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TEXT--> Gagasan ini dikembangkan oleh sekelompok [[ciptaanisme|kreasionis]] [[Amerika Serikat|Amerika]] yang memformulasikan ulang argumen mereka untuk menyiasati putusan pengadilan Amerika Serikat yang melarang pengajaran ciptaanisme[[ilmu penciptaan]] sebagai sains.<!--
 
REFERENCE
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|date=July 27, 2005
|accessdate=2007-07-19
|archive-date=2009-01-16
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116132013/http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=view&program=DI%20Main%20Page%20-%20News&id=2745
|dead-url=yes
}}
* {{cite web
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|publisher=National Science Teachers Association
|date=August 3, 2005
}} {{WebarchiveCite web |url=http://www.nsta.org/about/pressroom.aspx?id=50794 |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2009-12-18 |archive-date=2017-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919120015/http://www.nsta.org/about/pressroom.aspx?id=50794 |date=2017dead-09-19url=yes }}
* {{cite journal
|quote=for most members of the mainstream scientific community, ID is not a scientific theory, but a creationist pseudoscience.
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REFERENCE
--><ref name="JCI_defending_science">{{cite journal
{{cite journal
|url=http://www.jci.org/articles/view/28449
|title=Defending science education against intelligent design: a call to action
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|issue=8
|date=February 25, 2006
|access-date=2009-12-18
|archive-date=2012-01-07
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107132058/http://www.worldmag.com/articles/11553
|dead-url=yes
}}
<!-- End of quotation --></ref><ref>
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}}</ref> Pada tahun 1994, Meyer melakukan kontak dengan ''Discovery Institute'' dan setahun kemudian mendapatkan dana untuk mendirikan lembaga ''[[Center for Science and Culture|Center for Renewal of Science and Culture]]'' untuk mempromosikan gerakan perancangan cerdas dan mencari dukungan politik dan publik akan pengajaran "perancangan cerdas" sebagai alternatif dari teori evolusi, utamanya di Amerika Serikat.<ref name=disco/>
 
Perancangan cerdas ditawarkan sebagai penjelasan alternatif terhadap [[ilmu pengetahuan alam|penjelasan alamiah]] asal usul dan keanekaragaman kehidupan. Ia berlawanan dengan ilmu [[biologi]] yang bergantung pada [[metode ilmiah]] untuk menjelaskan [[kehidupan]] melalui proses-proses yang terpantau seperti [[mutasi]] dan [[seleksi alam]].<ref>* {{cite court
* {{cite court
|litigants=Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District
|vol=04
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|author1=Neil Broom
|year=2001
|access-date=2009-12-18
|archive-date=2008-06-10
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610164417/http://www.arn.org/arnproducts/php/book_show_item.php?id=50
|dead-url=yes
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|quote=If I ever became the president of a university (per impossibile), I would dissolve the biology department and divide the faculty with tenure that I couldn't get rid of into two new departments: those who know engineering and how it applies to biological systems would be assigned to the new 'Department of Biological Engineering'; the rest, and that includes the evolutionists, would be consigned to the new 'Department of Nature Appreciation' (didn't Darwin think of himself as a naturalist?)
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== Asal usul konsep ==
Apakah kompleksitas alam mengindikasikan adanya rancangan yang disengajakan merupakan wacana [[filsafat|filosofis]] yang dapat ditilik kembali pada filsafat [[Yunani kuno]]. Pada abad ke-4 SM dalam [[Timaeus (dialog)|Timaeus]], [[Plato]] berdasarkan argumentasinya menyatakan bahwa "[[demiurge]]" yang baik dan bijak adalah pencipta dan sebab pertama kosmos.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato-timaeus/|title=Plato's Timaeus|accessdate=2007-07-22|date=October 25, 2005|work=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|publisher=The Metaphysics Research Lab, [[Stanford University]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/timaeus.html|title=Timaeus|accessdate=2007-07-22|last=Plato|authorlink=Plato|work=Internet Classics Archive|publisher=classics.mit.edu|archive-date=2012-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501013742/http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/timaeus.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Dalam karyanya, ''[[Metafisika (Aristoteles)|Metafisika]]'', [[Aristoteles]] mengembangkan gagasan "Penggerak tak bergerak" (κινούμενον κινεῖ).<ref>Aristotle, ''Metaphysics'' Bk. 12</ref> Dalam ''[[De Natura Deorum]]'' (Mengenai Sifat-Sifat Tuhan/Dewa, 45 SM) [[Cicero]] menyatakan bahwa "kuasa Tuhan ditemukan dalam prinsip-prinsip penalaran yang meliputi keseluruhan alam."<ref>Linda Trinkaus Zagzebski (2006). ''The Philosophy of Religion: An Historical Introduction'', 31.</ref><ref>[[Cicero]], ''De Natura Deorum'', Book I, 36–37, [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/nd.shtml Latin Library].</ref> Penalaran ini dikenal sebagai [[argumen teleologis]] akan keberadaan [[Tuhan]]. Bentuk paling terkenal dari argumen ini diekspresikan pada abad ke-13 oleh [[Thomas Aquinas]] dan pada abad ke-19 oleh [[William Paley]]. Aquinas, dalam ''[[Summa Theologica|Summa Theologiae]] karyanya'', menggunakan konsep perancangan dalam "pembuktian ke-lima"-nya akan keberadaan Tuhan.<ref>[[Thomas Aquinas]], ''[[Summa Theologica|Summa Theologiae]]'' "[https://web.archive.org/web/20070808152431/http://www.faithnet.org.uk/AS+Subjects/Philosophyofreligion/fiveways.htm Thomas Aquinas' 'Five Ways']()" in ''faithnet.org.uk''.</ref> Paley, dalam ''Natural Theology'' (1802), menggunakan [[analogi tukang jam]].<ref>[[William Paley]], ''[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=A142&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 Natural Theology: or, Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity]'', 1809, [[London]], Twelfth Edition.</ref>
 
