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{{Qatar infobox}}
 
Negara '''Qatar''', (dalamdengan [[bahasanama Arab]]:resmi '''Negara Qatar''' ({{lang-ar|دولة قطر}}, ''Daulah QatarQaṭar''), adalah sebuah negara [[emiratkeamiran]] di [[Timur Tengah]] yang terletak di sebuah semenanjung kecil di [[JazirahSemenanjung Arab]] di [[Asia Barat]]. Satu-satunya batas darat merekadaratnya adalah [[Arab Saudi]] di selatan dan sisanya berbatasan dengan [[Teluk Persia]]. Teluk ini juga yang memisahkan Qatar dari negara pulau [[Bahrain]].
 
Setelah berada di bawah kekuasaan [[Kekaisaran Utsmaniyah|Utsmaniyah]], Qatar menjadi [[protektorat Britania Raya|protektorat Inggris]] pada awal abad ke-20 hingga merdeka pada tahun 1971. Qatar dipimpin oleh [[KeluargaWangsa Al-Tsani|dinasti Thani]] sejak awal abad ke-19. [[Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani|Syekh Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani]] adalah pendiri Qatar. Qatar merupakan negara monarki dan kepala negaranya saat ini adalah Emir [[Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani]] dengan gelar Emir. Qatar dapat disebutdigolongkan sebagai negara [[monarki konstitusional]]<ref name=BBC9Sep05>BBC News, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3784765.stm ''How democratic is the Middle East?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211002901/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3784765.stm |date=2021-02-11 }}, 9 September 2005.</ref><ref name=USState2011>United States Department of State [http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/186656.pdf Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Qatar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520205158/https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/186656.pdf |date=2017-05-20 }}, 2011.</ref> maupunataupun [[monarki absolut]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/160077.pdf|title=US State Dept's Country Political Profile - Qatar|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=|archive-date=2017-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502085511/https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/160077.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name=ftManage>{{cite news|last=Gardener |first=David |url=https://www.ft.com/content/2e141faa-dd82-11e2-a756-00144feab7de|title=Qatar shows how to manage a modern monarchy|publisher=[[Financial Times]]|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2021-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224183440/https://www.ft.com/content/2e141faa-dd82-11e2-a756-00144feab7de|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name=ciaw>{{cite news|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2128.html#qa|title=The World Factbook|publisher=[[CIA Factbook]]|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2012-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207225832/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2128.html#qa|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name=cangov>{{cite news|url=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/qatar/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/index.aspx?lang=eng&pedisable=true|title=Canada – Qatar Bilateral Relations|publisher=[[Government of Canada]]|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2021-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225094525/https://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/qatar/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/index.aspx?lang=eng&pedisable=true|dead-url=no}}</ref> tergantung opini. Pada tahun 2003, konstitusi baru disetujui oleh 98% penduduk.<ref name="electionguide.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.electionguide.org/results.php?ID=341|title=IFES Election Guide - Elections: Qatar Referendum Apr 29 2003|website=www.electionguide.org|accessdate=5 June 2017|archive-date=2020-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513193632/http://www.electionguide.org/results.php?ID=341|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="princeton.edu">{{cite web|url=https://www.princeton.edu/~pcwcr/reports/qatar2003.html|title=Qatar 2003|website=www.princeton.edu|accessdate=5 June 2017|archive-date=2017-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010092106/https://www.princeton.edu/~pcwcr/reports/qatar2003.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Awal tahun 2017, total populasi Qatar mencapai 2,6 juta jiwa: yaitu 313.000 warga negara Qatar dan 2.,3 juta [[ekspatriat]].<ref name=pop>{{cite web |url=http://priyadsouza.com/population-of-qatar-by-nationality-in-2017/ |title=Population of Qatar by nationality - 2017 report |accessdate=7 February 2017 |archive-date=2018-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122162153/http://priyadsouza.com/population-of-qatar-by-nationality-in-2017/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>
 
Qatar adalah negara dengan [[pendapatan ekonomi tinggi]], ditopang oleh [[Daftar negara menurut cadangan gas alam terbukti|cadangan gas alam]] dan minyaknya yang terbesar ketiga seduniadi dunia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112042847/http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/|archivedate=12 January 2013 |title=Indices & Data &#124; Human Development Reports |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |date=14 March 2013 |accessdate=27 June 2013}}</ref> Negara ini masuk dalam negara ber[[pendapatan per kapita]] [[Daftar negara menurut PDB (KKB) per kapita|tertinggi]] seduniadi dunia. Qatar digolongkan sebagai negara yang memiliki indeks pembangunan manusia sangat tinggi dan paling baik di antara negara-negara Arab lainnya.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://dohanews.co/un-ranks-qatar-highest-among-arab-states-human-development/|title = Qatar human development|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |archive-date = 2017-02-01|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170201220302/https://dohanews.co/un-ranks-qatar-highest-among-arab-states-human-development/|dead-url = no}}</ref> Qatar memiliki pengaruh cukup kuat di JazirahSemenanjung Arab, ia mendukung beberapa kelompok pemberontak selamapada era [[Musimkebangkitan Semidunia Arab]] baik secara finansial dan melalui grupperusahaan media global mereka, [[Jaringan Media Al Jazeera Media Network]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Dagher |first=Sam |url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052970204002304576627000922764650 |title=Tiny Kingdom's Huge Role in Libya Draws Concern |publisher=Online.wsj.com |date=17 October 2011 |accessdate=30 December 2013 |archive-date=2014-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027213238/http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052970204002304576627000922764650 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://politicsandpolicy.org/article/qatar-rise-underdog |title=Qatar: Rise of an Underdog |publisher=Politicsandpolicy.org |date= |accessdate=30 December 2013 |archive-date=2017-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610115944/http://politicsandpolicy.org/article/qatar-rise-underdog |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Ian Black in Tripoli |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/26/qatar-troops-libya-rebels-support |title=Qatar admits sending hundreds of troops to support Libya rebels |publisher=Theguardian.com |date= |accessdate=30 December 2013 |archive-date=2019-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115131603/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/26/qatar-troops-libya-rebels-support |dead-url=no }}</ref> UntukSebagai ukurannyanegara berukuran kecil, Qatar memegang pengaruh yang cukup penting di dunia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://publicdiplomacymagazine.com/middle-powers-squeezed-out-or-adaptive/|title=Middle Powers: Squeezed out or Adaptive?|publisher=Public Diplomacy Magazine|last=Cooper|first=Andrew F.|accessdate=12 March 2015|archive-date=2015-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317144416/http://publicdiplomacymagazine.com/middle-powers-squeezed-out-or-adaptive/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www18.georgetown.edu/data/people/mk556/publication-61175.pdf|title=Mediation and Qatari Foreign Policy|last=Kamrava|first=Mehran|accessdate=12 March 2015|archive-date=2013-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007183501/http://www18.georgetown.edu/data/people/mk556/publication-61175.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Qatar akan menjadi tuan rumah [[Piala Dunia FIFA 2022]], menjadidan merupakan negara Arab pertama yang mendapatkannyamenyelenggarakannya.<ref>{{cite web |author=Paul Rhys in Doha |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/sport/2010/04/2010424184010305993.html |title=Blatter reaches out to Arabia |publisher=Aljazeera.com |date= |accessdate=30 December 2013 |archive-date=2020-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919080334/https://www.aljazeera.com/sport/2010/04/2010424184010305993.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>
 
Pada tahun 2017, Arab Saudi, Bahrain, Uni Emirat Arab, dan Mesir memutus hubungan diplomatik dengan Qatar dan melabeli negara ini sebagai negara teroris, menyebabkan [[krisis diplomatik Qatar 2017]].
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{{utama|Geografi Qatar}}
{{See also|Flora Qatar}}
[[File:Qatar 31 January 2003.jpg|thumb|Foto satelit Qatar]]
Dataran Qatar hanya sebesar 160&nbsp;km dan lebih kecil dari negara bagian [[Connecticut]] di [[Amerika Serikat]]. Dataran Qatar terdiri dari gurun pasir. Tempat tertinggi di Qatar adalah di Jabal Dukhan. Area ini mengandung jumlah gas alam yang sangat besar.
 
