Sejarah Bumi: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Dablink|Untuk sejarah manusia modern, lihat [[Sejarah dunia]].}}
[[Berkas:Kala Geologi dengan Perisitiwa dan Kurun id.svg|jmpl|350px|Kala geologi, dipadatkan dalam diagram berbentuk lingkaran jam yang menampilkan panjang relatif [[skala masa geologi|kala]] sejarah Bumi. (keterangan: Mtl = Miliar tahun lalu, Jtl = Juta tahun lalu, s. = sekitar)]]▼
'''Sejarah Bumi''' berkaitan dengan perkembangan planet [[Bumi]] sejak terbentuk sampai sekarang.{{r|Stanley2005|TimeScale}} Hampir semua cabang [[ilmu alam]] telah berkontribusi pada pemahaman peristiwa-peristiwa utama di Bumi yang sudah lampau. [[Usia Bumi]] ditaksir sepertiganya [[Umur alam semesta|usia alam semesta]]. Sejumlah perubahan [[biologi]]s dan [[geologi]]s besar telah terjadi sepanjang rentang waktu tersebut.
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Perubahan biologis dan geologis terus terjadi di planet ini sejak terbentuk. Organisme terus [[evolusi|berevolusi]], berubah menjadi bentuk baru atau [[peristiwa kepunahan|punah]] seiring perubahan Bumi. Proses [[tektonik lempeng]] memainkan peran penting dalam pembentukan lautan dan benua di Bumi, termasuk kehidupan di dalamnya. [[Biosfer]] memiliki dampak besar terhadap atmosfer dan kondisi abiotik lainnya di planet ini, seperti pembentukan [[lapisan ozon]], proliferasi oksigen, dan penciptaan [[tanah]].
▲[[Berkas:Kala Geologi dengan Perisitiwa dan Kurun id.svg|jmpl|350px|Kala geologi, dipadatkan dalam diagram berbentuk lingkaran jam yang menampilkan panjang relatif [[skala masa geologi|kala]] sejarah Bumi. (keterangan: Mtl = Miliar tahun lalu, Jtl = Juta tahun lalu, s. = sekitar)]]
== Skala waktu geologi ==
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{{See also|Diferensiasi planet}}
[[Berkas:Protoplanetary-disk.jpg|jmpl|360px|Ilustrasi konsepsi tentang sebuah [[cakram protoplanet]].]]
Model standar tentang pembentukan [[Tata Surya]] adalah [[hipotesis nebula|hipotesis nebula surya]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Encrenaz|first=T.|title=The solar system|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9783540002413|year=2004|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-540-00241-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9783540002413/page/89 89]|edition=3rd}}</ref> Dalam model ini, Tata Surya terbentuk dari [[awan antarbintang]]—himpunan debu dan [[gas]] yang berputar—yang disebut [[nebula surya]], terdiri dari [[hidrogen]] dan [[helium]] yang tercipta sesaat setelah [[Ledakan Dahsyat|peristiwa dentuman besar]], 13,8 miliar tahun yang lalu serta [[unsur kimia|elemen]] yang lebih berat yang terlontar dari [[supernova]]. Sekitar {{nowrap|4,5 miliar}} tahun, nebula tersebut mulai berkontraksi yang mungkin telah dipicu oleh [[gelombang kejut]] dari [[supernova]] yang berdekatan.{{r|Matson}} Gelombang kejut juga telah membuat nebula tersebut berputar. Seiring makin cepatnya perputaran awan, maka [[momentum sudut]], [[gravitasi]], dan [[kelembaman]] meratakan awan tersebut menjadi bentuk [[cakram protoplanet]] yang tegak lurus terhadap sumbu rotasi. Adanya kekacauan yang disebabkan tumbukan serta pengaruh dari momentum sudut dari puing-puing besar menciptakan sarana yang memungkinkan [[protoplanet]] berukuran beberapa kilometer mulai terbentuk, yang mengorbit pusat nebula.<ref name=Goldreich1973>{{cite journal | author=P. Goldreich, W. R. Ward | title=The Formation of Planetesimals | journal=Astrophysical Journal | year=1973 | volume=183 | pages=1051–1062 | bibcode=1973ApJ...183.1051G | doi=10.1086/152291 | ref=harv }}</ref>
