Cistaceae: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 2:
| name = Cistaceae
| color = lightgreen
| image = Cistus incanus 2004.jpg
| image_width = 200px
| image_caption = ''Cistus incanus''
| regnum = [[
{{kladtb|[[Tumbuhan berpembuluh|Tracheophyta]]}}
{{kladtb|[[Tumbuhan berbunga|Angiospermae]]}}
{{kladtb|[[Eudikotil]]}}
{{kladtb|[[Rosid]]}}
| ordo = [[Malvales]]
| familia = '''Cistaceae'''
| familia_authority =
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
| subdivision =
''[[istus|Cistus]]'' (mawar karang; ''rock roses'')<br/>
''[[Fumana]]''<br/>
''[[Halimiocistus|X Halimiocistus]]''<br/>
''[[Halimium]]''<br/>
''[[Helianthemum]]''<br/>
''[[Hudsonia]]''<br/>
''[[Lechea]]''<br/>
''[[Tuberaria]]''
}}
'''Cistaceae''' atau '''Suku Mawarkarang-mawarkarangan''' adalah salah satu [[familia|suku]] anggota [[tumbuhan berbunga]] "mawar karang" (''rock rose''). Menurut [[Sistem klasifikasi APG II]] suku ini dimasukkan ke dalam bangsa [[Malvales]],
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They often have showy yellow, pink or white flowers, which are generally short-lived. The flowers are bisexual, regular, solitary or borne in cymes; they usually have five, sometimes three, petals (''Lechea''). The petals are free, usually crumpled in the bud, and sometimes in the open flower (contoh ''Cistus incanus''). It has five sepals, the inner three of which are distinctly wider, and the outer two are narrow and sometimes regarded as bracteoles. The [[sepal]] arrangement is a characteristic property of the family.
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[[Stamen]]nya banyak, panjangnya bervariasi dan duduk pada suatu lempengan; filamen-filamennya bebas. [[ovary (plants)|Ovarium]] tergolong superior, biasanya dengan tiga carpels; placentation bersifat parietal, dengan dua atau lebih ovules pada setiap [[plasenta]]. [[Buah]]nya berupa [[capsule (fruit)|kapsul]], biasanya dengan lima atau sepuluh valves (tiga pada ''Helianthemum''). Biji-bijinya kecil dengan lapisan keras, tidak tembus air, dengan berat sekitar 1 mg.<ref name="Thanos">Thanos, C. A., K. Georghiou, C. Kadis, C. Pantazi (1992). Cistaceae: a plant family with hard seeds. ''Israel Journal of Botany'' 41 (4-6): 251-263. (Available online: [http://www.biology.uoa.gr/~cthanos/Papers/Abstracts/Cistaceae.htm Abstract] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041205134307/http://www.biology.uoa.gr/~cthanos/Papers/Abstracts/Cistaceae.htm |date=2004-12-05 }} | [http://www.biology.uoa.gr/~cthanos/Papers/Cistaceae.pdf Full text (PDF)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040609052539/http://www.biology.uoa.gr/~cthanos/Papers/Cistaceae.pdf |date=2004-06-09 }})</ref><ref>Heywood, V. H. (ed.) (1993). ''Flowering plants of the world'', pp. 108–109. London: Batsford. ISBN 0-19-521037-9</ref><ref>Hutchinson, J. (1973). ''The families of flowering plants: arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny'' (3rd ed.), pp. 254–255. Oxford: Clarendon. ISBN 0-19-854377-8.
</ref><ref>Judd W. S., C. S. Campbell, E. A. Kellogg, P. F. Stevens, M. J. Donoghue (2002). ''Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach'', 2nd edition, pp. 409–410 (Cistaceae). Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates. ISBN 0-87893-403-0.
* [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de]] (1789). ''Genera Plantarum'': 294. Parisiis.
</ref><ref>Mabberley, D. J. (1997). ''The plant-book: a portable dictionary of the vascular plants'' (2nd ed.), p. 160. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-41421-0.
</ref>
== Ekologi ==
<!--[[Image:Cistus purpureus.jpg|thumb|180px|left|''[[Cistus × purpureus]]'' mawar karang anggrek (''orchid rock rose'')]]-->
Kemampuan Cistaceae untuk berbiak subur di banyak habitat [[Laut Tengah]] mengikuti dua sifat [[ekologi]] penting: kemampuan mycorrhizal ability dan pembaruan cepat setelah kebakaran liar.