Qatar berada di sebuah semenanjung sebelah timur [[Semenanjung Arab|Arabia]], berbatasan dengan [[Teluk Persia]] dan [[Arab Saudi]], di lokasi yang strategis dekat dengan cadangan minyak bumi dan gas alam yang besar. Negara Qatar menempati 11.571 km2 (4.468 mil persegi) di semenanjung yang membentang sekitar 160 km (99 mil) utara ke Teluk Persia dari Semenanjung Arab.<ref name="countrystudies">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Persian Gulf states: country studies |publisher=[[Federal Research Division]], [[Library of Congress]] |location=Washington, D.C. |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/93046476/ |last=Toth |first=Anthony |date=1994 |editor-last=Metz|editor-first=Helen Chapin |editor-link=Helen Chapin Metz |edition=3rd |pages=162–163 |isbn=0-8444-0793-3 |oclc=29548413 |entry=Qatar: Geography}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Batas barat dibatasi oleh Teluk Salwah, sebuah formasi cekung yang secara efektif memutuskan hubungan terestrial Qatar dengan pantai Al-Ahsa dan [[Bahrain]].<ref name="qencyclopedia">{{cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.qa/ar/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1|title=طبوغرافية شبه جزيرة قطر|publisher=Qatar Historical Encyclopedia|language=Arabic|date=28 April 2024|accessdate=20 July 2024}}</ref>
 
Semenanjung Qatar merupakan dataran rendah. Bentuknya merupakan ekspresi permukaan Lengkungan Qatar [[Antiklin|antiklinal]],<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.qscience.com/doi/pdf/10.5339/qfarf.2012.EEP4|title=What's up with Qatar? How eustasy and neotectonics influenced the late Pleistocene and Holocene sea-level history of Qatar|publisher=ExxonMobil Research Qatar |author=Jeremy Jameson |author2=Christian Strohmenger |journal=Qatar Foundation Annual Research Forum Proceedings|year=2012|issue=2012|pages=EEP4|doi=10.5339/qfarf.2012.EEP4|access-date=17 July 2015}}</ref> yang terbentuk selama Tabrakan Amar [[Prakambrium]] sekitar 640 hingga 620 juta tahun yang lalu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hosani |first=Khalid Al |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7KZ4ecpMp_sC&pg=PA296 |title=Lithosphere Dynamics and Sedimentary Basins: The Arabian Plate and Analogues |last2=Roure |first2=Francois |last3=ELLISON |first3=Richard |last4=LOKIER |first4=Stephen |date=2012-09-14 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-642-29278-1 |language=en}}</ref> Itu diselimuti oleh pasir lepas dan kerikil yang pecah dari batu kapur yang menonjol. Dataran halus yang ditutupi oleh debu berbutir halus ditemukan di timur, sedangkan bagian selatan dan barat daya semenanjung sebagian besar terdiri dari [[Gumuk|bukit pasir]] dan [[dataran garam]] (secara lokal dikenal sebagai ''sabkhas''), khususnya di dekat Mesaieed dan Khor Al Adaid.<ref name="nayeem1">{{cite book|last=Abdul Nayeem|first=Muhammad|title=Qatar Prehistory and Protohistory from the Most Ancient Times (Ca. 1,000,000 to End of B.C. Era)|publisher=Hyderabad Publishers|page=2|year=1998|isbn=978-81-85492-04-9}}</ref> Sakbah juga dapat ditemukan di Qatar barat, dekat Dukhan dan Sawda Natheel.<ref name="abulali">{{cite journal|url=https://eurekamag.com/pdf/012/012125301.pdf|title=Geologic Evolution of the Dukhan salt flats in Western Qatar Peninsula, Arabian Gulf|last1=Sadiq|first1=Abdulali M.|journal=Qatar University Science Journal|issue=23|pages=41–58|year=2003|access-date=23 February 2019}}</ref> Barisan bukit (jebels) dapat ditemukan di Qatar barat dekat Dukhan dan di Jebel Fuwayrit di pantai timur laut.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mme.gov.qa/cui/view.dox?id=954&contentID=1409&siteID=2|title=About Qatar|publisher=Ministry of Municipality and Environment|access-date=23 February 2019|archive-date=14 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214002733/http://www.mme.gov.qa/cui/view.dox?id=954&contentID=1409&siteID=2|url-status=dead}}</ref> Topografi Qatar dibagi menjadi lima wilayah utama: dataran pantai, dataran dalam, sabuk tengah, wilayah Dukhan, dan gurun selatan.<ref name="qencyclopedia"/>
 
== Politik ==
Baris 25 ⟶ 30:
 
[[Berkas:Donald Trump meets with the Emir of Qatar (Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani), May 2017.jpg|jmpl|Emir [[Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani]] dengan Presiden A.S. [[Donald Trump]] bulan Mei 2017]]
Qatar dapat dianggap sebagai negara [[monarki konstitusional]]<ref name=BBC9Sep05/><ref name=USState2011/> maupun [[monarki absolut]]<ref name=ftManage/><ref name=cangov/> yang dipimpin oleh [[keluarga Al Thani]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3784765.stm|title=BBC NEWS - Middle East - How democratic is the Middle East?|website=news.bbc.co.uk|accessdate=5 June 2017|archive-date=2021-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211002901/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3784765.stm|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/186656.pdf |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2017-06-07 |archive-date=2017-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520205158/https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/186656.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref> Dinasti Al Thani telah memimpin Qatar sejak 1825.<ref name="CIA">{{cite web | title = Qatar | url = https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/qatar/ | publisher = [[Central Intelligence Agency]] | work = [[CIA World Factbook]] | date = 8 February 2012 | access-date = 4 March 2012 | archive-date = 9 July 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210709105408/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/qatar/ | url-status = live }}</ref> Tahun 2003, Qatar mengadopsi [[Konstitusi Qatar|konstitusi]] yang memilih langsung 30 dari 45 anggota Dewan Legislatif.<ref name="CIA"/><ref name="Lambert2011a">{{cite journal|first = Jennifer|last = Lambert|year = 2011|title = Political Reform in Qatar: Participation, Legitimacy and Security|url = http://mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/political-reform-qatar-participation-legitimacy-and-security?print|publisher = Middle East Policy Council|volume = 19|issue = 1|access-date = 2017-06-07|archive-date = 2013-01-16|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235840/http://mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/political-reform-qatar-participation-legitimacy-and-security?print|dead-url = no}}</ref><ref name="Reut20111101">{{cite news | title = Qatar to hold advisory council elections in 2013 | url = http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/11/01/uk-qatar-election-idUKTRE7A01US20111101 | date = 1 November 2011 | publisher = Reuters | work = Reuters (UK edition) | accessdate = 4 March 2012 | archive-date = 2015-11-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151120233112/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/11/01/uk-qatar-election-idUKTRE7A01US20111101 | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Konstitusi ini disetujui mutlak dalam referendum dengan angka 98%.<ref name="electionguide.org"/><ref name="princeton.edu"/>
 
Emir kedelapan Qatar adalah [[Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani]], ayahnya adalah [[Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani]] yang menyerahkan kekuasaan padanya 25 Juni 2013.<ref name="New Emir BBC">{{cite news|title=Qatari emir Sheikh Hamad hands power to son Tamim|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23026870|accessdate=25 June 2013|newspaper=BBC|date=25 June 2013|archive-date=2018-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224191628/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23026870|dead-url=no}}</ref> Kanselir tertinggi memiliki kekuasaan eksklusif untuk memilih dan mencopot perdana menteri dan menteri kabinet yang semuanya membentuk Dewan Menteri. Dewan Menteri adalah otoritas eksekutif tertinggi di negara ini.<ref name="embassycouncil">{{cite web|title=Council of Ministers |url=http://www.qatarembassy.net/council.asp |publisher=Embassy of the State of Qatar in Washington DC |accessdate=4 March 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612090451/http://qatarembassy.net/council.asp |archivedate=12 June 2010 }}</ref> Dewan Menteri juga memulai legislasi. Hukum dan dekrit yang diusulkan Dewan Menteri akan dirujuk ke Dewan Penasihat (Majilis Al Shura) untuk didiskusikan kemudian diberikan ke Emir untuk diratifikasi.<ref name="embassycouncil"/> [[Majelis Konsultatif Qatar|Majelis Konsultatif]] memiliki otoritas legislatif terbatas untuk menyusun dan menyetujui hukum, tapi Emir yang menentukan semuanya di akhir.<ref name="CIA"/> Anggota dewan saat ini terdiri dari anggota yang ditunjuk oleh Emir,<ref name="CIA"/> karena tidak ada pemilihan legislatif sejak 1970.<ref name="CIA"/> Pemilihan legislatif ditunda sampai paling tidak tahun 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dohanews.co/legislative-elections-in-qatar-postponed-until-at-least-2019/|title=Legislative elections in Qatar postponed until at least 2019|date=2016-06-17|work=Doha News|access-date=2017-05-26|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-09-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929231332/https://dohanews.co/legislative-elections-in-qatar-postponed-until-at-least-2019/|dead-url=no}}</ref>
 
Hukum Qatar tidak memperbolehkan pembentukan badan politik atau persatuan dagang.<ref name="kuwari">{{cite web|title=The People Want Reform… In Qatar, Too.|work=Jadaliyya|url=http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/8880/the-people-want-reform%E2%80%A6-in-qatar-too.|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2017-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010092159/http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/8880/the-people-want-reform%E2%80%A6-in-qatar-too.|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
Baris 33 ⟶ 38:
=== Hukum syariat ===
{{See also|Hak asasi manusia di Qatar}}
Menurut konstitusi Qatar, [[hukum Syariat]] adalah sumber semua kebijakan Qatar.<ref name="con">{{cite web|title=The Permanent Constitution of the State of Qatar|url=http://www.almeezan.qa/LawArticles.aspx?LawArticleID=25754&LawId=2284&language=en|publisher=Government of Qatar|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2014-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006075128/http://www.almeezan.qa/LawArticles.aspx?LawArticleID=25754&LawId=2284&language=en|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name=qat1>{{cite web|title=Constitution of Qatar|url=http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=9626|quote=Menurut Article 1: Qatar adalah negara Arab independen. Islam adalah agamanya dan hukum Syariat adalah sumber hukumnya.|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2014-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006153437/http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=9626|dead-url=no}}</ref> Dalam praktiknya, sistem hukum Qatar merupakan campuran antara [[hukum sipil (sistem hukum)|hukum sipil]] dan hukum Syariat.<ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|publisher=U.S. Central Intelligence Agency|url=http://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/qa.html|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2013-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131123052127/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/qa.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/171743.pdf|title=Qatar|publisher=[[US Department of State]]|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924120336/http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/171743.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref> Hukum Syariat diberlakukan ke [[hukum keluarga]], [[keturunan]], dan beberapa [[hukum kriminal|tindakan kriminal]] (termasuk zina, perampokan, dan pembunuhan). Dalam beberapa kasus, sidang pengadilan keluarga memperlakukan testimoni wanita berharga setengah dari testimoni pria.<ref>{{cite web|title=Qatar Gender Equality Profile|url=http://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Qatar-Gender-Eqaulity-Profile-2011.pdf|publisher=UNICEF|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2014-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629121154/http://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Qatar-Gender-Eqaulity-Profile-2011.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Poligini dalam Islam|Poligini Islam]] diperbolehkan.<ref name=nobs>[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/l-enquete-de-l-obs/20130405.OBS6953/qatar-s-ils-pouvaient-ils-acheteraient-la-tour-eiffel.html nouvelobs.com: "Qatar : "S'ils pouvaient, ils achèteraient la Tour Eiffel"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010091751/http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/l-enquete-de-l-obs/20130405.OBS6953/qatar-s-ils-pouvaient-ils-acheteraient-la-tour-eiffel.html |date=10 October 2017 }}, 7 April 2013</ref>
 