Pusat nebula, yang tidak banyak memiliki momentum sudut akhirnya cepat runtuh; tekanan dari runtuhan tersebut memanaskannya hingga memungkinkan terjadinya proses [[fusi nuklir]] antara [[hidrogen]] dan [[helium]]. Ketika kontraksi menjadi lebih besar, terbentuklah [[bintang T Tauri]] dan berkembang menjadi [[Matahari]]. Sementara itu, bagian luar dari gravitasi nebula menyebabkan [[materi]] mendingin di sekitar daerah yang padat gangguan serta partikel debu, dan sisa dari cakram protoplanet mulai memisah menjadi cincin. Melalui proses yang dikenal dengan [[akresi (astrofisika)|akresi cepat]], kepingan-kepingan debu dan puing-puing terus menerus mengumpul sehingga terbentuklah [[planet]].<ref name=Goldreich1973/> Bumi terbentuk dengan cara ini sekitar 4,54 miliar tahun yang lalu (dengan ketidakpastian 1%){{r|age_earth1c|age_of_earth_faq|USGS1997|age_earth4}} dan proses ini selesai dalam 10–20 juta tahun.{{r|Yin}} [[Angin matahari]] dari bintang T Tauri yang baru terbentuk membersihkan sebagian besar materi di dalam cakram yang tidak tergabung dalam objek yang besar. Proses yang sama terjadi pada hampir semua bintang yang baru terbentuk di alam semesta yang menghasilkan [[piringan akresi|cakram akresi]], beberapa di antaranya menghasilkan [[Planet luar surya|planet ekstrasolar]].{{r|Kokubo2002}}
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== Eon Fanerozoikum ==
{{Main|Fanerozoikum}}
[[Berkas:Cooksonia pertoni revised.png|ka|jmpl|Rekonstruksi salah satu [[tumbuhan berpembuluh]] pertama di Bumi, dari genus ''[[
Fanerozoikum adalah [[eon]] yang sedang berjalan saat ini di Bumi. Eon ini dimulai sekitar {{nowrap|542 juta}} tahun yang lalu. Eon ini dibagi menjadi tiga era—[[Paleozoikum]], [[Mesozoikum]] dan [[Kenozoikum]],{{r|shortTimeScale}}—dan merupakan masa ketika kehidupan multiseluler terdiversifikasi sangat luas ke hampir semua organisme yang dikenal saat ini.<ref>{{cite book|title= The Dyanmic Earth System|last= Patwardhan|first= A.M.|authorlink=|coauthors=|year= 2010|publisher= PHI Learning Private Limited|location= New Delhi|isbn=978-81-203-4052-7|page= 146|pages=|url= http://books.google.com/?id=EOgZJZaA-Q0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=dynamic+earth+system#v=onepage&q=dynamic%20earth%20system&f=false|accessdate=}}</ref>
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Periode dari 900–200 SM dinyatakan sebagai [[Zaman Poros]] bagi peradaban manusia, yaitu zaman ketika fondasi spiritualitas umat manusia terjadi serentak dan mandiri di beberapa belahan dunia. Tradisi filosofis yang berkembang pada zaman tersebut meliputi: [[monoteisme]] di [[Persia]] dan [[Kanaan]]; [[Platonisme]] di [[Yunani]]; [[Buddhisme]], [[Jainisme]], dan [[Hinduisme]] di India; [[Konfusianisme]] dan [[Taoisme]] di Tiongkok. Berbagai adat dan [[sains]] (dalam bentuk primitif) bermunculan, seperti sistem [[teokrasi]] dan produksi [[kereta perang]]. Di [[Mediterania]] dan [[Timur Tengah]], peradaban-peradaban kuno berkembang dan melakukan perdagangan, serta bertempur demi wilayah dan sumber daya. Tak lama kemudian sistem [[imperium]] mulai berkembang. Sekitar 500 SM, ada sejumlah peradaban maju di [[Timur Tengah]], [[Iran]], [[India]], [[Tiongkok]], dan [[Yunani]], yang sedang menuju masa kejayaannya atau menuju masa keruntuhannya.{{r|McNeill|page1=3}} Beberapa peradaban bertahan hingga abad modern meskipun tidak sejaya dulu, dan beberapa di antaranya memberi pengaruh atau fondasi bagi [[Dunia Barat]], seperti [[Yunani Kuno|Yunani]] dan [[Romawi Kuno]]. Seiring perkembangan peradaban, beberapa agama didirikan, seperti [[Kristen]] (abad ke-1) dan [[Islam]] (abad ke-7).
