Barack Obama: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Pp}}{{redirect|Obama}}
{{Untuk|ayah Presiden Obama, ekonom Kenya|Barack Obama, Sr.}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Barack Obama
| image = President Barack Obama.jpg
| alt = U.S. President Barack Obama is photographed standing in front of the Resolute Desk in the Oval Office of the White House, December 6, 2012.
| office = [[Daftar Presiden Amerika Serikat|Presiden Amerika Serikat]] [[Daftar Presiden Amerika Serikat|ke-44]]
| vicepresident = [[Joe Biden]]
| term_start = {{Start date|2009|1|20}}
| term_end = {{End date|2017|1|20}}
| predecessor = [[George W. Bush]]
| successor = [[Donald Trump]]
| jr/sr2 = Senat Amerika Serikat
| state2 = [[Illinois]]
| term_start2 = {{Start date|2005|1|3}}
| term_end2 = {{Start date|2008|11|16}}
| predecessor2 = [[Peter Fitzgerald (politikus)|Peter Fitzgerald]]
| successor2 = [[Roland Burris]]
| office3 = [[Senat Illinois#Anggota Senat Illinois|Anggota]] [[Senat Illinois]] <br /> dari Distrik ke-13
| term_start3 = 8 Januari 1997
| term_end3 = 4 November 2004
| predecessor3 = [[Alice Palmer (politikus)|Alice Palmer]]
| successor3 = [[Kwame Raoul]]
| birth_name = Barack Hussein Obama II
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1961|8|4}}<ref name="biography">{{cite quick|web|year=2008|title=President Barack Obama|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=The White House|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-obama|accessdate=December 12, 2008}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]], A.S.<ref name="birth-certificate" />
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Partai Demokrat (Amerika Serikat)|Demokrat]]
| spouse = [[Michelle Obama|Michelle Robinson]] <small>(3 Oktober 1992–sekarang)</small>
| children = [[Malia Obama|Malia]] <small>(l. 1998)</small> <br /> [[Sasha Obama|Sasha]] <small>(l. 2001)</small>
| father = [[Barack Obama, Sr.]] <br /> [[Lolo Soetoro]]
| mother = [[Keluarga Barack Obama#Kezia Obama|Kezia Obama]] <br />[[Ann Dunham]]<br />[[Keluarga Barack Obama#Ndesandjo|Ruth Nidesand]]<br />[[Keluarga Barack Obama#Paternal relations|Jael Otieno]]<ref name="Fornek 2007a">{{cite news|author=Fornek, Scott; Good, Greg|date=9 September 2007|title=The Obama family tree|newspaper=Chicago Sun-Times|pages=2B–3B|url=http://thedunhamhouse.com/obamatree.pdf|accessdate=22 March 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Crilly, Rob|date=22 August 2008|title=Life is good in my Nairobi slum, says Barack Obama's younger brother|newspaper=The Times|location=London|page=37|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/us_elections/article4583353.ece|accessdate=23 August 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Pflanz, Mike|date=21 August 2008|title=Barack Obama is my inspiration, says lost brother|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/barackobama/2595688/Barack-Obama-is-my-inspiration-says-lost-brother.html|accessdate=23 August 2008|archive-date=2008-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202152554/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/barackobama/2595688/Barack-Obama-is-my-inspiration-says-lost-brother.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The President's Kin|url=http://nymag.com/news/articles/09/11/nymag-obamafamily-091123.pdf|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]|date=23 November 2009|accessdate=20 January 2012}}</ref>
| relations =
| residence
| alma_mater = [[Occidental College]] <br /> [[Universitas Columbia]] <small>([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]])</small> <br /> [[Harvard Law School]] <small>([[Juris Doctor|J.D.]])</small>
| profession = [[Pengacara]] <br /> [[Profesor]] [[hukum konstitusi]] <br /> [[Penggerak masyarakat]] <br /> [[Penulis]]
| religion = [[Kristen]]<ref name="Christian"/>
| blank1 = Penghargaan
| data1 = [[Hadiah Nobel Perdamaian]]
| signature = Barack Obama signature.svg
| signature_alt = Barack Obama
| website = {{URL|http://www.barackobama.com/}}
| footnotes =
| caption = Obama pada tahun 2012
| module = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=President Obama on the death of Osama bin Laden.ogg|title=Suara Barack Obama|type=speech|description=Obama pada saat [[kematian Osama bin Laden]]<br />Direkam pada 2 Mei 2011}}
| citizenship = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] -->
}}
{{Barack Obama sidebar}}
Baris 49 ⟶ 52:
Lahir di [[Honolulu, Hawaii]], Obama merupakan lulusan [[Universitas Columbia]] dan [[Harvard Law School]], tempat ia menjadi presiden ''[[Harvard Law Review]]''. Ia dulunya seorang penggerak masyarakat di Chicago sebelum mendapat gelar hukumnya. Ia bekerja sebagai jaksa [[hak sipil|hak-hak sipil]] di Chicago dan mengajar [[hukum konstitusi]] di [[University of Chicago Law School]] sejak 1992 sampai 2004. Ia tiga kali mewakili Distrik ke-13 di [[Senat Illinois]] mulai tahun 1997 hingga 2004, namun tidak lolos ke tahap [[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Amerika Serikat]] tahun 2000.
