Kontroversi penciptaan-evolusi: Perbedaan antara revisi

{{Kreasionisme}}[[Berkas:Man is But a Worm.jpg|jmpl|Kartun satir dari 1882, memparodikan teori evolusi Darwin, atas publikasi ''[[The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms]]'']]

 

 

Perselisihan muncul ketika [[Charles Darwin]] pada tahun [[1850-an]] memaparkan bahwa makhluk hidup ber[[evolusi]] dan mengalami [[seleksi alam]].

{{See also|Naturalism (philosophy)|Evolution and the Roman Catholic Church|Clergy Letter Project}}

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This position generally accepts the viewpoint of [[naturalism (philosophy)|methodological naturalism]], a long standing convention of the [[scientific method]] in [[science]].

Theistic evolutionists have frequently been prominent in opposing creationism (including intelligent design). Notable examples have been biologist [[Kenneth R. Miller]] and theologian [[John Haught]], who testified for the plaintiffs in [[Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District]]. Another example is the Clergy Letter Project, an organization that has created and maintains a statement signed by American Christian clergy of different denominations rejecting creationism, with specific reference to points raised by intelligent design proponents. Theistic evolutionists have also been active in Citizens Alliances for Science that oppose the introduction of creationism into public school science classes (one example being evangelical Christian geologist [[Keith B. Miller]], who is a prominent board member of [[Kansas Citizens for Science]]).

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=== Evolusi Agnostik ===

Evolusi Agnostik ({{lang-en|Agnostic evolution}}) adalah posisi yang menerima evolusi biologi, digabungkan dengan pandangan bahwa tidaklah penting apakah Allah itu ada atau tidak, atau apakah Allah itu pernah, sedang atau akan terlibat.<ref>Scott (2005), p. 65.</ref>

* [[Daftar organisme menurut jumlah kromosom]]

* [[Penciptaan menurut Kitab Kejadian]]

 

== Referensi ==

* {{cite book|last = Dawkins|first = Richard|authorlink = Richard Dawkins|year= 1995|title = [[River Out of Eden]]|publisher = Basic Books|isbn = 0-465-06990-8|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|last = Desmond|first = Adrian|last2 = Moore|first2 = James|authorlink2 = James Moore (biographer)|year= 1991|title = Darwin|url = https://archive.org/details/darwin0000desm|publisher = London: Michael Joseph, Penguin Group|isbn = 0-7181-3430-3|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|last = Dixon|first = Thomas|title = Science and Religion: A Very Short Introduction|url = https://archive.org/details/sciencereligionv00dixo_676|publisher = Oxford University Press|year = 2008|location = Oxford|page = [https://archive.org/details/sciencereligionv00dixo_676/page/77 77]|isbn = 978-0-19-929551-7}}

* {{cite book|last=Larson|first=Edward J.|authorlink = Edward J. Larson|title=Trial and Error: The American Controversy Over Creation and Evolution|url=https://archive.org/details/trialerrorameric00lars_838|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-515470-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/trialerrorameric00lars_838/page/n286 276]|ref=harv}}<!--p103-->

* {{cite book|last = Lenski|first = Richard E.|year = 2000|title = Evolution: Fact and Theory|publisher = AcitionBioscience.org|url = http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/lenski.html|accessdate = 2007-01-23|ref = harv|archive-date = 2007-04-03|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070403205805/http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/lenski.html|dead-url = yes}}

* {{cite book|last = Moore|first1 = James|authorlink1 = James Moore (biographer)|year = 2006|chapter = Evolution and Wonder—Understanding Charles Darwin|url = http://speakingoffaith.publicradio.org/programs/darwin/transcript.shtml|title = Speaking of Faith (Radio Program)|publisher = American Public Media|accessdate = 2007-01-24|ref = harv|archive-date = 2008-12-22|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081222020720/http://speakingoffaith.publicradio.org/programs/darwin/transcript.shtml|dead-url = yes}}

* {{cite book|last = Numbers|first = Ronald|authorlink = Ronald Numbers|title = [[The Creationists]]: From Scientific Creationism to Intelligent Design, Expanded Edition|publisher = Harvard University Press|date=2006-11-30|isbn = 0-674-02339-0|page = 624 pages|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|last = Numbers|first = Ronald L.|authorlink = Ronald L. Numbers|date = 1998-11-15|title = Darwinism Comes to America|url = https://archive.org/details/darwinismcomesto0000numb|publisher = Harvard University Press|page = [https://archive.org/details/darwinismcomesto0000numb/page/n227 224]|isbn = 0-674-19312-1|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|title = Science, Evolution, and Creationism|publisher = [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]]|year = 2008|location =|url = http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=11876|doi =|isbn = 0-309-10586-2|page = 12|ref={{harvid|NAS|2008}} }}

* {{cite book|title=Where Darwin Meets the Bible: Creationists and Evolutionists in America|url=https://archive.org/details/wheredarwinmeets00with_0|first=Larry A.|last=Witham|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2002|edition=kindle|chapter=From Broadway to Biophilia|page=Chapter 2, sect. "From Broadway to Biophilia", para. 9|nopp=y|isbn=978-0-19-515045-2|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|last = Woods|first= Thomas E., Jr.|authorlink = Thomas Woods|year= 2005|title = How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization|url = https://archive.org/details/howcatholicchurc0000wood|publisher = Regnery Publishing, Inc.|isbn = 0-89526-038-7|ref=harv}}

