Perebutan Afrika: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 4:
| {{legend|#fbc5c0|[[Britania]]}}| {{legend|#c0a6f2|[[Portugis]]}}
| {{legend|#a4dbfb|[[Prancis]]}}| {{legend|#eaaff7|[[Spanyol]]}}
| {{legend|#bbfdd9|[[Jerman]]}}| {{legend|#f6f6f6|merdeka
}}]]
[[Berkas:Punch Rhodes Colossus.png|jmpl|''[[The Rhodes Colossus]]'', sebuah karikatur dari [[Cecil Rhodes]] setelah mengumumkan rencana pembangunan jalur [[telegraf]] dari [[Cape Town]] ke [[Kairo]].]]{{Kotak kampanye Perebutan Afrika}}
'''Perebutan Afrika''' ([[Bahasa Inggris]]: '''''Scramble for Africa''''') adalah invasi, kolonisasi, dan perebutan wilayah [[Afrika]] oleh tujuh negeri [[Eropa Barat]] pada masa [[Imperialisme Baru]], di antara tahun 1881 dan 1914. Pada masa ini, persentase wilayah Afrika yang dikuasai bangsa Eropa berubah dari 10% pada 1870 menjadi 90% pada tahun 1914. Hanya [[Kekaisaran Etiopia|
[[Konferensi Berlin]] pada tahun 1884 dianggap sebagai titik awal masa perebutan Afrika. Dalam konferensi ini, bangsa-bangsa Eropa menghasilkan aturan-aturan bagi mereka dalam meluaskan kekuasaannya di Afrika.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Brantlinger |first=Patrick |year=1985 |title=Victorians and Africans: The Genealogy of the Myth of the Dark Continent |journal=Critical Inquiry |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=166–203 |jstor=1343467 |doi=10.1086/448326}}</ref> Bangsa Eropa membagi-bagikan Afrika tanpa ada perang di antara mereka sendiri.<ref>R. Robinson, J. Gallagher and A. Denny, ''Africa and the Victorians'', London, 1965, p. 175.</ref>
== Daftar koloni Afrika menurut penguasaan penjajah ==
=== {{flagicon|Belgia}} Belgia ===
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Congo Free State.svg}} [[Negara Bebas Kongo]] (
* {{flagicon|Belgia}} [[Ruanda-Urundi]] (
=== {{flagicon|Britania Raya}} Britania Raya ===
* {{flagicon image|Egypt flag 1882.svg}} [[Sejarah Mesir di bawah kekuasaan Inggris|Mesir]] (
* {{flagicon|Britania Raya}} [[Kirenaika]] (
* {{flagicon|Britania Raya}} [[Tripolitania]] (
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.svg}} [[Sudan Inggris-Mesir]] (
* {{flagicon image|Flag of British Somaliland (1950–1952).svg}} [[Somaliland Britania]] (
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Imperial British East Africa Company.svg}}{{flagicon image|Flag of Kenya (1895–1921).svg}} [[Afrika Timur Britania]]:
** {{flagicon image|Flag of Kenya (1921–1963).svg}} [[Koloni Kenya]] (
** {{flagicon image|Flag of the Uganda Protectorate.svg}} [[Protektorat Uganda]] (
** {{flagicon image|Flag of Tanganyika (1923–1961).svg}} [[Tanzania]]:
*** {{flagicon image|Flag of Tanganyika (1923–1961).svg}} [[Tanganyika (wilayah)|Tanganyika]] (
*** {{flagicon|Britania Raya}} [[Zanzibar]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Mauritius (1923–1968).svg}} [[Mauritius Britania]] (
* {{flagicon|Britania Raya}} [[Protektorat Bechuanaland]] (
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (1953–1963).svg}} [[Federasi Rhodesia dan Nyasaland]] (1953-1963):