Pada tahun 2004, Obama mendapat perhatian nasional saat berkampanye mewakili
Pada masa jabatan pertamanya, Obama mengesahkan undang-undang [[Stimulus (ekonomi)|stimulus ekonomi]] sebagai tanggapan terhadap [[resesi 2007–2009 di Amerika Serikat]] dalam bentuk [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009]] dan [[Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010]]. Inisiatif besar dalam negeri lainnya pada masa pemerintahannya adalah [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]]; [[Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act]]; [[Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010]]; [[Budget Control Act of 2011]]; dan [[American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012]]. Di bidang kebijakan luar negeri, Obama mengakhiri keterlibatan militer A.S. dalam [[Perang Irak]], menambah jumlah tentara di [[Perang di Afganistan|Afganistan]], menandatangani perjanjian pengendalian senjata [[New START]] bersama [[Rusia]], memerintahkan [[intervensi militer di Libya 2011|intervensi militer A.S. di Libya]], dan melaksanakan operasi militer yang berujung pada [[kematian Osama bin Laden]]. Pada bulan mei 2012, ia menjadi presiden A.S. pertama yang mendukung pengesahan pernikahan sesama jenis secara terbuka.
Baris 95 ⟶ 98:
=== Penggerak masyarakat Chicago dan Harvard Law School ===
Dua tahun setelah lulus, Obama bekerja sebagai direktur [[Developing Communities Project]] (DCP), sebuah organisasi masyarakat berbasis gereja yang awalnya terdiri dari 8 paroki
* {{cite quick |news|author=Secter, Bob; McCormick, John|date=March 30, 2007|title=Portrait of a pragmatist|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|page=1|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703300121mar30-archive,0,2491692,full.story|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20091214172131/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703300121mar30-archive,0,2491692,full.story|accessdate=May 18, 2012|archivedate=December 14, 2009}}
* Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 140–295.
Baris 110 ⟶ 113:
* {{cite quick |news|author=Drummond, Tammerlin|date=March 12, 1990|title=Barack Obama's law; Harvard Law Review's first black president plans a life of public service|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|page=E1|format=paid archive|url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/60017156.html?dids=60017156:60017156&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT|accessdate=June 15, 2008}}
* {{cite quick |journal|author=Evans, Gaynelle|date=March 15, 1990|title=Opening another door: The saga of Harvard's Barack H. Obama|journal=Black Issues in Higher Education|volume=7|issue=1|page=5|issn=0742-0277|url=http://diverseeducation.com/article/11791/|accessdate=May 18, 2012}}
* {{cite quick |news|author=Pugh, Allison J. |agency = Associated Press |date=April 18, 1990|title=Law Review's first black president aims to help poor|newspaper=The Miami Herald|page=C01 |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_multi=MH%7C&p_product=MH&p_theme=realcities2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_site=miami&s_trackval=MH&s_search_type=keyword&s_dispstring=Law%20Review%27s%20first%20black%20president%20aims%20to%20help%20poor%20AND%20date%28all%29&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=%28Law%20Review%27s%20first%20black%20president%20aims%20to%20help%20poor%29&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no|accessdate=June 15, 2008}}</ref> Sepanjang musim panas, ia pulang ke Chicago, lalu bekerja sebagai [[jaksa pembantu|jaksa]] di firma hukum [[Sidley Austin]] tahun 1989 dan [[Hopkins & Sutter]] tahun 1990.<ref>{{cite quick |news|author=Aguilar, Louis|date=July 11, 1990|title=Survey: Law firms slow to add minority partners|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|page=1 (Business)|url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/28774085.html?dids=28774085:28774085&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT|accessdate=June 15, 2008}}</ref> Setelah lulus dengan gelar [[Juris Doctor|J.D.]] secara ''[[Latin honors#Types|magna cum laude]]''<ref name="Juris Doctor" /> dari