''[[Judicial corporal punishment]]'' adalah sesuatu yang umum di Qatar akibat [[Hanbali|interpretasi Hanbali]] hukum Syariat. [[Cambukan]] diberlakukan sebagai hukuman untuk pengonsumsi alkohol atau hubungan seksual terlarang.<ref name="amne" /> Kitab Pidana Qatar Artikel 88 menuliskan bahwa hukuman bagi pelaku zina adalah 100 cambukan,<ref name="flog" /> dan pada tahun 2006, seorang wanita Filipina mendapat hukuman ini.<ref name="flog">{{cite web|title=Filipino woman gets 100 lashes for giving birth in Qatar|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/9758/news/nation/filipino-woman-gets-100-lashes-for-giving-birth-in-qatar|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2014-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006073504/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/9758/news/nation/filipino-woman-gets-100-lashes-for-giving-birth-in-qatar|dead-url=no}}</ref> Pada tahun 2010, paling tidak 18 orang (sebagian besar warga asing) dihukum antara 40-100 cambuk akibat hubungan seksual terlarang atau konsumsi alkohol.<ref>{{cite web|title=Qatar|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/qatar/report-2010|publisher=Amnesty International|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2014-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020022548/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/qatar/report-2010|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Tahun 2011, paling tidak 21 orang dihukum,<ref>{{cite web|title=Qatar|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/qatar/report-2011#section-117-9|publisher=Amnesty International|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2015-01-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103135911/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/qatar/report-2011#section-117-9|dead-url=yes}}</ref> dan tahun 2012, ada 6 ekspatriat dihukum.<ref name="amne">{{cite web|title=Amnesty International Annual Report 2012 – Qatar|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/qatar/report-2012#section-27-6|publisher=Amnesty International|accessdate=19 March 2014|archive-date=2014-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724102826/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/qatar/report-2012#section-27-6|dead-url=no}}</ref> Hanya Muslim yang sehat yang akan menjalani hukuman. Tidak diketahui pasti apakah hukuman benar dijalankan.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/qatar/report-2012#section-27-6 | work=Amnesty International | title=Annual Report | date=23 October 2014 | access-date=2017-06-07 | archive-date=2014-07-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724102826/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/qatar/report-2012#section-27-6 | dead-url=no }}</ref> Pada bulan April 2013, seorang ekspatriat Muslim dihukum 40 cambukan karena ketahuan mengonsumsi alkohol,<ref>{{cite web|title=Qatar sentences man to 40 lashes for drinking alcohol|url=http://www.arabianbusiness.com/qatar-sentences-man-40-lashes-for-drinking-alcohol-498986.html|publisher=Arabian Business|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2014-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006120716/http://www.arabianbusiness.com/qatar-sentences-man-40-lashes-for-drinking-alcohol-498986.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Qatar sentences man to lashes for drinking alcohol|url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/15593|publisher=Al Akhbar|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2014-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006143325/http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/15593|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Qatar court orders lashing of Muslim barber over drinking alcohol|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2013/04/22/Qatar-to-lash-Muslim-barber-over-drinking-alcohol-.html|publisher=Al Arabiya|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2014-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029020349/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2013/04/22/Qatar-to-lash-Muslim-barber-over-drinking-alcohol-.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> dan bulan Juni 2014, seorang ekspatriat Muslim juga dihukum 40 cambukan karena mengonsumsi alkohol dan mengendarai mobil di bawah pengaruh alkohol.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian expat sentenced to 40 lashes in Qatar for drink-driving|url=http://www.arabianbusiness.com/indian-expat-sentenced-40-lashes-in-qatar-for-drink-driving-552601.html|publisher=Arabian Business|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2014-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006115210/http://www.arabianbusiness.com/indian-expat-sentenced-40-lashes-in-qatar-for-drink-driving-552601.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>
[[Rajam]] adalah hukuman legal di Qatar,<ref>{{cite web|title=Special report: The punishment was death by stoning. The crime? Having a mobile phone|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/special-report-the-punishment-was-death-by-stoning-the-crime-having-a-mobile-phone-8846585.html|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2020-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828204058/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/special-report-the-punishment-was-death-by-stoning-the-crime-having-a-mobile-phone-8846585.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> dan [[kemurtadan]] dan [[homoseksualitas]] dapat dijerat dengan [[hukuman mati]].<ref name=iheu>{{cite news|author= Jenifer Fenton|url=http://iheu.org/religious-law-prison-for-blasphemy-severe-sexual-inequalilty-qatars-human-rights-review/|title=Religious law, prison for "blasphemy", severe sexual inequalilty: Qatar's human rights review|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2015-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318210908/http://iheu.org/religious-law-prison-for-blasphemy-severe-sexual-inequalilty-qatars-human-rights-review/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=What are the worst countries in the world to be gay?|url=http://unitedexplanations.org/english/2014/05/20/what-are-the-worst-countries-in-the-world-to-be-gay/|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2014-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110231905/http://unitedexplanations.org/english/2014/05/20/what-are-the-worst-countries-in-the-world-to-be-gay/|dead-url=no}}</ref> [[Penistaan]] dapat berujung hingga 7 tahun penjara, sedangkan menarik orang untuk berpindah agama dapat dijatuhi 10 tahun penjara.<ref name=iheu />
 
[[Minuman beralkohol]] legal sebagian di Qatar; beberapa hotel bintang lima diperbolehkan menjual alkohol pada konsumen non-Muslim.<ref name=wsj20120107>{{cite news |author= Alex Delmar-Morgan |url=https://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203686204577115923124889872.html |title=Qatar, Unveiling Tensions, Suspends Sale of Alcohol |work=Wall Street Journal |date=7 January 2012 |accessdate=17 January 2012 |archive-date=2013-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808023228/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203686204577115923124889872.html |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name=arabist20120115>{{cite news |author= Jenifer Fenton |url=http://www.arabist.net/blog/2012/1/15/qatars-impromptu-alcohol-ban.html |title=Qatar's Impromptu Alcohol Ban |publisher=The Arabist |date=16 January 2012 |accessdate=17 January 2012 |archive-date=2012-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117011856/http://www.arabist.net/blog/2012/1/15/qatars-impromptu-alcohol-ban.html |dead-url=no }}</ref> Muslim dilarang mengonsumsi alkohol, dan yang kedapatan mengonsumsi dapat berujung hukuman [[cambuk]] atau deportasi. Ekspatriat non-Muslim dapat memperoleh izin untuk membeli alkohol untuk konsumsi pribadi. Qatar Distribution Company (anak usaha [[Qatar Airways]]) diizinkan untuk mengimpor alkohol dan bagi; perusahaan ini mengoperasikan satu-satunya toko alkohol di negara ini, juga menjual babi kepada pemegang lisensi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Qatar Distribution Company|url=http://www.qatarloving.com/qatar-distribution-company|publisher=Qatar Loving|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2021-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224170401/https://www.qatarloving.com/qatar-distribution-company|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.qatarvisitor.com/index.php?cID=414&pID=1053 |title=Purchasing Alcohol in Qatar |publisher=Qatar Visitor |date=2 June 2007 |accessdate=1 May 2011 |archive-date=2011-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501044507/http://www.qatarvisitor.com/index.php?cID=414&pID=1053 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Otoritas Qatar kelihatannya juga akan memperbolehkan alkohol di "zona fans" ketika [[Piala Dunia FIFA 2022]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Qatar would 'welcome' Israel in 2022 |first=Tamara |last=Walid |url=http://www.thenational.ae/sport/football/qatar-would-welcome-israel-in-2022 |newspaper=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |date=11 November 2009 |accessdate=10 August 2013 |archive-date=2013-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531214338/http://www.thenational.ae/sport/football/qatar-would-welcome-israel-in-2022 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
 
Tahun 2014, sebuah imbauan kesopanan diluncurkan untuk mengingatkan turis mengenai gaya berpakaian di negara ini.<ref name="'Leggings Are Not Pants' Qatar's New Modesty Campaign Aimed At Westerners">{{cite news|last=Elgot|first=Jessica|title='Leggings Are Not Pants' Qatar's New Modesty Campaign Aimed At Westerners'|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/05/28/qatar-modesty-world-cup_n_5405054.html|newspaper=Huffington Post|date=28 May 2014|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2014-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006094853/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/05/28/qatar-modesty-world-cup_n_5405054.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> Turis wanita disarankan untuk tidak mengenakan ''legging'', rok mini, atasan tanpa lengan, dan pakaian ketat di publik. Pria diingatkan tidak hanya mengenakan celana pendek dan singlet.<ref>{{citeCite webnews |url=http://en.tempo.co/read/news/2014/05/29/240581035/Qatar-Bans-Tourists-from-Wearing-Leggings-in-Public |title=Qatar Bans Tourists from Wearing Leggings in Public |author=Aningtias Jatmika |date=29 May 2014 |language=id |work=[[Tempo.co]] |access-date=2017-06-07 |archive-date=2014-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006073951/http://en.tempo.co/read/news/2014/05/29/240581035/Qatar-Bans-Tourists-from-Wearing-Leggings-in-Public |dead-url=no }}</ref>
 
=== Hukum ===
Baris 62 ⟶ 67:
== Ekonomi ==
{{main|Ekonomi Qatar}}
[[Berkas:Dhow with West Bay skyline in the background.jpg|jmpl|Doha.]]
 