** {{flagicon image|Flag of Southern Rhodesia (1924–1964).svg}}{{flagicon image|Flag of Rhodesia (1964–1968).svg}} [[Rhodesia Selatan]] (1923-1965, sekarang [[Zimbabwe]])
** {{flagicon image|Flag of Northern Rhodesia (1939–1964).svg}} [[Rhodesia Utara]] (1924–1964, sekarang [[Zambia]])
** {{flagicon image|Flag of Nyasaland (1925–1964).svg}} [[Nyasaland]] (1907–1964, sekarang [[Malawi]])
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Seychelles (1903–1961).svg}} [[Seychelles Britania]] (1903–1976, sekarang [[Seychelles]])
* {{flagicon image|Flag of South Africa (1928-1994).svg}} [[Uni Afrika Selatan]] (1910–1961):
** {{flagicon image|Flag of South Africa (1928-1994).svg}} [[Afrika Selatan]]:
*** {{flagicon image|Flag of the Transvaal Colony 1904–1910.svg}} [[Koloni Transvaal]] (1877–1910)
*** {{flagicon image|Flag of the Cape Colony 1876-1910.svg}} [[Koloni Tanjung]] (1795–1910)
*** {{flagicon image|Flag of the Natal Colony (1875–1910).svg}} [[Koloni Natal]] (1843–1910)
*** {{flagicon image|Flag of Orange River Colony.svg}} [[Koloni Sungai Oranye]] (1902–1910)
** {{flagicon image|Flag of South Africa (1928-1994).svg}} [[
* {{flagicon|Britania Raya}} [[Afrika Barat Britania]]:
** {{flagicon image|Flag of Nigeria (1914–1952).svg}} [[Nigeria Kolonial]] (1914–1960, sekarang [[Nigeria]])
**
**
** {{flagicon image|Flag of the Gold Coast (1877–1957).svg}} [[Pantai Emas (koloni Britania)|Pantai Emas]] (1821–1957, sekarang bagian dari [[Ghana]])
** {{flagicon image|Flag of Sierra Leone (1916–1961).svg}} [[Koloni dan Protektorat Sierra Leone]] (1808–1961, sekarang [[Sierra Leone]])
** {{flagicon image|Flag of The Gambia (1889–1965).svg}} [[Koloni dan Protektorat Gambia]] (1816–1965, sekarang [[Gambia]])
** [[
* {{flagicon image|Unofficial Basutoland Ensign.svg}} [[Basutoland]] (1884–1966, sekarang [[Lesotho]])
* {{flagicon|Britania Raya}} [[Sejarah Eswatini|Swaziland]] (1906–1968, sekarang [[Eswatini]])
* {{flagicon|Saint Helena, Ascension, dan Tristan da Cunha}} [[Saint Helena, Ascension, dan Tristan da Cunha]]
=== {{flagicon|Kerajaan Italia}}{{flagicon image|Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg}} Italia ===
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg}} [[Eritrea Italia]] (
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg}} [[Somalia Italia]] (
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg}} [[Afrika Timur Italia]] (1936–1941, sekarang [[Etiopia]], [[Eritrea]], dan [[Somalia]])
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg}} [[Libya]]:
**{{flagicon image|Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg}} [[Tripolitania Italia]] (1927–1934)
**{{flagicon image|Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg}} [[Cyrenaica Italia]] (1927–1934)
**{{flagicon image|Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg}} [[Libya Italia]] (1911–1943)
=== {{flagicon|Kekaisaran Jerman}} Kekaisaran Jerman ===
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Deutsch-Kamerun.svg}} [[Kamerun Jerman]] (
* {{flagicon image|Ostafrikaflag.PNG}} [[Afrika Timur Jerman]] (
* {{flagicon image|Flaggenentwurf 7 Südwestafrika 1914.svg}} [[Afrika Barat Daya Jerman]] (
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Deutsch-Togo.svg}} [[Togoland|Togoland Jerman]] (
* {{flagicon|Kekaisaran Jerman}} [[Kapitaï and Koba]] (1884-1885, sekarang [[Guinea]])
* {{flagicon|Kekaisaran Jerman}} [[Mahinland]] (1885, sekarang [[Nigeria]])
* {{flagicon|Kekaisaran Jerman}} [[Protektorat Witu]] (1885-1890, sekarang [[Kenya]])
=== {{flagicon|Imperium Portugal}}{{flagicon|Portugal}} Portugis ===