Pada abad ke-17, seorang dokter Inggris Sir [[Thomas Browne]] menulis sebuah wacana yang berargumen tentang perancangan cerdas. Karya tahun 1658-nya, [[The Garden of Cyrus]], merupakan salah satu contoh "pembuktian" paling awal akan kebijakan Tuhan dan memberikan contoh-contoh perancangan cerdas dalam ilmu botani. Pada awal abad ke-19, argumen seperti ini mendorong perkembangan ilmu yang disebut sebagai [[teologi alam]], yaitu kajian [[alam]] sebagai suatu cara untuk memahami "pikiran Tuhan". Gerakan ini membangkitkan semangat untuk mengumpulkan [[fosil|fosil-fosil]] dan spesimen-spesimen biologi lainnya. Pada akhirnya, hal ini mendorong terbitnya karya [[Charles Darwin]], ''[[On the Origin of Species]]''. Zaman sekarang, penalaran yang mirip yang mempostulatkan keberadaan perancang dipeluk oleh para pemeluk [[evolusi teistik]], yang menganggap sains modern dan teori [[evolusi]] secara penuh sesuai dengan konsep perancang supranatural.
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[[Barbara Forrest]] mendeskripsikan gerakan perancangan cerdas dimulai pada tahun 1984 ketika organisasi keagamaan Jon A. Buell ''[[Foundation for Thought and Ethics]]'' (FTE) menerbitkan ''The Mystery of Life's Origin'' yang ditulis oleh kreasionis dan kimiawan [[Charles Thaxton|Charles B. Thaxton]].<ref>Dr [[Barbara Forrest]], [http://www.dailykos.com/story/2006/3/11/8448/52824 Know Your Creationists: Know Your Allies]</ref> Pada bulan Maret 1986, tinjauan [[Stephen C. Meyer]] mengenai buku ini mendeskripsikan bahwa Thaxton menggunakan teori informasi untuk mensugestikan bahwa pesan-pesan yang ditransmisikan oleh DNA dalam sel menunjukkan "kompleksitas spesifik" yang memerlukan kecerdasan, dan itu haruslah berasal dari seorang perancang cerdas.<ref name=meyermolo>{{cite web|url=http://www.arn.org/docs/meyer/sm_notalone.htm|title=We Are Not Alone|accessdate=2007-10-10|author=Stephen C. Meyer|authorlink=Stephen C. Meyer|month=March|year=1986|work=Eternity|publisher=Access Research Network}}</ref> Pada bulan November tahun itu pula, Thaxton menjelaskan penalarannya sebagai bentuk yang lebih canggih dari argumen perancangan Paley.<ref name=dnadol>{{cite web|url=http://www.origins.org/articles/thaxton_dnadesign.html|title=DNA, Design and the Origin of Life|accessdate=2007-10-10|author=Charles B. Thaxton, Ph.D.|authorlink=Charles Thaxton|date=November 13–16, 1986|publisher=Christian Leadership Ministries|archive-date=2007-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927203913/http://www.origins.org/articles/thaxton_dnadesign.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pada konferensi ''Sources of Information Content in DNA'' tahun 1988, ia mengatakan bahwa pandangan penyebab intelijennya sesuai dengan [[naturalisme metafisik]] dan supranaturalisme,<ref name=picshb/> istilah ''intelligent design'' ("perancangan cerdas") pun muncul.<ref name=safire/>
 
Perancangan cerdas dengan sengaja menghindari pengidentifikasian ataupun penamaan perancang cerdas tersebut. Ia hanya menyatakan bahwa satu (atau lebih) perancang mestilah ada. Walaupun perancangan cerdas itu sendiri tidak menamakan perancang yang disiratkan, para advokat utama gerakan ini mengatakan bahwa perancangnya adalah [[Tuhan]] umat [[Kristiani]].<ref name=KvD26/><ref name=wedge1/><ref name=dembski_logos>Dembski: ''"Intelligent design is just the Logos theology of John's Gospel restated in the idiom of information theory,"'' [http://touchstonemag.com/archives/issue.php?id=49 Touchstone Magazine. Volume 12, Issue4: July/August, 1999]</ref><ref name=wedge2>Phillip Johnson: ''"Our strategy has been to change the subject a bit so that we can get the issue of Intelligent Design, which really means the reality of God, before the academic world and into the schools."'' Johnson 2004. Christianity.ca. [http://www.christianity.ca/news/social-issues/2004/03.001.html Let's Be Intelligent About Darwin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822180230/http://www.christianity.ca/news/social-issues/2004/03.001.html |date=2007-08-22 }}. ''"This isn't really, and never has been a debate about science. It's about religion and philosophy."'' Johnson 1996. World Magazine. [http://www.leaderu.com/pjohnson/world2.html Witnesses For The Prosecution]. ''"So the question is: "How to win?" That's when I began to develop what you now see full-fledged in the [[Wedge strategy|"wedge" strategy]]: "Stick with the most important thing"—the mechanism and the building up of information. Get the Bible and the Book of Genesis out of the debate because you do not want to raise the so-called Bible-science dichotomy. Phrase the argument in such a way that you can get it heard in the secular academy and in a way that tends to unify the religious dissenters. That means concentrating on, "Do you need a Creator to do the creating, or can nature do it on its own?" and refusing to get sidetracked onto other issues, which people are always trying to do."'' Johnson 2000. Touchstone magazine. {{Waybackdate|site=http://www.touchstonemag.com/docs/issues/15.5docs/15-5pg40.html|date=20070609033219|title=Berkeley's Radical An Interview with Phillip E. Johnson}}</ref><ref>[[Stephen C. Meyer]]: "I think the designer is God&nbsp;..." ([http://www.bringyou.to/apologetics/p90.htm Darwin, the marketing of Intelligent Design] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212223404/http://www.bringyou.to/apologetics/p90.htm |date=2019-12-12 }} . [[Nightline (US news program)|Nightline]] [[ABC News]], with [[Ted Koppel]], August 10, 2005);