[[Berkas:Qatar Export Treemap.png|jmpl|Gambaran grafik produk ekspor Qatar dalam 28 kategori warna (2011).]]
[[Berkas:Doha City, UNCTAD XIII (7115124733).jpg|jmpl|kiri|Distrik komersial di Doha.]]
Awalnya, [[ekonomi]] Qatar difokuskan pada [[perikanan]] dan [[mutiara]] namun industri mutiara jatuh setelah munculnya mutiara yang dibudidayakan dari [[Jepang]] pada tahun [[1920-an]] dan [[1930-an]]. Transformasi ekonomi terjadi pada tahun [[1940]], yaitu ketika ditemukan [[minyak bumi]] di [[Lapangan Dukhan]].<ref name=emboil>{{cite web |title=The Qatar Oil Discoveries |author=Rasoul Sorkhabi |journal=GEO ExPro Magazine |volume=7 |issue=1 |date=2010 |url=http://www.geoexpro.com/articles/2010/01/the-qatar-oil-discoveries |access-date=2017-06-08 |archive-date=2020-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205055046/https://www.geoexpro.com/articles/2010/01/the-qatar-oil-discoveries |dead-url=no }}</ref> Sekarang, pemasukan utama Qatar adalah dari [[ekspor]] minyak dan [[gas bumi]]. Simpanan minyak negara ini diperkirakan sebesar 15 miliar [[barel]] (2,4&nbsp;km³). Dengan tidak adanya [[pajak penghasilan]], Qatar (bersama [[Bahrain]]) adalah salah satu negara dengan tingkat pajak terendah di dunia. Tingkat pengangguran bulan Juni 2013 adalah 0,1%.<ref name=newhopenyt>{{cite news|title=New Hope for Democracy in a Dynastic Land|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/26/world/middleeast/emir-of-qatar-abdicates-handing-power-to-his-son.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|publisher=NYTimes.com|accessdate=26 June 2013|first=Rod|last=Nordland|date=25 June 2013|archive-date=2019-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502065154/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/26/world/middleeast/emir-of-qatar-abdicates-handing-power-to-his-son.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|dead-url=no}}</ref> Hukum korporat mewajibkan perusahaan Qatar memegang minimum 51% saham perusahaan di negara ini.<ref name=nobs/>
 
Untuk beberapa tahun ke depan, Qatar diperkirakan akan tetap fokus pada minyak dan gas bumi, namun sudah mulai mengembangkan sektor swasta. Pada [[2004]], [[Qatar Science & Technology Park]] dibuka untuk menarik dan melayani berbagai usaha berbasis teknologi, baik dari dalam maupun luar Qatar.
 
Per 2016, [[Produk domestik bruto|PDB]] per kapita Qatar menempati posisi nomor 4 tertinggi di dunia, menurut Dana Moneter Internasional. (IMF) .<ref name="imfoct">{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=34&pr.y=13&sy=2015&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C672%2C914%2C946%2C612%2C137%2C614%2C546%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C359%2C960%2C453%2C423%2C968%2C935%2C922%2C128%2C714%2C611%2C862%2C321%2C135%2C243%2C716%2C248%2C456%2C469%2C722%2C253%2C942%2C642%2C718%2C643%2C724%2C939%2C576%2C644%2C936%2C819%2C961%2C172%2C813%2C132%2C199%2C646%2C733%2C648%2C184%2C915%2C524%2C134%2C361%2C652%2C362%2C174%2C364%2C328%2C732%2C258%2C366%2C656%2C734%2C654%2C144%2C336%2C146%2C263%2C463%2C268%2C528%2C532%2C923%2C944%2C738%2C176%2C578%2C534%2C537%2C536%2C742%2C429%2C866%2C433%2C369%2C178%2C744%2C436%2C186%2C136%2C925%2C343%2C869%2C158%2C746%2C439%2C926%2C916%2C466%2C664%2C112%2C826%2C111%2C542%2C298%2C967%2C927%2C443%2C846%2C917%2C299%2C544%2C582%2C941%2C474%2C446%2C754%2C666%2C698%2C668&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects (PPP valuation of country GDP)|publisher=IMF|date=October 2016|access-date=4 January 2017|archive-date=10 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110023135/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=34&pr.y=13&sy=2015&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C672%2C914%2C946%2C612%2C137%2C614%2C546%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C359%2C960%2C453%2C423%2C968%2C935%2C922%2C128%2C714%2C611%2C862%2C321%2C135%2C243%2C716%2C248%2C456%2C469%2C722%2C253%2C942%2C642%2C718%2C643%2C724%2C939%2C576%2C644%2C936%2C819%2C961%2C172%2C813%2C132%2C199%2C646%2C733%2C648%2C184%2C915%2C524%2C134%2C361%2C652%2C362%2C174%2C364%2C328%2C732%2C258%2C366%2C656%2C734%2C654%2C144%2C336%2C146%2C263%2C463%2C268%2C528%2C532%2C923%2C944%2C738%2C176%2C578%2C534%2C537%2C536%2C742%2C429%2C866%2C433%2C369%2C178%2C744%2C436%2C186%2C136%2C925%2C343%2C869%2C158%2C746%2C439%2C926%2C916%2C466%2C664%2C112%2C826%2C111%2C542%2C298%2C967%2C927%2C443%2C846%2C917%2C299%2C544%2C582%2C941%2C474%2C446%2C754%2C666%2C698%2C668&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|url-status=live}}</ref> Negara ini sangat mengandalkan tenaga asing untuk pertumbuhan ekonominya, sampai pada taraf [[pekerja migran]] mencapai 86% populasi penduduk dan 94% angkatan kerja.<ref>Bill Crane (20 April 2015). [https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/04/gulf-states-slave-labor-migrant-workers/ Gravediggers of the Gulf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010092113/https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/04/gulf-states-slave-labor-migrant-workers/|date=2017-10-10}}. ''[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]]''. Retrieved 20 April 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Qatar: Migrant Construction Workers Face Abuse|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/12/qatar-migrant-construction-workers-face-abuse|publisher=Human Rights Watch|access-date=2017-06-08|archive-date=2015-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016072824/https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/12/qatar-migrant-construction-workers-face-abuse|dead-url=no}}</ref> Qatar juga sering dikritik oleh [[Konfederasi Serikat Dagang Internasional]].<ref>Robert Tuttle (22 May 2014). [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-05-22/world-cup-host-qatar-ranked-among-worst-places-to-work-by-unions.html World Cup Host Qatar Ranked Among Worst Places to Work by Unions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108082643/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-05-22/world-cup-host-qatar-ranked-among-worst-places-to-work-by-unions.html |date=2015-01-08 }}. [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]. Retrieved 29 July 2014.</ref> Pertumbuhan ekonomi Qatar hampir selalu ditopang oleh minyak bumi dan gas alam sejak ditemukan tahun 1940.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.onlineqatar.com/info/tourist-info.aspx |title=Qatar tourist guide |accessdate=14 February 2012 |archive-date=2018-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616153325/https://www.onlineqatar.com/info/tourist-info.aspx |dead-url=no }}</ref>
 
Negara ini hampir tidak menerapkan pajak, namun otoritas negara berencana untuk menerapkannya pada makanan siap saji dan barang mewah. Pajak ini akan diimplementasikan pada barang yang membahayakan tubuh - seperti makanan siap saji, rokok, dan minuman ringan. Awal mula rencana kebijakan ini diperkirakan akibat jatuhnya harga minyak dan menyebabkan negara ini defisit tahun 2016. Selain itu, jumlah pemotongan kerja juga meningkat dari perusahaan minyak dan sektor lembaga negara lainnya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dohanews.co/taxes-on-junk-food-luxury-items-to-be-rolled-out-in-qatar-soon/|title=Taxes on junk food, luxury items to be rolled out in Qatar soon|date=16 February 2017|publisher=|accessdate=5 June 2017|archive-date=2017-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519042210/https://dohanews.co/taxes-on-junk-food-luxury-items-to-be-rolled-out-in-qatar-soon/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://dohanews.co/tag/layoffs/|title=layoffs Archives - Doha News|website=Doha News|accessdate=5 June 2017|archive-date=2017-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519071058/https://dohanews.co/tag/layoffs/|dead-url=no}}</ref>
 