* {{flagicon|Imperium Portugal}}{{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Afrika Barat Portugis]] (
** {{flagicon|Imperium Portugal}}{{flagicon|Portugal}} Daratan utama [[Angola]]
** {{flagicon|Imperium Portugal}}{{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Provinsi Cabinda]]
* {{flagicon|Imperium Portugal}}{{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Mozambik Portugis]] (
* {{flagicon|Imperium Portugal}}{{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Guinea Portugis]] (
* {{flagicon|Imperium Portugal}}{{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Tanjung Verde Portugis]] (
* {{flagicon|Imperium Portugal}}{{flagicon|Portugal}} [[
* {{flagicon|Imperium Portugal}} [[Pantai Emas Portugis]] (1482–1642, sekarang [[Ghana]])
* {{flagicon|Imperium Portugal}} [[Arguin]] (1445-1633, sekarang [[Mauritania]])
=== {{flagicon image|Royal Standard of the King of France.svg}}{{flagicon|Prancis}} Prancis ===
* {{flagicon|Prancis}} [[Afrika Barat Prancis]]:
** {{flagicon|Prancis}} [[Mauritania]] (
*** {{flagicon image|Royal Standard of the King of France.svg}}{{flagicon|Prancis}} [[Arguin]] (1678-1665; 1721-1722; 1724-1728; 1902-1960, sekarang [[Mauritania]])
** {{flagicon image|Royal Standard of the King of France.svg}}{{flagicon|Prancis}} [[Senegal]] (1677–1960)
**
** {{flagicon image|Flag_of_French_Sudan.svg}} [[
** {{flagicon|Prancis}} [[Guinea Prancis]] (1891–1958, sekarang [[Guinea]])
** {{flagicon|Prancis}} [[Pantai Gading]] (1843–1960)
** {{flagicon|Prancis}} [[Niger]] (1890–1960)
** {{flagicon|Prancis}} [[
** {{flagicon|Prancis}} [[
**
** {{flagicon|Prancis}} [[Enklaf Forcados dan Badjibo]] (1900–1927, sekarang bagian dari [[Nigeria]])
** {{flagicon|Prancis}} [[Rivières du Sud]] (1882-1891, sekarang [[Guinea]])
* {{flagicon|Prancis}} [[Persekutuan Afrika Prancis Khatulistiwa]]:
** {{flagicon|Prancis}} [[Gabon]] (1839–1960)
** {{flagicon|Prancis}} [[Kamerun Prancis]] (1918–1960)
** {{flagicon|Prancis}} [[Kongo|Republik Kongo]], dulu [[Kongo Prancis]] (1875–1960)
** {{flagicon|Prancis}} [[Oubangui-Chari]] (1903–1958, sekarang [[Afrika Tengah|Republik Afrika Tengah]])
** {{flagicon|Prancis}} [[Chad]] (1900–1960)
* {{flagicon|Prancis}} [[Afrika Utara Prancis]]:
** {{flagicon|Prancis}} [[
** {{flagicon image|Flag of Tunisia with French canton.svg}} [[Protektorat Tunisia Prancis]] (1881–1956, sekarang [[Tunisia]])
** {{flagicon image|Merchant flag of French Morocco.svg}} [[
** {{flagicon|Prancis}} [[Libya Prancis]] (1943-1951, sekarang [[Libya]])
** {{flagicon|Prancis}} [[Mesir Prancis]] (1798-1801, sekarang [[Mesir]])
*
**
** {{flagicon|Prancis}} [[Komoro]] (1866–1975)
** {{flagicon image|Flag of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands.svg}} [[Pulau-pulau yang tersebar di Samudra Hindia]]
** {{flagicon|Prancis}} [[Somaliland Prancis]] (1862–1977, sekarang [[Jibuti]])
** {{flagicon image|Royal Standard of the King of France.svg}} [[Isle de France (Mauritius)|Isle de France]] (1715–1810, sekarang [[Mauritius]])
=== {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg}}{{flagicon image|Flag of Spain (1785-1873 and 1875-1931).svg}}{{flagicon image|Flag of Spain 1945 1977.svg}} Spanyol ===
