Gilgamesh: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
kTidak ada ringkasan suntingan |
Add 1 book for Wikipedia:Pemastian (20231010)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) (GreenC bot |
||
(22 revisi perantara oleh 3 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 17:
| successor = [[Ur-Nungal]]
}}
'''Gilgamesh''' adalah seorang pahlawan dalam [[Mitologi Mesopotamia|mitologi Mesopotamia kuno]] dan protagonis dalam [[Wiracarita Gilgamesh]], puisi epik yang ditulis pada akhir milenium ketiga SM dalam [[bahasa Sumeria]], dan kemudian [[bahasa Akkadia]]. Dia kemungkinan adalah raja yang pernah benar-benar ada dan berkuasa di [[negara kota]] [[Uruk]], [[Sumeria]], yang secara anumerta [[Apoteosis|didewakan]]. Masa pemerintahannya mungkin berlangsung pada awal [[Periode Dinasti Awal (Mesopotamia)]], sekitar 2900 – 2350 SM, dan kemudian menjadi tokoh utama dalam legenda Sumeria pada masa [[Dinasti Ketiga Ur]] (sekitar 2112 – 2004 SM).
Catatan tertua yang berhasil ditemukan yang menceritakan tentang kisah petualangan legendaris Gilgamesh terdapat pada lima [[Wiracarita Gilgamesh#Puisi-puisi Sumeria|puisi Sumeria]], dengan yang terawal kemungkinan berjudul ''[[Gilgamesh, Enkidu, dan Dunia Bawah]],''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gilgamesh, Enkidu and the nether world: translation|url=https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr1814.htm|website=etcsl|publisher=Oxford|access-date=2021-03-18|archive-date=2019-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715004822/http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr1814.htm|dead-url=no}}</ref> di mana Gilgamesh membantu dewi [[Inanna]] dan mengusir makhluk-makhluk yang menyerang pohon huluppu miliknya. Dewi Inanna memberinya dua benda yang tidak dikenal, mikku dan pikku, yang lantas hilang. Setelah kematian [[Enkidu]], bayangannya memberi tahu Gilgamesh tentang kondisi suram di Dunia Bawah. Puisi ''Gilgamesh dan Aga'' mendeskripsikan pemberontakan Gilgamesh terhadap tuannya, [[Aga dari Kiš|Aga dari Kish]]. Puisi-puisi Sumeria lainnya menjabarkan penaklukan yang dilakukan Gilgamesh atas raksasa [[Huwawa]] dan [[Banteng Surgawi]], sementara puisi kelima yang kondisinya kurang utuh menceritakan kematian dan pemakamannya.
Pada masa [[Babilonia]], puisi-puisi ini mulai menjadi suatu narasi yang saling terhubung. ''Epos Gilgamesh'' dicatat oleh seorang juru tulis yang bernama [[Sîn-lēqi-unninni]], kemungkinan pada [[Bangsa Kass|Periode Babilonia Pertengahan]] (sekitar 1600 – 1155 SM) dan didasarkan pada sumber yang lebih kuno. Dalam epos ini, Gilgamesh digambarkan sebagai sosok dua per tiga dewa yang sangat kuat. Ia berpetualang bersama Enkidu (yang dikisahkan sebagai sahabat Gilgamesh dalam epos ini) dan mengalahkan Humbaba (nama Huwawa dalam bahasa [[Rumpun bahasa Semit|Semit Timur]]). Mereka juga membunuh Banteng Surgawi yang dikirim oleh dewi [[Ishtar]] (nama Inanna dalam bahasa Semit Timur) untuk menyerang mereka karena Gilgamesh menolak permintaan sang dewi untuk menjadi pasangannya. Setelah Enkidu meninggal akibat penyakit sebagai hukuman dari para dewa karena telah membunuh sang banteng, Gilgamesh menjadi takut akan kematian dan mendatangi [[Utnapishtim]] (satu-satunya orang yang selamat dari [[mitos air bah Gilgamesh|Air Bah]]) untuk mendapatkan kehidupan abadi. Gilgamesh gagal menjalani percobaan yang diberikan kepadanya oleh Utnapishtim dan ia pun kembali ke Uruk.▼
▲
Sebagian besar sejarawan sepakat bahwa ''Epos Gilgamesh'' memengaruhi ''[[Iliad]]'' dan ''[[Odisseia]]'', dua epos yang ditulis dalam [[bahasa Yunani Kuno]] pada abad kedelapan SM. Kisah kelahiran Gilgamesh digambarkan dalam sebuah anekdot dari ''[[Claudius Aelianus|De Natura Animalium]]'' karya penulis Yunani [[Claudius Aelianus]] pada abad kedua M. Aelianus bercerita bahwa kakek Gilgamesh menjaga anak perempuannya agar tidak hamil, karena ia mendapatkan nubuat dari seorang peramal bahwa cucunya akan menjatuhkannya. Anak perempuan itu hamil dan para penjaga melempar anaknya dari sebuah menara, tetapi seekor elang menyelamatkannya dan membawanya ke sebuah kebun buah. Ia lalu dibesarkan oleh seorang tukang kebun.▼
▲Sebagian besar sejarawan sepakat bahwa ''