Kebanyakan Cistaceae mempunyai kemampuan membentuk hubungan [[simbiosis]] dengan akar [[fungi]] dari [[genus]] ''[[Tuber (fungus)|Tuber]]''.<ref>Chevalier, G., D. Mousain, Y. Couteaudier (1975). Associations ectomycorhiziennes entre Tubéracées et Cistacées. ''Annales de Phytopathologie'' '''7'''(4), 355-356</ref><ref name="giovanetti">Giovannetti, G., A. Fontana (1982). Mycorrhizal synthesis between Cistaceae and Tuberaceae. ''New Phytologist'' '''92''', 533-537</ref> Dalam hubungan ini, fungus itu menyediakan komplemen sistem akar dengan tugas menyerap air dan mineral dari tanah, sehingga mengizinkan tanaman induk untuk bertahan pada tanah yang buruk. Sebagai tambahan, kualitas menarik ''T. melanosporum'' adalah kemampuannya untuk membunuh semua tumbuhan kecuali tumbuhan induk dalam jangkauan mycelium-nya, sehingga memberikan tumbuhan induk semacam ekslusivitas pada area tanah yang berdekatan.<ref name="giovanetti"/>
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Cistaceae have also optimally adapted to the wildfires that frequently eradicate large areas of forest. The plants cast their seeds in the soil during the growth period, but the latter don't germinate right in the next season. Their hard coating is impermeable to the water, and thus the seeds remain dormant for a long period of time. This together with their small size allows it to establish a large seed bank rather deep in the soil. Once the fire comes and kills the vegetation in the area, the seed coating softens or cracks as a result of the heating, and the surviving seeds [[germinate]] shortly after the fire. This mechanism allows the Cistaceae to produce a large number of young shoots simultaneously and at the right time, and thus to obtain an important advantage over other plants in the process of repopulating the area.<ref name="Thanos"/><ref>Ferrandis, P., J. M. Herrantz, J. J. Martínez-Sánchez (1999). Effect of fire on hard-coated Cistaceae seed banks and its influence on techniques for quantifying seed banks. ''Plant Ecology'' 144 (1): 103-114. (Available online: [http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009816309061 DOI])
</ref>
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== Sistematika ==
Analisis molekuler [[angiospermae]] menempatkan Cistaceae di dalam [[Malvales]], membentuk sebuah [[klad]] dengan dua [[Famili (biologi)|famili]] pohon tropis, [[Dipterocarpaceae]] dan [[Sarcolaenaceae]].<ref name="Salvolainen et al. 2000">Savolainen, V., M. W. Chase, S. B. Hoot, C. M. Morton, D. E. Soltis, C. Bayer, M. F. Fay, A. Y. De Bruijn, S. Sullivan, and Y.-L. Qiu. 2000. Phylogenetics of Flowering Plants Based on Combined Analysis of Plastid atpB and rbcL Gene Sequences. Syst Biol 49:306-362.</ref><ref name="Soltis et al. 2000">Soltis, D. E., P. S. Soltis, M. W. Chase, M. E. Mort, D. C. Albach, M. Zanis, V. Savolainen, W. H. Hahn, S. B. Hoop, M. F. Fay, M. Axtell, S. M. Swensen, L. M. Prince, W. J. Kress, K. C. Nison, and J. S. Farris. 2000. Angiosperm phylogeny inferred from 18S rDNA, vbcL, and atpB sequences. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 133:381-461.</ref> [[Phylogenetics|Studi filogenetika]] memastikan [[monophyly|monofili]] Cistaceae dengan dasar urutan [[plastid]] dan [[synapomorphy|sinapomorfi]] morfologis.<ref name="Guzmán and Vargas 2009">Guzmán, B. and P. Vargas. 2009. Historical biogeography and character evolution of Cistaceae (Malvales) based on analysis of plastid rbcL and trnL-trnF sequences. Organisms Diversity & Evolution 9:83-99.</ref>
Di dalam Cistaceae, dikenali 8 [[genus]], termasuk lima yang hidup di [[Laut Tengah]] (''Cistus'', ''Fumana'', ''Halimium'', ''Helianthemum'', ''Tuberaria'') dan tiga di daerah sedang [[Amerika Utara]] (''Crocanthemum'', ''Hudsonia'', ''Lechea''). Delapan genus ini dapat dikelompokkan ke dalam lima garis keturunan utama dalam Cistaceae:
* klad basal dari genus ''[[Fumana]]''
* klad Dunia Baru dari ''[[Lechea]]''
* klad ''[[Helianthemum]]'' [[sensu (taxonomy)|s. l.]], terdiri dari grup bersaudara ''[[Crocanthemum]]'' dan ''[[Hudsonia]]'' dari [[Dunia Baru]], dan ''[[Helianthemum]]'' [[sensu (taxonomy)|s. s.]] dari [[Dunia Lama]]
* klad ''[[Tuberaria]]''
* kompleks kohesif dari spesies ''[[Halimium]]'' dan ''[[Mawar karang|Cistus]]''
== Pembudidayaan dan penggunaan ==
[[Berkas:Anthrax sp. over Cistus sp. 01 by-dpc.jpg|jmpl|ka|220px|Seekor [[Anthrax (fly)|lalat Anthrax]] pada "mawar karang" dekat [[Sotosalbos]], Spanyol]]
''Cistus'', ''Halimium'' dan ''Helianthemum'' dibudidayakan secara luas sebagai [[ornamental plant|tanaman hias]]. Kebutuhan tanahnya tidak banyak dan keuletannya menyebabkan mereka dapat tumbuh baik dalam kondisi musim dingin bersalju di [[Eropa]] utara.