* {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg}}{{flagicon image|Flag of Spain (1785-1873 and 1875-1931).svg}}{{flagicon image|Flag of Spain 1945 1977.svg}} [[Guinea Spanyol]] (
* {{flagicon image|Merchant_flag_of_Spanish_Morocco.svg}} [[Maroko Spanyol]] bagian utara (
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Spain (1785-1873 and 1875-1931).svg}}{{flagicon image|Flag of Spain 1945 1977.svg}} [[Afrika Barat Spanyol]]:
** {{flagicon image|Flag of Spain 1945 1977.svg}} [[Ifni]] (
** {{flagicon image|Merchant_flag_of_Spanish_Morocco.svg}} Maroko Spanyol bagian selatan ([[Cape Juby]])
** {{flagicon image|Flag of Spain (1785-1873 and 1875-1931).svg}}{{flagicon image|Flag of Spain 1945 1977.svg}} [[Sahara Spanyol]] (
=== {{flagicon|Amerika Serikat}} Amerika Serikat ===
* {{flagicon|Amerika Serikat}} [[Koloni Liberia]] (1822-1847, sekarang [[Liberia]])
=== {{flagicon image|Pabellon de Brandeburgo (c. 1684).svg}} Jerman (Brandenburg-Prussia) ===
* {{flagicon image|Pabellon de Brandeburgo (c. 1684).svg}} [[Pantai Emas Brandenburg]] (1682-1701, sekarang [[Ghana]])
** {{flagicon image|Pabellon de Brandeburgo (c. 1684).svg}} [[Groß Friedrichsburg]] (1682-1701, sekarang [[Ghana]])
* {{flagicon image|Pabellon de Brandeburgo (c. 1684).svg}} [[Whydah]] (c. 1700, sekarang [[Benin]])
* {{flagicon image|Pabellon de Brandeburgo (c. 1684).svg}} [[Arguin]] (1685-1701, sekarang [[Mauritania]])
=== {{flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Prussia (1701-1750).svg}} Jerman (Prussia) ===
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Prussia (1701-1750).svg}} [[Pantai Emas Brandenburg|Pantai Emas Prussia]] (1701-1721, sekarang [[Ghana]])
** {{flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Prussia (1701-1750).svg}} [[Groß Friedrichsburg]] (1701-1721, sekarang [[Ghana]])
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Prussia (1701-1750).svg}} [[Arguin]] (1701-1721, sekarang [[Mauritania]])
=== {{flagicon image|Flag of the navy of the Batavian Republic.svg}} Belanda (Republik Batavia) ===
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the navy of the Batavian Republic.svg}} [[Koloni Tanjung Belanda|Koloni Tanjung Batavia]] (1803-1806, sekarang [[Afrika Selatan]])
=== {{flagicon|Belanda}} Belanda ===
* {{flagicon|VOC}} [[Mauritius Belanda]] (1638–1710, sekarang [[Mauritius]])
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Dutch West India Company.svg}} [[Pantai Emas Belanda]] (1598–1872, sekarang [[Ghana]])
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Dutch West India Company.svg}} [[Loango-Angola Belanda]] (1641–1648, sekarang [[Angola]] dan [[Republik Kongo]])
* {{flagicon|VOC}} [[Koloni Tanjung Belanda]] (1652–1795, sekarang [[Afrika Selatan]])
* {{flagicon|VOC}} [[Arguin]] (1633-1678; 1722-1724, sekarang [[Mauritania]])
=== {{flagicon|Denmark}} Denmark ===
* {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Pantai Emas Denmark]] (1658–1850, sekarang [[Ghana]])
=== {{flagicon|Swedia}}{{flagicon image|Flag of Sweden (1562–1650).svg}} Swedia ===
* {{flagicon|Swedia}}{{flagicon image|Flag of Sweden (1562–1650).svg}} [[Pantai Emas Swedia]] (1650–1658; 1660–1663, sekarang [[Ghana]])
=== {{flagicon image|Flag of The Imamate of Oman.svg}}{{flagicon image|Flag of Muscat.svg}} Kekaisaran Oman ===