=== Komunikasi ===
Baris 78 ⟶ 83:
== Demografi ==
{{main|Demografi Qatar}}
{{wide image|Wv Doha banner.jpg|1000px|Panorama [[Doha]]}}
Jumlah penduduk di Qatar berfluktuasi tergantung musim, karena negara ini sangat bergantung dari migran asing. Pada tahun 2017, total populasi Qatar mencapai 2,6 juta, di mana warga negara Qatar hanya 313.000 orang (12%) dan 2,3 juta lainnya adalah ekspatriat.<ref name="pop" /> Warga asing non-Arab menyumbang mayoritas populasi Qatar; [[Orang India di Qatar|Orang India]] merupakan yang terbesar, mencapai 650.000 orang (2017),<ref name="pop" /> diikuti 350.000 [[Orang Nepal di Qatar|orang Nepal]], 280.000 [[orang Bangladesh]], 260.000 [[orang Filipina di Qatar|orang Filipina]], 200.000 orang [[Mesir]], 145.000 orang [[Sri Lanka]] dan 125.000 [[orang Pakistan di Qatar|orang Pakistan]].<ref name="pop" /><ref>[http://priyadsouza.com/population-of-qatar-by-nationality-in-2017/ many other nationalities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122162153/http://priyadsouza.com/population-of-qatar-by-nationality-in-2017/ |date=2018-11-22 }}.</ref>
 
Catatan demografi pertama Qatar dilakukan tahun 1892, dan dilakukan oleh gubernur Ottoman di provinsi ini. Menurut sensus itu, yang hanya memasukkan penduduk di kota, total populasi tahun 1892 adalah 9.830.<ref name="Fromhertz2012">{{cite book |title = Katar'da Osmanlilar 1871–1916 |last1= Kursun|first1= Zekeriya|publisher=Turk Tarih Kurumu|year= 2004}}</ref>

{{Historical populations |align=right |width=150px
|title = Populasi
|source = Otoritas Statistik Qatar (1904–2004);<ref name=qsahist/> 2010 Census;<ref name=census10 /> 2013 est.<ref name=qsa-jan13>{{cite web|title=Population structure|url=http://www.qsa.gov.qa/eng/population_census/2013/PopulationStructure_jan.htm|publisher=Qatar Statistics Authority|date=31 January 2013|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2014-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006095212/http://www.qsa.gov.qa/eng/population_census/2013/PopulationStructure_jan.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="balancing"/> 2016<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/people/Qatar-population-hits-25-million-on-worker-influx-263189/ |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2017-06-07 |archive-date=2018-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120070536/https://en.tengrinews.kz/people/Qatar-population-hits-25-million-on-worker-influx-263189/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>
|percentages =
|1904 |27000
Baris 94 ⟶ 101:
|2016 |2545000
}}
Sensus tahun 2010 mencatat total penduduk 1.699.435.<ref name="census10" /> Bulan Januari 2013, Otoritas Statistik Qatar memperkirakan jumlah penduduk 1.903.447, di mana 1.405.164 adalah pria dan 498.283 wanita.<ref name="qsa-jan13" /> Ketika dilakukan sensus pertama tahun 1970, jumlah penduduk adalah 111.133.<ref name=qsahist>{{cite web|title=History of Census in Qatar|url=http://www.qsa.gov.qa/QatarCensus/HistoryOfCensus.aspx|publisher=Qatar Statistics Authority|accessdate=16 June 2013|archive-date=2017-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311180211/http://www.qsa.gov.qa/QatarCensus/HistoryOfCensus.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Populasinya bertambah 3 kali lipat dalam satu dekade per tahun 2011, dari hanya 600.000 orang tahun 2001, sehingga warga negara Qatar tersisa kurang dari 15% total populasi.<ref name="balancing">{{cite news|title=Qatar's delicate balancing act|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-21029018|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=23 May 2013|date=16 January 2013|archive-date=2019-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330171029/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-21029018|dead-url=no}}</ref> Jumlah pekerja kasar pria menyebabkan ketidakseimbangan jender, dan jumlah wanita saat ini hanya seperempat jumlah populasi.
 
=== Agama ===
Baris 121 ⟶ 128:
|color6 = Black
}}
Kebanyakan penduduk Qatar beragama [[Islam]]. Islam juga merupakan agama resmi negara.<ref>{{cite web|title=Report on International Religious Freedom – Qatar|url=http://m.state.gov/md14011.htm|publisher=US Department of State|quote=The official state religion follows the conservative Wahhabi tradition of the Hanbali school of Islam|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2014-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821170612/http://m.state.gov/md14011.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Selain etnik Arab, Qatar juga terdiri dari banyak ekspatriat yang bekerja di Qatar dalam industri minyak. Kebanyakan Muslim di Qatar mengikuti aliran [[Islam Sunni]], sedangkan Muslim yang mengikuti Syiah sekitar 20%.<ref name=wahh>{{cite web|title=Tiny Qatar's growing global clout|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-13229852|publisher=BBC|date=30 April 2011|accessdate=12 March 2015|archive-date=2020-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201142354/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-13229852|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name=insom>{{cite news|title=Qatar's modern future rubs up against conservative traditions|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/27/uk-qatar-modernism-idUSLNE88Q00D20120927|publisher=Reuters|date=27 September 2012|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924170941/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/27/uk-qatar-modernism-idUSLNE88Q00D20120927|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name=risingreuters>{{cite news|title=Rising power Qatar stirs unease among some Mideast neighbors|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/12/us-qatar-neighbours-idUSBRE91B0R920130212|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=13 June 2013|date=12 February 2013|archive-date=2015-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002041309/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/12/us-qatar-neighbours-idUSBRE91B0R920130212|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2011 Report on International Religious Freedom – Qatar|url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/50210591c.html|publisher=US Department of State|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2021-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126141320/https://www.refworld.org/docid/50210591c.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> Penduduk Qatar 67.7% [[Muslim]], 13.8% [[Kristen]], 13.8% [[Hindu]] dan 3.1% [[Buddha]]- agama dan kepercayaan lainnya 1.6%.<ref name=pewrel>{{cite web|title=Religious Composition by Country|url=http://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/globalReligion-tables.pdf|work=Global Religious Landscape|publisher=Pew Forum|accessdate=9 July 2013|archive-date=2013-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909201109/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-tables.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Hukum Syariat]] adalah sumber utama legislasi Qatar menurut Konstitusi Qatar.<ref name="con" /><ref name="qat1" />
|publisher=US Department of State}}</ref> Penduduk Qatar 67.7% [[Muslim]], 13.8% [[Kristen]], 13.8% [[Hindu]] dan 3.1% [[Buddha]]- agama dan kepercayaan lainnya 1.6%.<ref name=pewrel>{{cite web|title=Religious Composition by Country|url=http://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/globalReligion-tables.pdf|work=Global Religious Landscape|publisher=Pew Forum|accessdate=9 July 2013|archive-date=2013-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909201109/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-tables.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Hukum Syariat]] adalah sumber utama legislasi Qatar menurut Konstitusi Qatar.<ref name="con" /><ref name="qat1" />
 
Sedangkan penganut Kristen kebanyakan berasal dari ekspatriat asal [[Eropa]] yang bekerja di Qatar. Sejak tahun 2008, penganut Kristen diperbolehkan untuk membangun gereja yang didanai pemerintah,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/christians-to-welcome-qatars-first-christian-church-31302/ |title=Christians to Welcome Qatar's First Christian Church |publisher=Christianpost.com |date=24 February 2008 |accessdate=22 January 2013 |archive-date=2020-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121015057/https://www.christianpost.com/news/christians-to-welcome-qatars-first-christian-church-31302/ |dead-url=no }}</ref> meski kegiatan misionaris asing tidak diperbolehkan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90219.htm |title=CIA The World Fact Book |publisher=State.gov |date=29 June 2006 |accessdate=28 March 2010 |archive-date=2009-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610133535/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90219.htm |dead-url=no }}</ref> Beberapa3 gerejaGereja yang aktifPembangunannya di antaranyainisiasi [[Gerejaoleh MalankaraPemerintah MarQatar Thomaadalah Suriah[[Katolik Roma|Gereja Mar ThomaKatolik]], [[Gereja''Our OrtodoksLady Suriahof Malankara]]Rosary'', [[Gereja Katolik Bunda RosarioOrtodoks (Doha)Suriah|Gereja BundaOrtodoks RosarioSuriah Malankara]] dan''Mar GerejaThoma'', dan [[Persekutuan Anglikan|Gereja Anglikan]] ''Epiphany''.<ref name="Report on Qatar">{{cite web|url=http://www.cumorah.com/index.php?target=view_country_reports&story_id=90|title=Report on Qatar|publisher=Cumorah Project|accessdate=12 March 2015|archive-date=2022-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123180431/https://www.cumorah.com/index.php?target=view_country_reports&story_id=90|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="The Anglican Centre in Qatar">{{cite web|url=http://www.epiphany-qatar.org/buildingproject.html |title=The Anglican Centre in Qatar |publisher=Epiphany-qatar.org |date= |accessdate=22 January 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235828/http://www.epiphany-qatar.org/buildingproject.html |archivedate=16 January 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Oxford University Press">{{cite book|author1=David B. Barrett|author2=George Thomas Kurian|author3=Todd M. Johnson|title=World Christian encyclopedia: a comparative survey of churches and religions in the modern world|volume=1|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-510318-2|page=617}}</ref>
 