[[Nancy Pearcey]]: "By contrast, design theory demonstrates that Christians can sit in the supernaturalist’s “chair” even in their professional lives, seeing the cosmos through the lens of a comprehensive biblical worldview. Intelligent Design steps boldly into the scientific arena to build a case based on empirical data. It takes Christianity out of the ineffectual realm of value and stakes out a cognitive claim in the realm of objective truth. It restores Christianity to its status as genuine knowledge, equipping us to defend it in the public arena". ([https://web.archive.org/web/20061028204903/http://rightreason.ektopos.com/archives/2005/09/why_sciencetype.html ''Total Truth''], Crossway Books, June 29, 2004, ISBN 1-58134-458-9, pp. 204-205)</ref> Baik apakah ketiadaan spesifisitas mengenai identitas sang perancang ini dalam diskusi publik merupakan konsep integral perancangan cerdas itu sendiri ataukah hanya suatu cara agar tidak menyisihkan para pendukung yang memisahkan agama dari pengajaran sains menjadi topik perdebatan antara para pendukung dengan para kritikus perancangan cerdas. Putusan pengadilan pada kasus ''Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District'' memutuskan bahwa ini hanyalah siasat untuk menghindari larangan pemisahan agama dari negara.
 
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|date=December 20, 2005
|publisher=[[Discovery Institute]]
}}</ref> Dalam draf buku tersebut, lebih dari seratus kali turunan kata "creation" (ciptaan) seperti "creationism" (ciptaanisme) dan "creation science" (sains kreasi) yang digunakan diubah semuanya menjadi "intelligent design" (perancangan cerdas),<ref name=kitz31/> manakala kata "creationists" (kreasionis) diubah menjadi "design proponents" (pendukung perancangan) ataupun dalam satu contoh terdapat kata, "cdesign proponentsists" (gabungan "creationist" dan "design proponent").[''sic'']<ref name=Matzke>{{cite web
{{cite web
|url=http://ncse.com/rncse/26/1-2/design-trial
|title=NCSE Resource -- 9.0. Matzke (2006): The Story of the Pandas Drafts
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|publisher=[[National Center for Science Education]]
}} *{{cite web
|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20070114121029/http://www2.ncseweb.org/wp/?p=80
|title=Missing Link discovered!
|accessdate=2009-11-18
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|year=2006
|publisher=[[National Center for Science Education]]
|archive-date=2007-01-14
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070114121029/http://www2.ncseweb.org/wp/?p=80
|dead-url=unfit
}}</ref> Pada bulan Juni tahun 1988, Thaxton mengadakan sebuah konferensi yang berjudul "Sources of Information Content in DNA" (Sumber kandungan informasi dalam DNA) di [[Tacoma]], [[Washington]],<ref name=picshb>
{{cite web
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306082532/http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/archive/design/aulie_of-pandas.html
|dead-url=yes
}}</ref> Buku ini memberikan semua argumen dasar para pendukung perancangan cerdas sebelum riset apapun dilakukan untuk mendukung argumen tersebut. Buku ini pula secara aktif dipromosikan oleh para kreasionis untuk digunakan dalam sekolah.<ref name=pandafounds/> Majalah ''Rethinking Schools'' mengkritik buku ini dan mengatakan bahwa buku ini adalah "risalah kreasionis" yang dibungkus sedemikiannya agar tampak seperti buku teks sains berkualitas tinggi, dengan "sampul yang mengkilap, ilustrasi penuh warna, dan judul-judul bab seperti 'Homology' dan 'Genetics and Macroevolution'", dan sejumlah "grafik yang dibuat secara profesional dan illustrasi-ilustrasi yang tampaknya menunjukkan betapa konkretnya bukti ilmiah yang mendukung keberadaan 'sang perancang' tak bernama". Filsuf sains [[Michael Ruse]] percaya bahwa kandungan isi buku tersebut "tidak berharga dan penuh kebohongan", dan dideskripsikan oleh seorang pengacara [[ACLU]] sebagai alat politik yang ditujukan kepada murid-murid yang tidak "tahu sains ataupun mengerti kontroversi akan evolusi dengan ciptaanisme".<ref name=RethinkingSchools/>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.rethinkingschools.org/archive/12_02/panda.shtml
|volume=12
|issue=2
|title=Rethinking Schools Online
|author=Leon Lynn
|date=Winter 1997/98
|work=Creationists Push Pseudo-Science Text
|quote=
|accessdate=2009-02-08
}}</ref>
 
== Konsep utama ==
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{{see|Kerumitan tak tersederhanakan}}
[[Berkas:MichaelBehe.jpg|jmpl|ka|Konsep [[kerumitan tak tersederhanakan]] dipopulerkan oleh [[Michael Behe]] dalam buku tahun 1996-nya, ''[[Darwin's Black Box]]''.]]