''Epos Gilgamesh'' sendiri ditemukan kembali di [[Perpustakaan Asyurbanipal|Perpustakaan Ashurbanipal]] pada tahun 1849. Setelah isi dari epos ini selesai diterjemahkan pada awal dasawarsa 1870-an, epos tersebut memicu perdebatan akibat kemiripan sebagian isinya dengan [[Alkitab Ibrani]]. Gilgamesh tetap menjadi sosok yang tidak dikenal oleh umum hingga pertengahan abad ke-20, tetapi setelah itu ia mulai digambarkan dalam kebudayaan modern.▼
▲''
== Raja dalam sejarah ==
Baris 144 ⟶ 146:
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{citation|title=The Norton Anthology of World Literature|edition=3|volume=A|date=2012|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|ref={{sfnref|The Norton Anthology of World Literature|2012}}}}
* {{citation|last=Anderson|first=Graham|year=2000|title=Fairytale in the Ancient World|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Fairytale_in_the_Ancient_World.html?id=B2DAAlUrbBIC|publisher=Routledge|location=New York City, New York and London, England|isbn=978-0-415-23702-4|pages=127–131|ref=harv|accessdate=2019-07-21|archive-date=2023-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805132845/https://books.google.com/books/about/Fairytale_in_the_Ancient_World.html?id=B2DAAlUrbBIC|dead-url=no}}
* {{citation|last=Black|first=Jeremy|first2=Anthony|last2=Green|title=Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary|location=Austin, Texas|publisher=University of Texas Press|year=1992|isbn=978-0-7141-1705-8|pages=166–168|ref=harv}}
* {{citation|last=Burkert|first=Walter|authorlink=Walter Burkert|date=1992|title=The Orientalizing Revolution: Near Eastern Influence on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age|location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]|translator=Margaret E. Pinder dan Walter Burkert|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0674643642|ref=harv}}
* {{citation|last=Burkert|first=Walter|date=2005|chapter=Chapter Twenty: Near Eastern Connections|title=A Companion to Ancient Epic|url=https://books.google.com/?id=V4mZmoZhG68C&printsec=frontcover|editor-last=Foley|editor-first=John Miles|location=New York City, New York and London, England|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|isbn=978-1-4051-0524-8|ref=harv|accessdate=2019-07-21|archive-date=2023-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805132858/https://books.google.com/books?id=V4mZmoZhG68C&printsec=frontcover&hl=en|dead-url=no}}
* {{citation|last=Dalley|first=Stephanie|authorlink=Stephanie Dalley|title=Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others|date=1989|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, England|isbn=978-0-19-283589-5|url=https://books.google.com/?id=7ERp_y_w1nIC&printsec=frontcover|ref=harv|accessdate=2019-07-21|archive-date=2023-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805132842/https://books.google.com/books?id=7ERp_y_w1nIC&printsec=frontcover&hl=en|dead-url=no}}
* {{citation|last=Damrosch|first=David|date=2006|title=The Buried Book: The Loss and Rediscovery of the Great Epic of Gilgamesh|url=https://books.google.com/?id=6jJQLrJXrakC&printsec=frontcover|location=New York City, New York|publisher=Henry Holt and Company|isbn=978-0-8050-8029-2|ref=harv|accessdate=2019-07-21|archive-date=2023-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805132934/https://books.google.com/books?id=6jJQLrJXrakC&printsec=frontcover&hl=en|dead-url=no}}
* {{citation|last=Delorme|first=Jean|date=1981|orig-year=1964|chapter=The Ancient World|title=The Larousse Encyclopedia of Ancient and Medieval History|editor1-last=Dunan|editor1-first=Marcel|editor2-last=Bowle|editor2-first=John|location=New York City, New York|publisher=Excaliber Books|isbn=978-0-89673-083-0|ref=harv}}
* {{citation|last=George|first=Andrew R.|authorlink=Andrew R. George|date=2003|origyear=1999, 2000|title=The Epic of Gilgamesh: The Babylonian Epic Poem and Other Texts in Akkadian and Sumerian|edition=3|location=London|publisher=Penguin Books|series=Penguin Classics|oclc=