=== Bahasa ===
Bahasa Arab adalah bahasa resmi Qatar, dengan [[Arab Qatar]] menjadi dialek lokal. [[Bahasa Tanda Qatar]] adalah bahasa bagi kaum tunarungu. [[Bahasa Inggris]] digunakan sebagai bahasa kedua,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Baker|first1=Colin|last2=Jones|first2=Sylvia Prys|title=Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgtSqB9oqDIC|publisher=Multilingual Matters|year=1998|page=429|isbn=978-1853593628|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2023-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211035950/https://books.google.com/books?id=YgtSqB9oqDIC|dead-url=no}}</ref> dan [[lingua franca]] yang sedang populer terutama untuk komersial.<ref>{{cite news|last=Guttenplan|first=D. D.|title=Battling to Preserve Arabic From English's Onslaught|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/11/world/middleeast/11iht-educlede11.html|work=The New York Times|accessdate=24 November 2013|date=11 June 2012|archive-date=2020-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120045411/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/11/world/middleeast/11iht-educlede11.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> Bahasa Inggris sangat berguna untuk berkomunikasi dengan komunitas asing Qatar yang besar. Banyak bahasa lain yang juga diucapkan di sini, seperti [[bahasa Baluchi]], [[Hindi]], [[Malayalam]], [[Urdu]], [[Pashto]], [[bahasa Tamil|Tamil]], [[bahasa Telugu|Telugu]], [[bahasa Nepal|Nepal]], [[bahasa Sinhala|Sinhala]], [[bahasa Bengali|Bengali]], dan [[bahasa Tagalog|Tagalog]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Qatar Facts|url=http://fqoc.hamad.qa/en/venue/about_qatar/about_qatar.aspx|publisher=First Qatar Orthodontic Conference|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2014-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712062300/http://fqoc.hamad.qa/en/venue/about_qatar/about_qatar.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
 
=== Pendidikan ===
Baris 133 ⟶ 139:
[[Berkas:Qatar university main area.jpg|jmpl|Kawasan utama [[Universitas Qatar]]]]
[[Berkas:QatarUniversityEastView.jpg|jmpl|ka|Tampak timur [[Universitas Qatar]]]]
Qatar mempekerjakan [[RAND Corporation]] untuk mereformasi sistem pendidikan K–12-nya.<ref name="strangepow">{{cite magazine|title=The Strange Power of Qatar by Hugh Eakin|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2011/oct/27/strange-power-qatar/?pagination=false|magazine=The New York Review of Books|access-date=16 June 2013|archive-date=6 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906071533/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2011/oct/27/strange-power-qatar/?pagination=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Melalui [[Yayasan Qatar]], negara ini membangun [[Kota Pendidikan]], sebuah kampus yang di dalamnya terdapat cabang lokal dari [[Sekolah Ilmu Komputer Carnegie Mellon]], [[Sekolah Layanan Asing Universitas Georgetown di Qatar|Sekolah Layanan Asing Universitas Georgetown]], [[Universitas Texas A&M]], Virginia Commonwealth University, dan [[Sekolah Kedokteran Weill Cornell di Qatar|Sekolah Kedokteran Weill Cornell]].<ref name=strangepow />
[[Berkas:UNESCO_Institute_for_Statistics_Literacy_Rate_Qatar_population_plus_15_1985-2015.png|jmpl|UNESCO Institute for Statistics Literacy Rate Qatar population plus 15 1985-2015]] Emir Qatar, Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani telah membentuk Dewan Pendidikan Tertinggi pada tahun 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/WDE/2010/pdf-versions/Qatar.pdf|title=World Data on Education – Qatar|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=21 July 2015|archive-date=2016-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804015605/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/WDE/2010/pdf-versions/Qatar.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref> Dewan ini mengarahkan dan mengontrol pendidikan mulai dari balita sampai universitas.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1365480210390083|title=National student research fairs as evidence for progress in Qatar’s Education for a New Era|first1=Margery K.|last1=Anderson|first2=|last2=Tarfa Nasser Alnaimi|first3=|last3=Shaikha Hamad Alhajri|date=1 November 2010|publisher=|journal=Improving Schools|volume=13|issue=3|pages=235–248|accessdate=5 June 2017|via=SAGE Journals|doi=10.1177/1365480210390083}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.english.education.gov.qa |title=Education for a New Era |accessdate=25 March 2008 |publisher=Supreme Education Council |archive-date=2005-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050913005112/http://www.english.education.gov.qa/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
 
[[Daftar negara menurut tingkat melek huruf|Tingkat buta huruf]] di Qatar adalah 3.1% untuk pria dan 4.2% untuk wanita tahun 2012, terendah di dunia Arab namun urutan ke-86 di dunia.<ref>{{cite web|title=In the occasion of Literacy Arab Day, Qatar has the Lowest Illiteracy Rates in 2012|url=http://www.qsa.gov.qa/eng/News/2012/Article/72.htm|publisher=Qatar Statistics Authority|date=8 January 2013|access-date=2017-06-10|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924083746/http://www.qsa.gov.qa/eng/News/2012/Article/72.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Warga negara diwajibkan untuk sekolah mulai dari [[taman kanak-kanak]] hingga sekolah menengah atas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.mofa.gov.qa/details.cfm?id=80 |title=Qatar constitution |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918053402/http://english.mofa.gov.qa/details.cfm?id=80 |archivedate=18 September 2013 }}</ref> [[Universitas Qatar]] yang didirikan tahun 1973 adalah lembaga pendidikan tertinggi tertua dan terbesar di negara ini.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qu.edu.qa/theuniversity/history.php|title=Our history|publisher=Qatar University|accessdate=12 March 2015|archive-date=2016-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225121300/http://www.qu.edu.qa/theuniversity/history.php|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yourmiddleeast.com/special-reports/article/the-middle-east-university-list_672|title=SPECIAL REPORT: UNIVERSITY STUDIES IN THE MIDDLE EAST|last=Hendengren|first=Adam|publisher=Your Middle East|date=25 June 2013|accessdate=12 June 2015|archive-date=2018-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506235206/http://www.yourmiddleeast.com/special-reports/article/the-middle-east-university-list_672|dead-url=no}}</ref>
 
== Budaya ==
{{utama|Budaya Qatar}}
Budaya Qatar mirip dengan negara-negara lain di [[Arabia Timur]], yang sangat dipengaruhi oleh Islam. [[Hari Nasional Qatar]], yang diselenggarakan setiap tahun pada tanggal 18 Desember, memiliki peran penting dalam mengembangkan rasa identitas nasional.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kamrava|first=Mehran|title=Qatar: Small State, Big Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oT_3XpqlgQoC|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0801452093}}</ref> Hal ini dilakukan untuk mengenang suksesi takhta [[Jassim bin Mohammad Al Tsani]] dan penyatuan berbagai suku di negara tersebut.<ref>{{cite news|title=Qatar National Day 2011|url=http://www.timeoutdoha.com/gallery/28438-qatar-national-day-2011#.ULXViaysiSo|newspaper=Time Out Doha|date=29 November 2011|access-date=12 March 2015|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225050318/https://www.timeoutdoha.com/gallery/28438-qatar-national-day-2011#.ULXViaysiSo|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dohanews.co/everything-you-need-to-know-about-qatar-national-day/|title=Everything you need to know about Qatar National Day 2012|publisher=Doha News|date=10 December 2012|access-date=18 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219051048/http://dohanews.co/everything-you-need-to-know-about-qatar-national-day/|archive-date=19 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
=== Seni ===
[[File:Old Palace at National Museum of Qatar.jpg|thumb|[[Museum Nasional Qatar]] di Doha]]
 
Pejabat Qatar, khususnya keluarga Al Thani dan saudara perempuan Emir Qatar, [[Al-Mayassa binti Hamad Al Tsani|Al-Mayassa binti Hamad bin Khalifa Al Tsani]], memberikan perhatian khusus pada seni.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-collectors/top-200-profiles/sheikha-al-mayassa-bint-hamad-bin-khalifa-al-thani/|title=Sheikha Al Mayassa bint Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani|date=10 September 2017|access-date=28 December 2022|archive-date=28 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228033432/https://www.artnews.com/art-collectors/top-200-profiles/sheikha-al-mayassa-bint-hamad-bin-khalifa-al-thani/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artfortomorrow.org/speakers-moderators/he-sheika-al-mayassa-bint-hamad-bin-khalifa-al-thani/|title=H.E. Sheikha Al Mayassa Bint Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani – Chairperson, Qatar Museums|website=www.artfortomorrow.org|access-date=28 December 2022|archive-date=28 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228033436/https://www.artfortomorrow.org/speakers-moderators/he-sheika-al-mayassa-bint-hamad-bin-khalifa-al-thani/|url-status=live}}</ref> Al-Mayassa memimpin Otoritas [[Qatar Museums|Museum Qatar]]. [[Museum Seni Islam, Doha|Museum Seni Islam]], dibuka pada tahun 2008, dianggap sebagai salah satu museum terbaik di kawasan ini.<ref name="sandsmith">{{cite news|title=Art in Qatar: A Smithsonian in the sand|url=http://www.economist.com/node/17797006|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=16 June 2013|date=1 January 2011|archive-date=18 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018120109/http://www.economist.com/node/17797006|url-status=live}}</ref> Museum ini dan beberapa museum Qatar lainnya, seperti [[Mathaf: Museum Seni Modern Arab|Museum Seni Modern Arab]], berada di bawah Otoritas Museum Qatar,<ref>{{cite web|title=QMA Board of Trustees|url=http://www.qma.org.qa/online/index.php/en/about-us/board-of-trustees|publisher=Qatar Museums Authority|access-date=12 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092712/http://www.qma.org.qa/online/index.php/en/about-us/board-of-trustees|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> yang juga mensponsori acara seni di luar negeri, seperti pameran besar oleh Takahashi Murakami di [[Versailles]] (2010) dan Damien Hirst di [[London]] ( 2012).
 