[[Berkas:Tokyo at dusk.jpg|240px|jmpl|Panorama [[Tokyo]], kota dengan penduduk terpadat di dunia, dan salah satu kota yang berpengaruh dalam perekonomian dunia.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sassen, Saskia|title=The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo|url=https://archive.org/details/globalcitynewyor00unse|year=2001|publisher=Princeton University Press|edition=2nd|isbn=0-691-07063-6|authorlink=Saskia Sassen}}</ref>]]
Pada abad ke-14, zaman [[Renaisans]] dimulai di [[Italia]] dengan kemajuan dalam bidang agama, seni, dan sains.{{r|McNeill|page1=317–319}} Pada masa itu, Gereja Kristen sebagai entitas politik kehilangan sebagian besar kekuasaannya. Tahun 1492, [[Kristoforus Kolumbus]] mencapai benua [[Amerika]], mengawali perubahan besar pada [[Dunia Baru]]. Peradaban Eropa mulai berubah sejak 1500-an, mengantarkannya pada [[Revolusi Ilmiah]] dan [[Revolusi Industri|Industri]]. Benua tersebut mulai menebarkan dominansi politis dan budaya pada masyarakat lain di seluruh dunia pada suatu masa yang dikenal sebagai Era Kolonial.{{r|McNeill|page1=295–299}} Pada abad ke-18, gerakan kultural yang dikenal sebagai [[Abad Pencerahan]] kemudian membentuk mentalitas bangsa Eropa dan berperan penting dalam sikap sekuler mereka. Dari tahun 1914 sampai 1918, dan dari 1939 sampai 1945, bangsa-bangsa di seluruh dunia berada dalam [[perang dunia]]. [[Liga Bangsa-Bangsa]] yang didirikan setelah [[Perang Dunia I]] merupakan usaha pertama dalam membangunan lembaga internasional untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan secara damai. Setelah gagal mencegah [[Perang Dunia II]]—konflik paling berdarah dalam sejarah umat manusia—lembaga tersebut digantikan oleh [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]]. Setelah perang usai, banyak negara menyatakan kemerdekannya, baik dengan usaha sendiri maupun pemberian bangsa lain dalam suatu periode [[dekolonisasi]]. [[Amerika Serikat]] dan [[Uni Soviet]] menjadi negara adikuasa untuk sementara, dan terlibat dalam persaingan yang dikenal sebagai [[Perang Dingin]] sampai disolusi di kemudian hari. Seiring transportasi dan komunikasi yang semakin mutakhir, perkara politis dan ekonomi antarbangsa menjadi kian berseluk-beluk. Hal ini dikenal sebagai [[globalisasi]] yang dapat mendatangkan konflik atau kerja sama.
{{Clear}}
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<ref name=shortTimeScale>{{harvnb|Gradstein|Ogg|van Kranendonk|2008}}</ref>
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<ref name=Matson/>
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{{Refend}}
== Pranala luar ==
* [https://
* Valley, John W. "[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=a-cool-early-earth A Cool Early Earth?]" ''[[Scientific American]]''. 2005 October 58–65. – discusses the timing of the formation of the oceans and other major events in Earth’s early history.
* [[Paul Davies|Davies, Paul]]. "[http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2005/dec/20/comment.science Quantum leap of life]". ''[[The Guardian]]''. 2005 December 20. – discusses speculation on the role of quantum systems in the origin of life
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{{portal bar|Astronomi}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of The Earth}}▼
{{Authority control}}
▲{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of The Earth}}
[[Kategori:Bumi| ]]
[[Kategori:Geokronologi]]
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