* Obama (1995, 2004), pp. xiii–xvii.</ref> yang berubah menjadi memoar pribadi. Buku karya Obama tersebut diterbitkan pada pertengahan 1995 dengan judul ''[[Dreams from My Father]]''.<ref name="Scott 2008a" />
Baris 157 ⟶ 160:
Obama turut mensponsori [[Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act]].<ref>{{cite quick |web|first=109th Congress, 1st Session|last=U.S. Senate|title=S. 1033, Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act|date=May 12, 2005|url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:SN01033:|publisher=Thomas|accessdate=April 27, 2008}}</ref> Ia memperkenalkan dua inisiatif yang diberi nama dirinya: Lugar–Obama, yang memperluas konsep [[Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction|pengurangan risiko bersama Nunn–Lugar]] menjadi senjata api konvensional;<ref>{{cite quick |web|url=http://obama.senate.gov/press/070111-lugar-obama_non/|title=Lugar–Obama Nonproliferation Legislation Signed into Law by the President|date=January 11, 2007|publisher=Richard Lugar U.S. Senate Office|accessdate=April 27, 2008|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20081218154746/http://obama.senate.gov/press/070111-lugar-obama_non/|archivedate= December 18, 2008}} See also:{{cite quick |news|first=Richard G.|last=Lugar|coauthors=Barack Obama|title=Junkyard Dogs of War|date=December 3, 2005|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/02/AR2005120201509.html|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=April 27, 2008}}</ref> dan [[Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006]], yang mengizinkan pembuatan USAspending.gov, mesin pencari anggaran federal di Internet.<ref>{{cite quick |news|first=John|last=McCormack|title=Google Government Gone Viral|date=December 21, 2007|url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/014/502njiqx.asp|work=Weekly Standard|accessdate=April 27, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080423235240/http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/014/502njiqx.asp|archivedate= April 23, 2008|deadurl= no}} See also:{{cite quick |web|title=President Bush Signs Coburn–Obama Transparency Act|date=September 26, 2006|url=http://coburn.senate.gov/ffm/index.cfm?FuseAction=LegislativeFloorAction.Home&ContentRecord_id=eb582f19-802a-23ad-41db-7a7cb464cfdb|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080501233103/http://coburn.senate.gov/ffm/index.cfm?FuseAction=LegislativeFloorAction.Home&ContentRecord_id=eb582f19-802a-23ad-41db-7a7cb464cfdb|archivedate=May 1, 2008|publisher=Tom Coburn U.S. Senate Office|accessdate=April 27, 2008}} and [http://www.USAspending.gov/ USAspending.gov]</ref> Tanggal 3 Juni 2008, Senator Obama—bersama Senator [[Tom Carper]], [[Tom Coburn]], dan [[John McCain]]—memperkenalkan RUU kelanjutannya, yaitu Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.<ref>{{cite quick |web|url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/110/s3077|title=S. 3077: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008: 2007–2008 (110th Congress)|publisher=Govtrack.us|date=June 3, 2008|accessdate=May 18, 2012}}</ref>
Obama mensponsori RUU yang mewajibkan pemilik PLTN memberitahu kebocoran radioaktif kepada otoritas negara bagian dan wilayah setempat, namun gagal disahkan secara bulat setelah diubah besar-besaran oleh komite.<ref>{{cite quick |news|last=McIntire|first=Mike|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/03/us/politics/03exelon.html|title=Nuclear Leaks and Response Tested Obama in Senate|date=February 3, 2008|work=The New York Times|accessdate=April 27, 2008|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080512064208/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/03/us/politics/03exelon.html?|archivedate= May 12, 2008|deadurl= no}}</ref> Mengenai [[reformasi kerugian]], Obama memberi suaranya untuk [[Class Action Fairness Act of 2005]] dan [[Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008|FISA Amendments Act of 2008]], yang memberikan imunitas kewajiban sipil kepada perusahaan-perusahaan telekomunikasi yang mematuhi operasi [[kontroversi pengawasan tanpa surat perintah NSA|penyadapan tanpa surat perintah NSA]].<ref name="Fisher">{{cite quick |news|url=http://www.forbes.com/2008/08/08/obama-mccain-torts-biz-beltway-cz_df_0811torts.html|title=November Election A Lawyer's Delight|author=Fisher, Daniel|work=Forbes|date=August 11, 2008|accessdate=January 11, 2009|archiveurl=