Qatar adalah pembeli pasar seni terbesar di dunia berdasarkan nilai.<ref name=theart>{{cite news|title=Qatar revealed as the world's biggest contemporary art buyer|url=http://www.theartnewspaper.com/articles/Qatar+revealed+as+the+world%E2%80%99s+biggest+contemporary+art+buyer/24185|newspaper=The Art Newspaper|access-date=16 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307065133/http://www.theartnewspaper.com/articles/Qatar+revealed+as+the+world%E2%80%99s+biggest+contemporary+art+buyer/24185|archive-date=7 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sektor budaya Qatar sedang dikembangkan untuk memungkinkan negara tersebut mencapai pengakuan dunia untuk berkontribusi pada pembangunan negara yang saat ini sebagian besar berasal dari sumber daya industri gas.<ref>{{cite web|last = Bohas|first = Alexander|title = The Political Trump-Cards of Cultural Potency Qatar's Policy of 'Cultural Grandeur'|url = http://www.chaos-international.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=580%3Athe-political-trump-cards-of-cultural-potency-qatars-policy-of-cultural-grandeur&catid=49%3Alist-of-pac&directory=65&lang=fr&d0be771fd5b4869be0ea91b8cce6b72e=306e651d1e1820724639ce6e92e6acf3|work = Chaos International|access-date = 13 April 2013|archive-date = 25 October 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141025103108/http://www.chaos-international.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=580:the-political-trump-cards-of-cultural-potency-qatars-policy-of-cultural-grandeur&catid=49:list-of-pac&directory=65&lang=fr&d0be771fd5b4869be0ea91b8cce6b72e=306e651d1e1820724639ce6e92e6acf3|url-status = live}}</ref>
 
=== Sastra ===
[[Sastra Qatar]] berasal dari abad ke-19. Awalnya, puisi tertulis adalah bentuk ekspresi yang paling umum. Abdul Jalil Al-Tabatabai dan Mohammed bin Abdullah bin Uthaymeen, dua penyair yang berasal dari awal abad ke-19, membentuk kumpulan puisi tertulis paling awal di Qatar. Puisi kemudian mulai ditinggalkan setelah Qatar mulai meraup keuntungan dari ekspor minyak pada pertengahan abad ke-20 dan banyak warga Qatar meninggalkan tradisi [[Bedawi|Badui]] mereka dan memilih gaya hidup perkotaan.<ref name="tawfiq">{{cite web|url=http://aljasra.org/archive/cms/?p=2727|script-title=ar:الشعر في قطر علي امتداد مائة سنة|publisher=Al Jasra Cultural and Social Club|author=Hassan Tawfiq|language=ar|date=1 May 2015|access-date=29 August 2018|archive-date=27 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827075610/http://aljasra.org/archive/cms/?p=2727|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Karena meningkatnya jumlah warga Qatar yang mulai menerima pendidikan formal selama tahun 1950-an dan perubahan sosial yang signifikan lainnya, tahun 1970 menjadi saksi diperkenalkannya [[antologi]] cerita pendek pertama, dan pada tahun 1993 novel pertama yang ditulis secara lokal diterbitkan. Puisi, khususnya bentuk [[Nabati (sastra Qatar)|nabati]] yang dominan, tetap memiliki arti penting tetapi akan segera dibayangi oleh jenis sastra lainnya.<ref name="tawfiq"/> Berbeda dengan kebanyakan bentuk seni lainnya di masyarakat Qatar, keterlibatan perempuan dalam gerakan sastra modern sama besarnya dengan keterlibatan laki-laki.<ref name="cambridge1">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pk5TA0sfERIC&pg=PA448|title=Modern Arabic Literature|author=Muḥammad Muṣṭafá Badawī|author2=Muhammad Mustafa Badawi|author3=M. M. Badawi|author4=María Rosa Menocal|author5=Raymond P. Scheindlin|author6=Michael Sells|name-list-style=amp|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=3|page=448|year=1992|isbn=9780521331975}}</ref>
 
=== Media ===
[[File:Al Jazeera English Newsdesk.jpg|thumb|left|Studio berita [[Al Jazeera English]], saluran berita Qatar]]
 
Media Qatar diklasifikasikan sebagai "tidak bebas" dalam laporan [[Kebebasan Pers (laporan)|Kebebasan Pers]] tahun 2014 oleh [[Freedom House]].<ref name="freedomhouse1"/> Penyiaran TV dimulai pada tahun 1970.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Barrie Gunter|author2=Roger Dickinson|title=News Media in the Arab World: A Study of 10 Arab and Muslim Countries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=89pMZd0JhDsC&pg=PA33|access-date=8 February 2014|date=6 June 2013|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4411-0239-3|page=33}}</ref> [[Al Jazeera]] adalah jaringan televisi utama yang berkantor pusat di Doha. Al Jazeera awalnya diluncurkan pada tahun 1996 sebagai saluran TV satelit berita dan terkini berbahasa Arab dengan nama yang sama dan sejak itu berkembang menjadi jaringan global beberapa saluran TV khusus.
 
Dilaporkan bahwa jurnalis melakukan praktik [[Sensor diri|sensor mandiri]], khususnya yang berkaitan dengan pemerintah dan keluarga penguasa Qatar.<ref name="blanchard">{{cite book|last=Blanchard|first=Christoper|title=Qatar: Background and U.S. Relations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7GCvg2eCx4C|publisher=Congressional Research Service|year=2014|page=17|isbn=9781437987089}}</ref> Kritik terhadap pemerintah, emir, dan keluarga penguasa di media adalah tindakan ilegal. Menurut pasal 46 undang-undang pers, "Emir negara Qatar tidak boleh dikritik dan tidak ada pernyataan yang dapat diatribusikan kepadanya kecuali atas izin tertulis dari manajer kantornya".<ref>{{cite news|title=Awaiting a Modern Press Law in Qatar|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/09/opinion/global/Awaiting-a-Modern-Press-Law-in-Qatar.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=16 June 2013|first=Richard J.|last=Roth|date=8 May 2013|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330170310/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/09/opinion/global/Awaiting-a-Modern-Press-Law-in-Qatar.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Jurnalis juga dapat dituntut karena menghina Islam.<ref name="freedomhouse1">{{cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2014/qatar#.VL1KFkfF95a|title=Qatar Freedom of the Press|publisher=Freedom House|access-date=19 January 2015|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330170221/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2014/qatar#.VL1KFkfF95a|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
Pada tahun 2014, Undang-Undang Pencegahan Kejahatan Dunia Maya disahkan. Undang-undang tersebut dikatakan membatasi kebebasan pers dan menjatuhkan hukuman penjara dan denda karena alasan yang luas seperti membahayakan perdamaian lokal atau menerbitkan berita palsu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpj.org/2014/09/new-cybercrime-law-could-have-serious-consequences.php|title=New cybercrime law could have serious consequences for press freedom in Qatar|publisher=cpj.org|date=27 September 2014|access-date=19 January 2015|archive-date=23 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423121229/https://cpj.org/2014/09/new-cybercrime-law-could-have-serious-consequences.php|url-status=live}}</ref> Pusat Hak Asasi Manusia Teluk menyatakan bahwa undang-undang tersebut merupakan ancaman terhadap kebebasan berpendapat dan menyerukan agar pasal-pasal tertentu dalam undang-undang tersebut dicabut.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gc4hr.org/news/view/747|title=Qatar: New Cyber Crime Law poses real threat to Freedom of Expression|publisher=gc4hr.org|date=17 September 2014|access-date=19 January 2015|archive-date=18 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718022453/https://www.gc4hr.org/news/view/747|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Media pers telah mengalami ekspansi dalam beberapa tahun terakhir. Saat ini terdapat tujuh surat kabar yang beredar di Qatar, empat diterbitkan dalam bahasa Arab dan tiga diterbitkan dalam bahasa Inggris.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Report: Qatar 2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BT1gIeuQq6wC|publisher=Oxford Business Group|year=2010|page=237|isbn=9781907065446}}</ref> Dalam hal infrastruktur telekomunikasi, Qatar adalah negara Timur Tengah dengan peringkat tertinggi dalam Indeks Kesiapan Jaringan (NRI) Forum Ekonomi Dunia—sebuah indikator untuk menentukan tingkat perkembangan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi suatu negara. Qatar berada di peringkat ke-23 secara keseluruhan dalam peringkat NRI 2014, tidak berubah dari tahun 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GITR/2014/GITR_OverallRanking_2014.pdf |title=NRI Overall Ranking 2014 |publisher=World Economic Forum |access-date=28 June 2014 |archive-date=25 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025102647/http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GITR/2014/GITR_OverallRanking_2014.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
=== Olahraga ===
[[File:Qatar national football team.jpg|thumb|[[Tim nasional sepak bola Qatar]] pada [[Piala Dunia FIFA 2014]]]]
 