Istilah "kerumitan tak tersederhanakan" (irreducible complexity) diperkenalkan oleh [[biokimiawan]] [[Michael Behe]] dalam sebuah buku tahun 1996, ''[[Darwin's Black Box]]'', walaupun sebelumnya ia telah menjelaskan konsep ini dalam edisi revisi buku ''[[Of Pandas and People]]'' tahun 1993.<ref name=pandafounds/> Behe mendefinisikannya sebagai "suatu sistem tunggal yang terdiri dari beberapa bagian yang saling berinteraksi, yang berkontribusi terhadap fungsi dasar sistem tersebut. Penghilangan salah satu bagian tersebut akan menyebabkan sistem berhenti berfungsi secara efektif".<ref>Behe, Michael (1997): ''Molecular Machines: Experimental Support for the Design Inference'' [http://www.apologetics.org/MolecularMachines/tabid/99/Default.aspx] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.istoday/20120801101947/http://www.apologetics.org/MolecularMachines/tabid/99/Default.aspx |date=2012-08-01 }}</ref>
 
Behe menggunakan [[analogi]] perangkap tikus untuk mengilustrasikan konsepnya. Perangkap tikus terdiri dari beberapa bagian yang saling berinteraksi: papan dasar, penangkap, per, dan palu. Semuanya haruslah ada agar perangkap tikus ini dapat bekerja. Penghilangan salah satu bagian akan merusak fungsi perangkap tikus tersebut. Advokat perancangan cerdas menekankan bahwa seleksi alam tidak dapat menciptakan sistem yang kerumitannya tidak dapat disederhanakan, karena fungsi tersebut ada hanya ketika semua bagian tersebut tersusun dengan baik. Behe berargumen bahwa mekanisme kerumitan tak tersederhanakan ini terdapat pada [[flagela]] [[bakteri]] ''[[E. coli]]'', sistem [[pembekuan darah]], [[silia]], dan [[sistem immun]].<ref>Irreducible complexity of these examples is disputed; see Kitzmiller, pp. 76–78, and [http://www.pandasthumb.org/archives/2006/01/ken_miller_webc.html Ken Miller Webcast] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613200041/http://www.pandasthumb.org/archives/2006/01/ken_miller_webc.html |date=2006-06-13 }}</ref><ref>The Collapse of "Irreducible Complexity" Kenneth R. Miller Brown University [http://www.millerandlevine.com/km/evol/design2/article.html]</ref>
 
Namun para pengkritik menunjukkan bahwa argumen kerumitan tak tersederhanakan ini berasumsi bahwa semua bagian yang diperlukan sistem tersebut selalu diperlukan dan sehingganya tidak dapat ditambahkan secara berurutan.<ref>John H. McDonald's "[http://udel.edu/~mcdonald/mousetrap.html reducibly complex mousetrap]"</ref><ref>David Ussery, "[http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/staff/dave/Behe.html A Biochemist's Response to 'The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041022082811/http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/staff/dave/Behe.html |date=2004-10-22 }}"</ref> Diargumenkan bahwa sesuatu yang pertama kali tampaknya hanya menguntungkan (tambahan) dapat menjadi bagian penting yang diperlukan dan tidak dapat dilepaskan seiring dengan berubahnya komponen lain. Lebih jauh lagi, evolusi sering kali bekerja dengan mengubah bagian-bagian yang telah ada, ataupun menghilangkan bagian-bagian tersebut dari sistem, daripada menambahkannya. Ini beranalogi dengan bahan perancah yang dapat mendukung bangunan kompleks yang tak tereduksi dalam proses pembangunannya, dan dapat dilepaskan sampai ia benar-benar dapat berdiri sendiri.<ref>For example, [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/312/5770/97 Bridgham ''et al.''] showed that gradual evolutionary mechanisms can produce complex protein-protein interaction systems from simpler precursors. {{cite journal|author=Bridgham ''et al.''|year=2006|title=Evolution of Hormone-Receptor Complexity by Molecular Exploitation|journal=Science|volume=312|issue=5770|pages=97–101|doi=10.1126/science.1123348|pmid=16601189}}</ref>
Behe sendiri pun mengakui bahwa ia menggunakan "prosa yang lemah/buruk", dan bahwa "argumennya menentang Darwinisme tidak memberikan pembuktian logis apapun".<ref>{{cite news|last=Orr|first=H. Allen|title=Devolution|publisher=[[The New Yorker]]|date=May 30, 2005|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/05/30/050530fa_fact}} This article draws from the following exchange of letters in which Behe admits to sloppy prose and non-logical proof: {{cite web|last=Behe|first=M.|coauthors=Dembski, Wells, Nelson, Berlinski|title=Has Darwin met his match? Letters—An exchange over ID|publisher=[[Discovery Institute]]|date=March 26, 2003|url=http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?program=CRSC%20Responses&command=view&amp;id=1406|accessdate=2006-11-30}}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kerumitan tak tersederhanakan masih merupakan argumen yang populer digunakan oleh para advokat perancangan cerdas. Dalam pengadilan Dover tersebut, pengadilan memutuskan bahwa "klaim Profesor Behe akan kerumitan tak tereduksi telah dibantah dalam makalah-makalah ilmiah yang telah ditinjausejawatkan (''peer reviewed'') dan telah pula ditolak oleh komunitas ilmiah secara meluas".<ref>{{cite court|litigants=Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District|vol=04|reporter=cv|opinion=2688|date=December 20, 2005}}, [[s:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District/4:Whether ID Is Science#4. Whether ID is Science|p. 64]].</ref>
 