* {{citation|last1=Kramer|first1=Samuel Noah|title=Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium B.C.: Revised Edition|date=1961|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|isbn=978-0-8122-1047-7|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/ane/sum/|ref=harv|accessdate=2019-07-21|archive-date=2020-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808160325/https://www.sacred-texts.com/ane/sum/|dead-url=no}}
* {{citation|last1=Kramer|first1=Samuel Noah|title=The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iY9xp4pLp88C&pg=PA46|date=1963|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago, Illinois|isbn=978-0-226-45238-8|ref=harv|accessdate=2019-07-21|archive-date=2023-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805132846/https://books.google.com/books?id=iY9xp4pLp88C&pg=PA46|dead-url=no}}
* {{citation|last=Mark|first=Joshua J.|date=29 March 2018|title=Gilgamesh|website=ancient.eu|publisher=Ancient History Encyclopedia|url=https://www.ancient.eu/gilgamesh/|ref=harv|accessdate=2019-07-21|archive-date=2020-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911143122/https://www.ancient.eu/gilgamesh/|dead-url=no}}
* {{citation|last=Fontenrose|first=Joseph Eddy|date=1980|orig-year=1959|title=Python: A Study of Delphic Myth and Its Origins|url=https://books.google.com/?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA167|location=Berkeley, California, Los Angeles, California, and London, England|publisher=The University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04106-6|ref=harv|accessdate=2019-07-21|archive-date=2023-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805133409/https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA167&hl=en|dead-url=no}}
* {{citation|last=Powell|first=Barry B.|author-link=Barry B. Powell|date=2012|orig-year=2004|chapter=Gilgamesh: Heroic Myth|title=Classical Myth|edition=7|url=https://books.google.com/?id=dqOSAgAAQBAJ&dq=Classical+Myth+by+Barry+Powell+seventh+edition|location=London, England|publisher=Pearson|pages=336–350|isbn=978-0-205-17607-6|ref=harv|accessdate=2019-07-21|archive-date=2023-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805133350/https://books.google.com/books?id=dqOSAgAAQBAJ&dq=Classical+Myth+by+Barry+Powell+seventh+edition&hl=en|dead-url=no}}
* {{citation|last=Pryke|first=Louise M.|date=2017|title=Ishtar|url=https://books.google.com/?id=fggqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA94|location=New York City, New York and London, England|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-71632-9|ref=harv}}
* {{citation|last=Rybka|first=F. James|date=2011|section=''The Epic of Gilgamesh''|title=Bohuslav Martinu: The Compulsion to Compose|url=https://books.google.com/?id=5xZjejJ4wh4C&pg=PA258|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press, Inc.|isbn=978-0-8108-7762-7|ref=harv|accessdate=2019-07-21|archive-date=2023-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805133350/https://books.google.com/books?id=5xZjejJ4wh4C&pg=PA258&hl=en|dead-url=no}}
* {{citation| author-link=N.K. Sandars | first=N.K. | last=Sandars |chapter=Introduction|title=The Epic of Gilgamesh| publisher=Penguin | date=1972}}
* {{citation|last=Tigay|first=Jeffrey H.|date=2002|orig-year=1982|title=The Evolution of the Gilgamesh Epic|url=https://books.google.com/?id=cxjuHTH6I2sC&pg=PA36|location=Wauconda, Illinois|publisher=Bolchazzy-Carucci Publishers, Inc.|isbn=978-0-86516-546-5|ref=harv|accessdate=2019-07-21|archive-date=2023-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805133426/https://books.google.com/books?id=cxjuHTH6I2sC&pg=PA36&hl=en|dead-url=no}}
* {{citation|url=http://sydney.edu.au/museums/publications/muse/past-issues/2781_Muse_July_web.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529232346/http://sydney.edu.au/museums/publications/muse/past-issues/2781_Muse_July_web.pdf|archive-date=30 May 2018|dead-url=no|last=Stone|first=D.|date=2012|title=The Epic of Gilgamesh: Statue brings ancient tale to life|magazine=MUSE|issue=12/2781|page=28|ref=harv}}
* {{citation|last=West|first=M. L.|authorlink=Martin Litchfield West|title=The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth|date=1997|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford, England|isbn=978-0-19-815221-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fIp0RYIjazQC&q=Adonis|accessdate=2019-07-21|archive-date=2023-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409220530/https://books.google.com/books?id=fIp0RYIjazQC&q=Adonis|dead-url=no}}