;Jurnal

* {{cite journal| last = Dawkins| first = Richard| authorlink = Richard Dawkins| title = Is Science a Religion?| journal = The Humanist (journal)| date = January 1997| url = http://www.thehumanist.org/humanist/articles/dawkins.html| accessdate = 2007-01-30| ref = harv| archive-date = 2012-10-30| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121030144700/http://www.thehumanist.org/humanist/articles/dawkins.html| dead-url = yes}}

* {{cite journal| last = Dobzhansky| first = Theodosius| authorlink = Theodosius Dobzhansky| year= 1973| title = Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution| journal = American Biology Teacher| volume = 35| pages = 125–129| publisher = National Association of Biology Teachers| url = http://www.2think.org/dobzhansky.shtml| accessdate = 2007-01-14| ref=harv| doi=10.2307/4444260}}

* {{cite web| last = Clark| year = 1996|month=01-30| title = Transcription of McLean v. Arkansas Board of Education Decision by U.S. District Court Judge William R. Overton| publisher = TalkOrigins Archive Foundation| url = http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/mclean-v-arkansas.html| accessdate = 2007-01-31| ref=harv}}

* {{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=50-years-ago-scope-trial-witness&offset=6 |title=50 Years Ago: A Witness at the Scopes Trial|last=Cole|first=Fay-Cooper|date=December 31, 2008|publisher=''Scientific American'' |ref=harv|origyear=1959}}

* {{cite web|url=http://www.discovery.org/csc/topQuestions.php#questionsAboutIntelligentDesign|title=Top Questions-1.What is the theory of intelligent design?|publisher=[[Discovery Institute]]|last=[[Discovery Institute]]|year=2007|accessdate=2007-05-13|ref={{harvid|Discover Institute|2007}} }}

* {{cite web| url = http://www.pfaw.org/issues/religious-liberty/timeline-how-creationism-has-evolved| title = Timeline: How Creationism Has "Evolved"| last = Editor - People for the American Way| year = 2006| publisher = People for the American Way| accessdate = 1 May 2012| ref = harv}}

* {{cite web| url=http://www.talkorigins.org/origins/postmonth/mar06.html |publisher =TalkOrigins Archive: Post of the Month: |date=March 2006|ref=harv|title = The History of Creationism |first=Lenny |last=Flank}}

* {{cite web| last = Gould| first = Stephen Jay| authorlink = Stephen Jay Gould| year = 1981| title = Evolution as Fact and Theory| publisher = The Unofficial Stephen Jay Gould Archive| url = http://www.stephenjaygould.org/library/gould_fact-and-theory.html| accessdate = 2007-01-17| ref = harv| archive-date = 2019-03-17| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190317103915/http://www.stephenjaygould.org/library/gould_fact-and-theory.html| dead-url = yes}}

* {{cite web| last = Hovind| first = Kent| authorlink = Kent Hovind| year= 2006| title = Dr. Hovind's $250,000 Offer| publisher = Creation Science Evangelism| url = http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/hovind.html| accessdate = 2010-11-11| ref=harv}}

* {{cite web|url=http://www.historynet.com/scopes-trial.htm |title= Scopes Trial| last=Pierce|first=J. Kingston| date=June 12, 2006|publisher=HistoryNet|ref=harv}}

* {{cite web| last = Pieret| first = John| year= 2006| title = The Quote Mine Project Or, Lies, Damned Lies and Quote Mines| publisher = TalkOrigins Archive Foundation| url = http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/quotes/mine/project.html| accessdate = 2007-01-23| ref=harv}}

* {{cite web|url=http://cstl-cla.semo.edu/Renka/Renka_papers/intell_design.htm |title=The Political Design of Intelligent Design|first= Russell D. |last=Renka|date= 16 November 2005|ref=harv}}

* {{cite web|url=http://www.antievolution.org/topics/law/scopes/scopes.html |title=Timeline and Myths of Scopes Trial|ref={{harvid|ScopeMyths}} }}

== Bacaan tambahan ==

 

* {{cite book|author=Butler, Samuel|title=Evolution, Old And New: Or The Theories Of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin And Lamarck, As Compared With That Of Charles Darwin (1911)|publisher=Kessinger Publishing, LLC|location=|year=2007|pages=|isbn=0-548-64132-3|oclc=|doi=}}

* {{cite book|author=Beer, Gillian; Darwin, Charles|title=The origin of species|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford [Oxfordshire]|year=1996|pages=|isbn=0-19-283438-X|oclc=|doi=}}

* [http://www.gallup.com/poll/21814/Evolution-Creationism-Intelligent-Design.aspx Gallup public opinion poll in regards to the concepts of Evolution, Creationism, and Intelligent Design as of May 2007]

* [http://www.data360.org/graph_group.aspx?Graph_Group_Id=286 Data by country regarding the percentage of the population that believes in evolution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407070009/http://www.data360.org/graph_group.aspx?Graph_Group_Id=286 |date=2014-04-07 }}

* [http://ncse.com/taking-action/ten-major-court-cases-evolution-creationism National Center for Science Education. Ten Major Court Cases about Evolution and Creationism]

 

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