=== Kerumitan spesifik ===
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714082248/http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/philosop/empty.htm
|dead-url=yes
}}</ref> Pendukung perancangan cerdas mengatakan bahwa pertanyaan ini irelevan karena ia berada di luar ruang lingkup perancangan cerdas.<ref>IDEA ''"One need not fully understand the origin or identity of the designer to determine that an object was designed. Thus, this question is essentially irrelevant to intelligent design theory, which merely seeks to detect if an object was designed ... Intelligent design theory cannot address the identity or origin of the designer—it is a philosophical / religious question that lies outside the domain of scientific inquiry. Christianity postulates the religious answer to this question that the designer is God who by definition is eternally existent and has no origin. There is no logical philosophical impossibility with this being the case (akin to [[Aristotle]]'s 'unmoved mover') as a religious answer to the origin of the designer..."'' FAQ: Who designed the designer? [http://www.ideacenter.org/contentmgr/showdetails.php/id/1147 FAQ: Who designed the designer?]</ref> Richard Wein menolak jawaban seperti itu dan berargumen bahwa pertanyaan-pertanyaan tak terjawab yang dihasilkan oleh suatu penjelasan "haruslah diseimbangkan untuk memajukan pemahaman kita akan apa yang diberikan oleh penjelasan tersebut. Mencetuskan makhluk yang tak terjelaskan untuk menjelaskan asal usul makhluk lain (kita sendiri) tidaklah lebih dari kesesatan logika ''petitio principii''. Pertanyaan baru yang dihasilkan oleh penjelasan awal sama problematiknya dengan pertanyaan awal yang coba dijelaskan oleh penjelasan awal tersebut".<ref name="Wein"/> Richard Dawkins memandang penekanan bahwa sang perancang tidaklah perlu dijelaskan tidaklah memberikan kontribusi apa-apa terhadap pengetahuan kita, tetapi hanya merupakan kata-kata klise.<ref name=Rosenhouse>{{cite web
{{cite web
|url=http://www.csicop.org/intelligentdesignwatch/designer.html
|title=Who Designed the Designer?
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|work=Creation & Intelligent Design Watch
|publisher=Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal
|access-date=2009-12-25
|archive-date=2008-09-15
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915131754/http://www.csicop.org/intelligentdesignwatch/designer.html
|dead-url=yes
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite book
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|date=February 19, 2006
|accessdate=2008-10-17
}} {{WebarchiveCite web |url=http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2006/0219boardstatement.shtml |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2009-12-30 |archive-date=2006-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060421193306/http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2006/0219boardstatement.shtml |date=2006dead-04-21url=yes }}</ref> Pada tanggal 21 Juni 2006 pula, melalui ''[[Interacademy Panel on International Issues]]'', akademi-akademi sains nasional dari 67 negara, termasuk pula [[Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia]], [[Royal Society]] [[Britania]], dan Akademi Sains [[Iran]], mengeluarkan suatu pernyataan bersama mengenai pengajaran evolusi yang menegaskan keabsahan dan keilmiahan evolusi.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.interacademies.net/Object.File/Master/6/150/Evolution%20statement.pdf
|format=PDF
Baris 1.041 ⟶ 1.044:
|work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]
|accessdate=2007-07-29
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
{{cite web
|url=http://www.au.org/site/PageServer?pagename=cs_2005_02_special
|title=Intelligent Design: Creationism's Trojan Horse
Baris 1.049 ⟶ 1.051:
|publisher=Americans United for the Separation of Church and State
|accessdate=2007-07-29
|archive-date=2006-08-09
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060809155026/http://www.au.org/site/PageServer?pagename=cs_2005_02_special
|dead-url=yes
}}</ref>
 
Baris 1.179 ⟶ 1.184:
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080114094157/http://www.utexas.edu/cola/depts/philosophy/faculty/koons/ntse/papers/Vuletic.html
|dead-url=yes
}}</ref> Para pendukung perancangan cerdas berargumen bahwa penjelasan naturalistik gagal dalam menjelaskan fenomena-fenomena tertentu, manakala penjelasan supranatural dapat memberikan penjelasan yang sangat sederhana dan intuitif mengenai asal usul kehidupan dan alam semesta.<ref name=Watanabe>{{cite web
{{cite web
|first=Teresa
|last=Watanabe
Baris 1.189 ⟶ 1.193:
|publisher=[[Los Angeles Times]]
|quote=<nowiki>[Phillip E. Johnson quoted]:</nowiki> We are taking an intuition most people have and making it a scientific and academic enterprise ...&nbsp;We are removing the most important cultural roadblock to accepting the role of God as creator.