[[Berkas:Lugar-Obama.jpg|jmpl|alt=Gray-haired man and Obama stand, wearing casual polo shirts. Obama wears sunglasses and holds something slung over his right shoulder.|kiri|250px|Obama dan Sen. A.S. [[Richard Lugar]] (R-IN) mengunjungi sebuah fasilitas perombakan rudal bergerak di Rusia (Agustus 2005).<ref>{{cite quick |web|title=Nunn–Lugar Report|month=August|year=2005|publisher=Richard Lugar U.S. Senate Office|url=http://lugar.senate.gov/nunnlugar/pdf/trip_report_2005.pdf|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080501002134/http://lugar.senate.gov/nunnlugar/pdf/trip_report_2005.pdf|archivedate=May 1, 2008|accessdate=April 30, 2008|format=PDF}}</ref>]]
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==== Perang Irak ====
{{main|Perang Irak}}
Pada tanggal 27 Februari 2009, Obama mengumuman bahwa operasi pertempuran di Irak akan berakhir dalam 18 bulan. Pernyataannya ditujukan kepada sekelompok [[Korps Marinir Amerika Serikat|Marinir]] yang hendak ditempatkan di Afghanistan. Obama mengatakan, "Saya katakan dengan jelas: pada<!-- although the specific citation uses a capital B in "By" (as do some others sources), other sources such as [www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=53270] (and others) use the usual punctuation style of "b" after the colon. Thus, changing to "b" to conform to "usual style." --> 31 Agustus 2010, misi pertempuran kita di Irak akan berakhir."<ref>{{cite quick |news|agency=[[Associated Press]]|first=Ben|last=Feller|url=http://www.detnews.com/article/20090228/POLITICS/902280332/Obama+sets+firm+Iraq+withdrawal|title=Obama sets firm withdrawal timetable for Iraq|work=[[The Detroit News]]|date=February 27, 2009|accessdate=March 3, 2009}}</ref> Pemerintahan Obama memperkirakan penarikan pasukan tempur akan rampung pada Agustus 2010, mengurangi jumlah tentara dari 142.000 orang menjadi satu pasukan transisi berkekuatan 50.000 orang di Irak sampai akhir 2011. Pada 19 Agustus 2010, brigade tempur AS terakhir keluar dari Irak. Tentara yang tersisa dialihkan dari operasi pertempuran ke [[kontra-terorisme]] dan pelatihan, perlengkapan, dan pendidikan pasukan keamanan Irak.<ref>Athena Johnes [http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2009/02/27/1814247.aspx Obama announces Iraq plan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303232018/http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2009/02/27/1814247.aspx
==== Perang di Afghanistan ====
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* Lizza, Ryan. "[http://www.gq.com/news-politics/newsmakers/200708/obama-barack-election-president Above the Fray]", ''GQ'', September 2007. Retrieved October 27, 2010.
* MacFarquhar, Larissa. "[http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/05/07/070507fa_fact_macfarquhar The Conciliator: Where is Barack Obama Coming From?]", ''[[The New Yorker]]'', May 7, 2007. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
* McClelland, Edward, ''[http://www.bloomsburypress.com/books/catalog/young_mr_obama_hc_607 Young Mr. Obama: Chicago and the Making of a Black President] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006234058/http://www.bloomsburypress.com/books/catalog/young_mr_obama_hc_607 |date=2012-10-06 }}'', Bloomsbury Press, 2010.
* Zutter, Hank De. "[http://www.chicagoreader.com/obama/951208/ What Makes Obama Run?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401142811/http://www.chicagoreader.com/obama/951208/ |date=2009-04-01 }}", ''Chicago Reader'', December 8, 1995. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
== Pranala luar ==
Baris 602 ⟶ 605:
=== Resmi ===
* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president_obama/ Presiden Barack Obama di situs web resmi Gedung Putih]
* [http://www.barackobama.com/ Situs web resmi kampanye Barack Obama]
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{{USpresidents}}
{{Barack Obama|state=show}}
{{USSenIl}}
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{{artikel bagus}}
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