* {{citation|last1=Wolkstein|first1=Diane|last2=Kramer|first2=Samuel Noah|title=Inanna: Queen of Heaven and Earth: Her Stories and Hymns from Sumer|year=1983|publisher=Harper&Row Publishers|location=New York City, New York|isbn=978-0-06-090854-6|ref=harv}}
* {{citation|last=Ziolkowski|first=Theodore|authorlink=Theodore Ziolkowski|date=1 November 2011|title=Gilgamesh: An Epic Obsession|url=http://www.berfrois.com/2011/11/theodore-ziolkowski-gilgamesh/|website=Berfrois|ref=harv|accessdate=2019-07-21|archive-date=2011-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104134406/http://www.berfrois.com/2011/11/theodore-ziolkowski-gilgamesh/|dead-url=no}}
* {{citation|last=Ziolkowski|first=Theodore|date=2012|title=Gilgamesh among Us: Modern Encounters with the Ancient Epic|url=https://books.google.com/?id=snz_Wle6zvgC&pg=PA28|location=Ithaca, New York and London, England|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-5035-8|ref=harv|accessdate=2019-07-21|archive-date=2023-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805133423/https://books.google.com/books?id=snz_Wle6zvgC&pg=PA28&hl=en|dead-url=no}}
{{refend}}
== Bacaan lanjut ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web |website= [[Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature]] |url= http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=c.1.8.1* |title= Narratives featuring… Gilgameš |accessdate= 8 Oktober 2017 |archive-date= 2009-09-29 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090929090227/http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=c.1.8.1* |dead-url= no }}
* {{citation|last=Ackerman|first=Susan|authorlink=Susan Ackerman (biblical scholar)|date=2005|title=When Heroes Love: The Ambiguity of Eros in the Stories of Gilgamesh and David|location=New York City, New York|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-50725-7|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last= Gmirkin |first= Russell E |title= Berossus and Genesis, Manetho and Exodus |location= New York |publisher=T & T Clark International |date=2006}}
* {{cite book |editor=Foster, Benjamin R. |translator=Foster, Benjamin R. |title=
* {{cite book |last1=Hammond |first1=D. |last2=Jablow |first2=A. |chapter= Gilgamesh and the Sundance Kid: the Myth of Male Friendship |editor-last=Brod |editor-first=H. |title= The Making of Masculinities: The New Men's Studies |location= Boston |date=1987 |pages= 241–258}}
* {{cite book |author= Jackson, Danny |title= The Epic of Gilgamesh |url= https://archive.org/details/epicofgilgamesh0000unse |
* {{cite book |translator=Kovacs, Maureen Gallery |title= The Epic of Gilgamesh |location= Stanford University Press |publisher= Stanford, California |date=1989 |orig-year=1985 |isbn= 978-0-8047-1711-3}} Glossary, Appendices, Appendix (Chapter XII=Tablet XII).
* {{cite web |last=Maier |first=John R. |title=Gilgamesh and the Great Goddess of Uruk |date=2018 |url=https://digitalcommons.brockport.edu/sunybeb/4/ |access-date=2019-07-21 |archive-date=2019-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053150/https://digitalcommons.brockport.edu/sunybeb/4/ |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite book |author= Mitchell, Stephen |title= Gilgamesh: A New English Version |url= https://archive.org/details/gilgameshnewengl0000mitc |location= New York |publisher= Free Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7432-6164-7}}
* {{cite book |editor= Oberhuber, K. |title= Das Gilgamesch-Epos |location= Darmstadt |publisher= Wege der Forschung |year=1977 | id=}}
* {{cite book |author= Parpola, Simo |author2= Mikko Luuko |author3= Kalle Fabritius |title= The Standard Babylonian, Epic of Gilgamesh |url= https://archive.org/details/standardbabyloni0000unse |publisher= The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project |year= 1997 |isbn= 978-9514577604 }}
* {{cite book |author= Pettinato, Giovanni |title= La saga di Gilgamesh |location= Milan, Italy |publisher= Rusconi Libri |year=1992 |isbn= 978-88-18-88028-1}}
{{refend}}
|