|archive-date=2007-09-30
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930015101/http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?programs=CSCstories&command=view&id=613
|dead-url=yes
}}</ref> Mereka mengatakan pula bahwa bukti-bukti argumen ini terdapat dalam bentuk [[kerumitan tak tersederhanakan]] dan [[kerumitan spesifik]] yang tidak dapat dijelaskan oleh proses-proses alam.<ref name=DIposition/>
 
Baris 1.213 ⟶ 1.220:
Muzaffar Iqbal, Muslim Pakistan-Kanada terkenal, menandatangani potisi ''A Scientific Dissent From Darwinism'' dari Discovery Institute.<ref name="ccit">{{cite journal |last=Edis |first=Taner |date=November–December 1999 |title=Cloning Creationism in Turkey |url=http://ncse.com/rncse/19/6/cloning-creationism-turkey |journal=Reports of the National Center for Science Education |location=Berkeley, CA |publisher=National Center for Science Education |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=30–35 |issn=2158-818X |accessdate=2009-11-18}}</ref>
 
Di [[Istanbul]] pada tahun [[2007]] diselenggarakan sebuah pertemuan publik guna mempromosikan perancangan cerdas yang disponsori oleh pemerintah lokal,<ref name="icash">{{cite journal |last=Edis |first=Taner |date=January 2008 |title=Islamic Creationism: A Short History |url=http://www.hssonline.org/publications/Newsletter2008/NewsletterJanuary2008Creationism.html |work=Newsletter |location=Notre Dame, IN |publisher=[[History of Science Society]] |volume=37 |issue=1 |accessdate=2011-04-20}}</ref> di mana David Berlinski dari [[Discovery Institute]] merupakan pembicara kunci di pertemuan tersebut pada Mei 2007.<ref name="SecurityWatch">{{cite web |url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail//?id=54183&lng=en |title=Turkey's survival of the fittest |last=Jones |first=Dorian L. |date=March 12, 2008 |work=Security Watch |publisher=[[International Relations and Security Network]] |location=Zurich |accessdate=2014-02-28}}</ref>
 
=== Hubungan dengan Hindu ===
Baris 1.226 ⟶ 1.233:
* {{cite book|last=Behe|first=Michael J.|authorlink=Michael Behe|year=1996|title=[[Darwin's Black Box|Darwin's Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution]]|location=New York|publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]]|isbn=0-684-82754-9|lccn=96000695|oclc=34150540|ref=Behe 1996}}
* {{cite book|last=Bliss|first=Richard B.|year=1976|editor1-last=Gish|editor1-first=Duane T.|editor1-link=Duane Gish|editor2-last=Moore|editor2-first=John N.|title=Origins: Two Models: Evolution, Creation|url=https://archive.org/details/originstwomodels0000blis|location=San Diego, CA|publisher=Creation-Life Publishers|isbn=0-890510-27-X|lccn=76020178|oclc=2597773|ref=Bliss 1976}}
* {{cite book|last=Bliss|first=Richard B.|year=1988|editor-last=Unfred|editor-first=David W.|title=Origins: Creation or Evolution|url=https://archive.org/details/originscreationo0000blis|location=El Cajon, CA|publisher=Master Books|isbn=0-890511-32-2|lccn=92190747|oclc=29517556|ref=Bliss 1988}}
* {{cite book|last=Coyne|first=Jerry A.|authorlink=Jerry Coyne|year=2009|title=Why Evolution is True|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780199230846|location=Oxford; New York|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-923084-6|lccn=2008042122|oclc=259716035|ref=Coyne 2009}}
* {{cite book|last=Darwin|first=Charles|authorlink=Charles Darwin|year=1860|title=[[On the Origin of Species|On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life]]|edition=Fifth Thousand [2nd]|location=London|publisher=[[John Murray (publisher)|John Murray]]|lccn=05016315|oclc=1184673|ref=Darwin 1860}} The book is available in the PDF format from [http://darwin-online.org.uk/converted/pdf/1860_Origin_F376.pdf The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online].