[[Sepak bola]] merupakan olahraga paling populer di Qatar, baik dari segi pemain dan penonton.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://portal.www.gov.qa/wps/portal/topics/Healthcare+and+Well-being/qatarasportingnation|title=Qatar – a Sporting Nation|publisher=Qatar e-Government|access-date=12 March 2015|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020024944/https://portal.www.gov.qa/wps/portal/topics/Healthcare+and+Well-being/qatarasportingnation|url-status=live}}</ref> Tak lama setelah [[Asosiasi Sepak Bola Qatar]] berafiliasi dengan [[FIFA]] pada tahun 1970, salah satu penghargaan internasional paling awal di negara itu datang pada tahun 1981 ketika tim nasional U-20 Qatar muncul sebagai pemenang kedua di bawah [[Tim nasional sepak bola Jerman Barat|Jerman Barat]] pada [[Piala Dunia U-20 FIFA|Kejuaraan Pemuda Dunia FIFA]] [[Kejuaraan Dunia Remaja FIFA 1981|edisi tahun]] itu setelah dikalahkan 4-0 di final. Di level senior, Qatar telah menjadi tuan rumah tiga edisi [[Piala Asia AFC]]; yakni tahun [[Piala Asia AFC 1988|1988]], [[Piala Asia AFC 2011|2011]] dan [[Piala Asia AFC 2023|2023]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxsports.com.au/football/asian-cup/fox-sports-brings-you-everything-you-need-to-know-and-a-few-things-you-dont-about-the-2011-afc-asian-cup/story-e6frf4fu-1225979619978|title=Fox Sports brings you everything you need to know – and a few things you don't – about the Asian Cup|work=Fox Sports|last1=Gibbes|first1=Martin|last2=Schiller|first2=Emma|date=4 January 2011|access-date=12 March 2015|archive-date=15 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015181305/http://www.foxsports.com.au/football/asian-cup/fox-sports-brings-you-everything-you-need-to-know-and-a-few-things-you-dont-about-the-2011-afc-asian-cup/story-e6frf4fu-1225979619978|url-status=live}}</ref> Untuk pertama kalinya dalam sejarah negara tersebut, [[tim nasional sepak bola Qatar]] memenangkan Piala Asia AFC pada edisi [[Piala Asia AFC 2019|2019]] yang diselenggarakan di [[Uni Emirat Arab]], mengalahkan [[Tim nasional sepak bola Jepang|Jepang]] 3-1 di final. Mereka memenangkan semua tujuh pertandingan mereka, dengan hanya kebobolan satu gol sepanjang turnamen.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2019/feb/01/qatar-stun-japan-with-3-1-win-to-be-crowned-asian-cup-champions|title=Qatar stun Japan with 3–1 win to be crowned Asian Cup champions|date=1 February 2019|work=The Guardian|access-date=5 February 2019|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121184539/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2019/feb/01/qatar-stun-japan-with-3-1-win-to-be-crowned-asian-cup-champions|url-status=live}}</ref> Sebagai tuan rumah sekaligus juara bertahan edisi 2023 berikutnya, Qatar sukses mempertahankan gelarnya dengan mengalahkan [[Tim nasional sepak bola Yordania|Yordania]] di final.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.the-afc.com/en/national/afc_asian_cup/news/afif_stars_as_qatar_defeat_jordan_to_retain_title.html |title=Afif stars as Qatar defeat Jordan to retain title |date=10 February 2024 |access-date=10 February 2024 |publisher=Asian Football Confederation |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219062450/https://www.the-afc.com/en/national/afc_asian_cup/news/afif_stars_as_qatar_defeat_jordan_to_retain_title.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
Pada tanggal 2 Desember 2010, Qatar memenangkan tawaran mereka untuk menjadi tuan rumah [[Piala Dunia FIFA 2022]], meskipun sebelumnya tidak pernah lolos ke Final Piala Dunia FIFA.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia, Qatar win 2018 and 2022 World Cups|author=Paul Radford|newspaper=Reuters|date=2 December 2010|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idAFJOE6B10FA20101202|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205014106/http://af.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idAFJOE6B10FA20101202|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 December 2010|access-date=2 December 2010}}</ref> Penyelenggara lokal membangun tujuh stadion baru dan memperluas satu stadion yang sudah ada untuk acara ini.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/59868204 "World Cup 2022: A guide to the eight World Cup stadiums in Qatar"] (1 April 2022). ''[[BBC]]''. Retrieved 3 April 2022.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2018 |title=Stadiums |url=https://www.sc.qa/en/stadiums |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114015238/http://www.sc.qa/en/stadiums |archive-date=14 November 2017 |access-date=8 January 2018 |website=Supreme Committee for Delivery & Legacy}}</ref> Kemenangan Qatar sebagai tuan rumah Piala Dunia 2022 disambut antusias di kawasan Teluk Persia karena ini merupakan pertama kalinya sebuah negara di Timur Tengah terpilih menjadi tuan rumah turnamen tersebut. Pada saat yang sama, tawaran tersebut menimbulkan banyak kontroversi, termasuk tuduhan suap dan campur tangan dalam penyelidikan dugaan suap. [[Uni Sepak Bola Eropa|Asosiasi sepak bola Eropa]] juga keberatan dengan diadakannya Piala Dunia 2022 di Qatar karena berbagai alasan, mulai dari dampak suhu panas terhadap kebugaran pemain, hingga gangguan yang mungkin timbul pada kalender liga domestik Eropa jika acara tersebut dijadwal ulang selama musim dingin.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.qatarchronicle.com/sports/35752/europes-top-leagues-protest-against-2022-winter-world-cup-in-qatar/ |title= Europe's Top Leagues protest against 2022 winter World Cup in Qatar |work= Qatar Chronicle |date= 12 August 2013 |access-date= 21 August 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130817110819/http://www.qatarchronicle.com/sports/35752/europes-top-leagues-protest-against-2022-winter-world-cup-in-qatar/ |archive-date= 17 August 2013 |url-status=dead |df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.qatarchronicle.com/sports/34172/fifa-wants-qatar-2022-postponed-to-winter/|title = Fifa wants Qatar 2022 postponed to Winter|publisher = Qatar Chronicle|date = 20 July 2013|access-date = 21 August 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141110211907/http://www.qatarchronicle.com/sports/34172/fifa-wants-qatar-2022-postponed-to-winter/|archive-date = 10 November 2014|url-status=dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref> Pada bulan Mei 2014, pejabat sepak bola Qatar [[Mohammed bin Hammam]] dituduh melakukan pembayaran sebesar £3 juta kepada para pejabat sebagai imbalan atas dukungan mereka terhadap pencalonan Qatar.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/27652181 |title=BBC Sport – Qatar World Cup: '£3m payments to officials' corruption claim |work=BBC Sport |access-date=1 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ronay|first=Barney|date=8 October 2022 |title=Blatter to Beckham: who was in the room when Qatar got the World Cup |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/oct/08/blatter-to-beckham-who-was-in-the-room-when-qatar-got-the-world-cup |access-date=29 November 2022 |work=The Guardian }}</ref> Penyelidikan FIFA terhadap proses penawaran pada bulan November 2014 membebaskan Qatar dari segala tuduhan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/30031405|title=World Cup inquiry clears Qatar but criticises English FA|publisher=BBC|date=13 November 2014|access-date=12 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ronay|first=Barney|date=8 October 2022 |title=Football corruption and the remarkable road to Qatar's World Cup |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/oct/08/football-corruption-and-the-remarkable-road-to-qatar-world-cup |access-date=29 November 2022 |work=The Guardian}}</ref>
 
Meskipun sepak bola adalah olahraga paling populer, olahraga tim lainnya telah mengalami kesuksesan besar di tingkat senior. Pada tahun 2015, tim nasional [[bola tangan]] muncul sebagai pemenang kedua setelah [[Prancis]] di [[Kejuaraan Bola Tangan Pria Dunia]] sebagai tuan rumah, namun turnamen tersebut dirusak oleh banyak kontroversi mengenai negara tuan rumah dan timnya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ihf.info/files/CompetitionData/153/pdf/88OMR.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201181403/http://www.ihf.info/files/CompetitionData/153/pdf/88OMR.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 February 2015|title=Match report|publisher=International Handball Federation|access-date=12 March 2015}}</ref> Selanjutnya, pada tahun 2014, Qatar memenangkan kejuaraan dunia [[Bola basket 3×3|bola basket 3x3]] putra.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://russia2014.fiba.com/|title=2014 FIBA 3x3 World Championships|publisher=International Basketball Federation|access-date=13 November 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031210632/http://russia2014.fiba.com/|archive-date=31 October 2015}}</ref>
 
[[Kriket]] populer di kalangan diaspora [[Asia Selatan]] di Qatar. Kriket jalanan kasual adalah format permainan yang paling populer, tetapi Asosiasi Kriket Qatar telah menjadi anggota [[Dewan Kriket Internasional]] (ICC) sejak 1999 dan tim nasional putra dan putri bermain secara teratur di kompetisi ICC. Lapangan kriket utama di Qatar adalah Stadion Kriket Internasional West End Park.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2022/8/5/adrenaline-rush-how-street-cricket-has-evolved-in-qatar|title='Adrenaline rush': How street cricket has evolved in Qatar|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=5 August 2022|accessdate=22 November 2022}}</ref>
 
Dalam olahraga basket, Qatar akan menjadi tuan rumah [[Piala Dunia Bola Basket FIBA 2027]] menjadikannya negara Arab pertama.<ref name="qatar2027">{{cite web|url=https://www.fiba.basketball/news/qatar-announced-as-host-of-the-fiba-basketball-world-cup-2027|title=Qatar announced as host of the FIBA Basketball World Cup 2027 |publisher=FIBA|access-date=28 April 2023|date=28 April 2023}}</ref>
 
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Daftar negara-negara di dunia]]
 
== CatatanReferensi ==
{{reflist|30em}}
 
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