia & Analgesia]]|volume=87|issue=5|pages=1186–93|doi=10.1213/00000539-199811000-00039|pmid=9806706}}</ref>
 
KetaminaKetamin ditemukan pada tahun 1962.<ref name="Mary2014">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cesar.umd.edu/cesar/drugs/ketamine.asp|title=Ketamine - CESAR|website=Center for substance abuse research|publisher=University of Maryland|access-date=26 September 2014|archive-date=2013-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112080924/http://www.cesar.umd.edu/cesar/drugs/ketamine.asp|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Obat ini tercantum pada [[Daftar Obat Esensial Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia]], daftar obat paling efektif dan aman yang dibutuhkan dalam sistem kesehatan.<ref name="WHO19th">{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/EML_2015_FINAL_amended_NOV2015.pdf?ua=1|title=WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List)|date=April 2015|website=World Health Organization|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref> KetaminaKetamin juga digunakan sebagai [[obat rekreasi]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Morgan|first=Celia J. A.|last2=Curran|first2=H. Valerie|date=January 2012|title=Ketamine use: a review|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03576.x/full|journal=Addiction|volume=107|issue=1|pages=27–38|doi=10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03576.x|pmid=21777321|access-date=25 March 2016}}</ref>
 
Ada indikasi bahwa ketamin dapat membantu mengobati depresi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=scienceblog|date=2022-08-23|title=Pengobatan ketamin untuk depresi|url=https://www.scienceblog.co.uk/id/ketaminbehandlung-bei-depressionen/|website=scienceblog|language=id|access-date=2023-01-26}}{{Pranala mati|date=Juni 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
 
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Kategori:Analgesik]]
 
[[Kategori:AminaArilsikloheksilamina]]
[[Kategori:Obat tidurHipnotik]]
[[Kategori:Obat Esensial Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia]]
[[Kategori:Obat Esensial Nasional Indonesia]]
[[Kategori:Antidepresan]]
[[Kategori:Bahan kimia untuk darurat medis]]
[[Kategori:Kloroarena]]
[[Kategori:Agonis reseptor D2]]
[[Kategori:Obat dengan cara kerja yang belum diketahui]]
[[Kategori:Euforian]]
[[Kategori:Anestesi umum]]
[[Kategori:Keton]]
[[Kategori:Antagonis muskarinik]]
[[Kategori:Antagonis reseptor NMDA]]
[[Kategori:Antagonis nikotinat]]
[[Kategori:Modulator opioid]]
[[Kategori:Sedatif]]
[[Kategori:Obat hewan]]
[[Kategori:Obat yang dikembangkan oleh Pfizer]]
[[Kategori:Agonis sigma]]
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