* {{cite book|last1=Davis|first1=Percival|authorlink1=Percival Davis|last2=Kenyon|first2=Dean H.|authorlink2=Dean H. Kenyon|year=1993|origyear=Originally published 1989|editor-last=Thaxton|editor-first=Charles B.|editor-link=Charles Thaxton|title=Of Pandas and People: The Central Question of Biological Origins|url=https://archive.org/details/ofpandaspeoplece00davi|edition=2nd|location=Dallas, TX|publisher=Haughton Publishing Co.|isbn=0-914513-40-0|lccn=00711376|oclc=27973099|ref=Davis & Kenyon 1993}}
Baris 1.234 ⟶ 1.241:
* {{cite book|last=Dembski|first=William A.|authorlink=William A. Dembski|year=1998|title=[[The Design Inference|The Design Inference: Eliminating Chance through Small Probabilities]]|location=Cambridge; New York|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=0-521-62387-1|lccn=98003020|oclc=38551103|ref=Dembski 1998}}
* {{cite book|last=Dembski|first=William A.|year=1999|title=[[Intelligent Design (book)|Intelligent Design: The Bridge Between Science & Theology]]|location=Downers Grove, IL|publisher=[[InterVarsity Press]]|isbn=0-8308-2314-X|lccn=99037141|oclc=41628252|ref=Dembski 1999}}
* {{cite book|last=Dixon|first=Thomas|year=2008|title=Science and Religion: A Very Short Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/sciencereligionv0000dixo|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-929551-7|lccn=2008023565|oclc=269622437|ref=Dixon 2008}}
* {{cite book|last1=Elmes|first1=David G.|last2=Kantowitz|first2=Barry H.|last3=Roediger|first3=Henry L.|authorlink3=Henry L. Roediger III|year=2006|title=Research Methods in Psychology|url=https://archive.org/details/researchmethodsi00el|edition=8th|location=Australia; Belmont, CA|publisher=[[Thomson Corporation|Thomson/Wadsworth]]|isbn=0-534-60976-7|lccn=2005925207|oclc=61721527|ref=Elmes, Kantowitz & Roediger 2006}}
* {{cite book|last1=Forrest|first1=Barbara|authorlink1=Barbara Forrest|last2=Gross|first2=Paul R.|authorlink2=Paul R. Gross|year=2004|title=[[Creationism's Trojan Horse|Creationism's Trojan Horse: The Wedge of Intelligent Design]]|location=Oxford; New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-515742-7|oclc=50913078|lccn=2002192677|ref=Forrest & Gross 2004}}
Baris 1.250 ⟶ 1.257:
* {{cite book|last=Meyer|first=Stephen C.|authorlink=Stephen C. Meyer|year=2009|title=[[Signature in the Cell]]|edition=1st|location=New York|publisher=[[HarperCollins|HarperOne]]|isbn=978-0-06-147278-7|lccn=2008051773|oclc=232978147|ref=Meyer 2009}}
* {{cite book|last=Numbers|first=Ronald L.|authorlink=Ronald L. Numbers|year=2006|origyear=Originally published 1992 as ''The Creationists: The Evolution of Scientific Creationism''; New York: [[Alfred A. Knopf]]|title=[[The Creationists|The Creationists: From Scientific Creationism to Intelligent Design]]|edition=Expanded ed., 1st Harvard University Press pbk.|location=Cambridge, MA|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|isbn=0-674-02339-0|lccn=2006043675|oclc=69734583|ref=Numbers 2006}}
* {{cite book|last=Pearcey|first=Nancy|authorlink=Nancy Pearcey|year=2004|title=Total Truth: Liberating Christianity from Its Cultural Captivity|url=https://archive.org/details/totaltruthlibera0000pear_b8l9|others=Foreword by Phillip E. Johnson|location=Wheaton, IL|publisher=[[Good News Publishers|Crossway Books]]|isbn=1-58134-458-9|lccn=2003019514|oclc=52980609|ref=Pearcey 2004}}
* {{cite book|last=Pennock|first=Robert T.|authorlink=Robert T. Pennock|year=1999|title=Tower of Babel: The Evidence Against the New Creationism|url=https://archive.org/details/towerofbabelevid00penn|location=Cambridge, MA|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|isbn=0-262-16180-X|lccn=98027286|oclc=44966044|ref=Pennock 1999}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Pennock|editor-first=Robert T|editor-link=Robert T. Pennock|year=2001|title=Intelligent Design Creationism and Its Critics: Philosophical, Theological, and Scientific Perspectives|url=https://archive.org/details/intelligentdesig00robe|location=Cambridge, MA|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|isbn=0-262-66124-1|lccn=2001031276|oclc=46729201|ref=Pennock 2001}}
* {{cite book|last1=Pigliucci|first1=Massimo|authorlink=Massimo Pigliucci|year=2010|chapter=Science in the Courtroom: The Case against Intelligent Design|chapterurl=http://ncse.com/files/pub/evolution/Nonsenseonstilts.pdf|title=Nonsense on Stilts: How to Tell Science from Bunk|format=PDF|location=Chicago, IL|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-66786-7|lccn=2009049778|oclc=457149439|pages=160–186|ref=Pigliucci 2010}}
* {{cite book|last=Ronan|first=Colin A.|authorlink=Colin Ronan|year=1983|title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of the World's Science|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr0000rona|location=Cambridge; New York|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-25844-8|lccn=87673896|oclc=10411883|ref=Ronan 1983}}
* {{cite book|last=Ruse|first=Michael|authorlink=Michael Ruse|year=1992|chapter=''Of Pandas and People''|editor-last=Hughes|editor-first=Liz Rank|title=Reviews of Creationist Books|url=https://archive.org/details/reviewsofcreatio00lizr|type=Book review|edition=2nd|location=Berkeley, CA|publisher=[[National Center for Science Education]]|isbn=0-939873-52-4|oclc=29343847|ref=Hughes 1992}}