* {{flagicon image|Flag of The Imamate of Oman.svg}}{{flagicon image|Flag of Muscat.svg}} [[Pesisir Swahili]] (1700-1856, sekarang [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], dan [[Mozambik]])
** {{flagicon image|Flag of The Imamate of Oman.svg}}{{flagicon image|Flag of Muscat.svg}} [[Zanzibar]] (1730-1856, sekarang [[Tanzania]])
* {{flagicon image|Flag of The Imamate of Oman.svg}}{{flagicon image|Flag of Muscat.svg}} [[Somalia]] (1705-1856)
=== {{flagicon image|Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor with haloes (1400-1806).svg}} Kekaisaran Romawi Suci ===
* {{flagicon image|Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor with haloes (1400-1806).svg}} [[Teluk Maputo]] (1777-1781, sekarang [[Mozambik]])
=== {{flagicon image|Flag of Courland (state).svg}} Kadipaten Kurlandia dan Semgallen ===
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Courland (state).svg}} [[Gambia]]:
** {{flagicon image|Flag of Courland (state).svg}} [[Banjul|Fort Bayona]] (1651-1660)
** {{flagicon image|Flag of Courland (state).svg}} [[Pulau Kunta Kinteh|Fort Jacob]] (1651-1660)
** {{flagicon image|Flag of Courland (state).svg}} [[Jufureh|Fort Jillifree]] (1651-1660)
== Lainnya ==
=== {{flagicon|Kesultanan Utsmaniyah}} Kesultanan Utsmaniyah (negara taklukan / negara vassal / negara bawahan) ===
* {{flagicon|Kesultanan Utsmaniyah}} Mesir Utsmaniyah:
** {{flagicon image|Flag of Egypt (1844-1867).svg}} [[Eyalet Mesir]] (1517-1867)
** {{flagicon image|Flag of Muhammad Ali.svg}} [[Kewalirajaan Mesir]] (1867-1914, sekarang [[Mesir]], [[Libya]], [[Sudan Selatan]], dan [[Sudan]])
* {{flagicon image|Tunisian flag till 1831.svg}} Tunisia Utsmaniyah:
** {{flagicon image|Tunisian flag till 1831.svg}} [[Eyalet Tunis]] (1574-1705)
** {{flagicon image|Tunisian flag till 1831.svg}}{{flagicon image|Flag of Tunisia (1959–1999).svg}} [[Beylik Tunis]] (1705-1881, sekarang [[Tunisia]])
* {{flagicon image|Maritime flag of Regency of Tripoli (18th century).svg}} Libya Utsmaniyah:
** {{flagicon image|Maritime flag of Regency of Tripoli (18th century).svg}} [[Tripolitania Utsmaniyah]] (1551-1912, sekarang [[Libya]])
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Algerian Land forces (Odjak of Algiers).svg}} Aljazair Utsmaniyah:
** {{flagicon image|Flag of Algerian Land forces (Odjak of Algiers).svg}} [[Eyalet Aljir]] (1517-1830, sekarang [[Aljazair]])
=== Zona Internasional ===
* {{flagicon image|Flag of International Tangier.svg}} [[Zona Internasional Tangier]] (1924-1956, awalnya diperintah oleh {{flagicon|Britania Raya}} [[Britania Raya]], {{flagicon|Prancis}} [[Prancis]], dan {{flagicon image|Flag of Spain (1785-1873 and 1875-1931).svg}}{{flagicon image|Flag of Spain 1945 1977.svg}} [[Spanyol]]; belakangan ditambah {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portugal]], {{flagicon|Kerajaan Italia}} [[Italia]], {{flagicon|Belanda}} [[Belanda]], {{flagicon|Belgia}} [[Belgia]], {{flagicon|Swedia}} [[Swedia]], dan {{flagicon|Amerika Serikat}} [[Amerika Serikat]])
== Referensi ==
Baris 137 ⟶ 217:
* Rodney, Walter. ''How Europe Underdeveloped Africa.'' Bogle-L'Ouverture Publications, London and Tanzanian Publishing House, Dar-Es-Salaam 1973.
Primm, JT. "Causes/Effects of Imperialism" DK Publications, 1999.
* [[Henk Wesseling|Wesseling, Henk]] Divide and Rule. The Partition of Africa,
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