Sejumlah spesies ''Cistus'', terutama ''C. ladanifer'', digunakan untuk menghasilkan [[resin]] aromatik, dan digunakan dalam industri [[parfum]].
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The ability of Cistaceae to create mycorrhizal relation with [[truffle]] mushroom (''Tuber'') prompted several studies about using them as host plants for truffle cultivation. The small size of ''Cistus'' shrubs could prove favorable, as they take up less space than traditional hosts, such as [[oak]] (''Quercus'') or [[pine]] (''Pinus''), and could thus lead to larger yield per field unit.
Cistaceae has been [[List of Bach flower remedies|listed]] as one of the 38 plants used to prepare [[Bach flower remedies]],<ref name="Vohra2004">{{cite book|author=D. S. Vohra|title=Bach Flower Remedies: A Comprehensive Study|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=icG8onA0ys8C&pg=PR3|accessdate=2 September 2013|date=1 June 2004|publisher=B. Jain Publishers|isbn=978-81-7021-271-3|page=3}}</ref> a kind of [[alternative medicine]] promoted for its effect on health. However according to [[Cancer Research UK]], "there is no scientific evidence to prove that flower remedies can control, cure or prevent any type of disease, including cancer".<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-help/about-cancer/treatment/complementary-alternative/therapies/flower-remedies
|title=Flower remedies
|publisher=[[Cancer Research UK]]
|accessdate=September 2013
}}</ref>
-->
== Simbolisme ==
Dalam [[language of flowers|bahasa bunga]] zaman Victoria, [[Gum Cistus|gum cistus]] dari famili tumbuhan Cistaceae melambangkan kematian segera.
== Genus sinonim ==
Nama-nama generik di dalam familia '''Cistaceae''' pernah didefinisikan dalam berbagai publikasi,<ref>IPNI (2004). The International Plant Names Index - [http://www.ipni.org/ipni/plantsearch?find_family=Cistaceae&find_isAPNIRecord=on&find_isGCIRecord=on&find_isIKRecord=on&output_format=normal&query_type=by_query Record on Cistaceae]. Retrieved Nov. 15, 2004.</ref><ref>Kew (2004). [http://www.kew.org/cgi-bin/web.dbs/genlist.pl?CISTACEAE List of genera in Cistaceae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929133457/http://www.kew.org/cgi-bin/web.dbs/genlist.pl?CISTACEAE |date=2007-09-29 }}, in [http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/data/genlist.html Vascular Plant Families and Genera Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041118100118/http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/data/genlist.html |date=2004-11-18 }}, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved Nov. 15, 2004.</ref> tetapi anggota-anggotanya merupakan [[sinonim]] dengan delapan genus yang ditemukan dalam riset selanjutnya.<br/>
''Anthelis -- Aphananthemum -- Atlanthemum -- Crocanthemum -- Fumanopsis -- Helianthemon -- Hemiptelea -- Heteromeris -- Horanthes -- Horanthus -- Ladanium -- Ladanum -- Lecheoides -- Lechidium -- Ledonia -- Libanotis -- Planera -- Platonia -- Pomelina -- Psistina -- Psistus -- Rhodax -- Rhodocistus -- Stegitris -- Stephanocarpus -- Strobon -- Taeniostema -- Therocistus -- Trichasterophyllum -- Xolantha -- Xolanthes''
== Galeri==
<gallery>
berkas:Cistus laurifolius 2601.jpg|''Cistus laurifolius''
berkas:Cistus albidus in Sainte Lucie Island.jpg|''Cistus albidus''
berkas:Gum Cistus 1.jpg|''Cistus ladanifer''
berkas:Cistus May 2014-3.jpg|''Cistus monspeliensis''
berkas:Cistus creticus LC0069.jpg|''Cistus creticus''
</gallery>
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
== Pranala luar ==
* Page R. G. [http://www.cistuspage.org.uk/ The Cistus & Halimium Website] - the [http://www.cistuspage.org.uk/BIBLIOG-Alphabetical.htm bibliography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041010190304/http://www.cistuspage.org.uk/BIBLIOG-Alphabetical.htm |date=2004-10-10 }} contains many references to Cistaceae.
* Stevens P.F. (2001 onwards). [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/ Angiosperm Phylogeny Website] ([http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/malvalesweb.htm#Cistaceae Cistaceae]). Version 5, May 2004.
{{commons|Cistaceae}}
{{Malvales}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q156282}}
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