* {{cite book|last=Scott|first=Eugenie C.|authorlink=Eugenie Scott|year=2004|title=Evolution vs. Creationism: An Introduction|others=Foreword by [[Niles Eldredge]]|location=Westport, CT|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood Press]]|isbn=0-313-32122-1|lccn=2004044214|oclc=54752786|ref=Scott 2004}}
* {{cite book|last=Shanks|first=Niall|authorlink=Niall Shanks|title=God, the Devil, and Darwin: A Critique of Intelligent Design Theory|url=https://archive.org/details/goddevildarwincr0000shan|year=2004|others=Foreword by Richard Dawkins|location=Oxford; New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-516199-8|lccn=2003042916|oclc=51769083|ref=Shanks 2004}}
* {{cite book|last=Shermer|first=Michael|authorlink=Michael Shermer|year=2006|title=[[Why Darwin Matters|Why Darwin Matters: The Case Against Intelligent Design]]|edition=1st|location=New York|publisher=[[Times Books]]|isbn=978-0-8050-8121-3|lccn=2006041243|oclc=64511220|ref=Shermer 2007}}
* {{cite book|last=Slack|first=Gordy|year=2007|title=The Battle over the Meaning of Everything: Evolution, Intelligent Design, and a School Board in Dover, PA|url=https://archive.org/details/battleovermeanin00slac_0|location=San Francisco, CA|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons|Jossey-Bass]]|isbn=978-0-7879-8786-2|lccn=2007005825|oclc=84903217|ref=Gordy 2007}}
* {{cite book|last=Stenger|first=Victor J.|authorlink=Victor J. Stenger|year=2011|title=The Fallacy of Fine-Tuning: Why the Universe Is Not Designed for Us|url=https://archive.org/details/fallacyoffinetun0000sten|location=Amherst, NY|publisher=[[Prometheus Books]]|isbn=978-1-61614-443-2|lccn=2010049901|oclc=679931691|ref=Stenger 2011}}
* {{cite book|last=Susskind|first=Leonard|authorlink=Leonard Susskind|year=2005|title=[[The Cosmic Landscape|The Cosmic Landscape: String Theory and the Illusion of Intelligent Design]]|edition=1st|location=New York|publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]]|isbn=0-316-15579-9|lccn=2005018796|oclc=60798474|ref=Susskind 2005}}
* {{cite book|last1= Thaxton|first1=Charles B.|last2=Bradley|first2=Walter L.|authorlink2=Walter Bradley (engineer)|last3=Olsen|first3=Roger L.|year=1984|title=The Mystery of Life's Origin: Reassessing Current Theories|url=https://archive.org/details/mysteryoflifesor0000thax|others=Foreword by [[Dean H. Kenyon]]|location=New York|publisher=[[Philosophical Library]] ; Copyright 1984 by [[Foundation for Thought and Ethics]]|isbn=0-8022-2447-4|lccn=83017463|oclc=9895509|ref=Thaxton, Bradley & Olsen 1984}}
* {{cite book|last=Wells|first=Jonathan|year=2000|title=[[Icons of Evolution|Icons of Evolution: Science or Myth?: Why Much of What We Teach About Evolution is Wrong]]|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=Regnery Publishing|isbn=0-89526-276-2|lccn=00062544|oclc=44768911|ref=Wells 2000}}
* {{cite book|year=2004|editor1-last=Young|editor1-first=Matt|editor2-last=Edis|editor2-first=Taner|title=Why Intelligent Design Fails: A Scientific Critique of the New Creationism|location=New Brunswick, NJ|publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]]|isbn=0-8135-3433-X|jstor=40072957|lccn=2003020100|oclc=59717533|ref=Young & Edis 2004}}
Baris 1.279 ⟶ 1.286:
* [http://www.intelligentdesignnetwork.org/ Intelligent Design network]
* [http://www.idthefuture.com/ Intelligent Design The Future] A multiple contributor weblog by Discovery Institute fellows and staff
* [http://www.iscid.org/ International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design (ISCID)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101023839/http://www.iscid.org/ |date=2012-11-01 }} (Inactive website)
* [http://www.uncommondescent.com/ Uncommon Descent] William A. Dembski's blog
 
Baris 1.286 ⟶ 1.293:
* [https://www.aclu.org/religion-belief/victory-challenge-intelligent-design ACLU site on Intelligent Design]
* [http://www.csicop.org/specialarticles/show/are_there_any_important_differences_between_intelligent_design_and_creation/ "Are There Any Important Differences between Intelligent Design and Creationism?"] (PDF) by [[Jason Rosenhouse]] for the [[Committee for Skeptical Inquiry]], February 24, 2006
* [http://sober.philosophy.wisc.edu/selected-papers/ID-2004-TheDesignArgument.pdf?attredirects=0 "The Design Argument"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317212704/http://sober.philosophy.wisc.edu/selected-papers/ID-2004-TheDesignArgument.pdf?attredirects=0 |date=2015-03-17 }} (PDF) by [[Elliott Sober]], 2004
* [http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/design.htm "Design Arguments for the Existence of God"] An entry in the ''[[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]'' (ISSN 2161-0002), founded by [[James Fieser]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070620122151/http://www.naturalhistorymag.com/darwinanddesign.html "Intelligent Design?"] Special report prepared by [[Richard Milner (historian)|Richard Milner]] and Vittorio Maestro for ''[[Natural History (magazine)|Natural History]]'' magazine