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{{orphan|Oktober 2022}}
 
{{Infobox person
| name = Kitty O'Brien Joyner
| image = Kitty Joyner - Electrical Engineer - GPN-2000-001933.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| alt =
| caption = Joyner analyzingmenganalisa theoperasi operationterowongan ofturbin aangin wind tunnel turbine atdi [[Langley Research Center|NACA Langley]] inpada tahun 1952
| birth_date = {{birth date|1916|07|11}}
| birth_place = [[Charlottesville, Virginia]]
| birth_name = Kitty Wingfield O'Brien<ref name=miaminews>{{cite news|date=November 29, 1938|work=The Miami News|pages=7|title=Girl Engineer Talks: Kitty O'Brien Finds Field 'Opportunity For Women'}}</ref>
| death_date = {{death date and age|1993|08|16|1916|07|11}}
| death_place =
| monuments =
| education =
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Sweet Briar College]]|[[University ofUniversitas Virginia]]<ref name=obit />}}
<ref name=obit>{{cite web|work=Daily Press|url=http://articles.dailypress.com/1993-08-20/news/9308200268_1_mrs-banks-senior-choir-kiwanis-club/2|title=Obituaries – Kitty Joyner|date=August 20, 1993|last=Lineberry|first=Tricia|access-date=April 16, 2019|archive-date=2018-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625021522/http://articles.dailypress.com/1993-08-20/news/9308200268_1_mrs-banks-senior-choir-kiwanis-club/2|dead-url=yes}}</ref>}}▼
| occupation = [[Electrical engineer]
| occupation = [[Teknik listrik|Insinyur teknik listrik]]
| years_active = 1939–19711939–71
| employer = {{Flatlist|
* [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics|NACA]]
* [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration|NASA]]}}
| organization = [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers|IEEE]]
| known_for = Insinyur perempuanwanita pertama di [[Langley Research Center|Memorial Langley Aeronautical Laboratory]]
| spouse = Upshur T. Joyner
| awards = [[Algernon Sydney Sullivan Award]]
| signature =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
}}
 
'''Kitty O'Brien Joyner''' (July 11, 1916 – August 16, 1993) was an American [[electrical engineering|electrical engineer]] with the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]] (NACA), and then with the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) upon its replacement of NACA in 1958. She was the first woman to graduate from the [[University of Virginia]]'s engineering program in 1939, receiving the [[Algernon Sydney Sullivan Award]] upon graduation. When she was hired by NACA the same year, she became the first woman engineer at the organization, eventually rising to the title Branch Head and managing several of its [[wind tunnel]]s. Her work contributed to research on [[aeronautics]], [[supersonic flight]], [[airfoil]]s, and aircraft design standards.
 
==Early life and education==
<!-- mother Mrs. Edwin K. O'Brien
-->
Kitty Wingfield O'Brien was born in [[Charlottesville, Virginia]], on July 11, 1916.<ref name=crgis/> Her father was an [[engineer]], inspiring her to pursue the same career.<ref name=miaminews/> After high school, she wanted to attend the [[University of Virginia]] (UVA). Virginia state law had allowed women to attend public universities since 1920, but UVA implemented several hurdles for women who wished to apply, requiring that they attend school somewhere else for two years first and be at least 20 years old.<ref name=voicesandvisibility/> These requirements were still in place in 1935, when O'Brien would have applied, so she attended [[Sweet Briar College]] for two years between 1935 and 1937, then successfully petitioned UVA to gain admission.<ref name=crgis/>
 
Not initially seeing an opportunity for women in the field, she told a ''[[The Miami News|Miami News]]'' reporter that "she had always wished she were a boy so she could follow his profession".<ref name=miaminews/> The reporter wrote about her while she was in Florida attending an engineering conference at which her paper "Fluorescence, the Light of the Future" won second place among student work.<ref name=miaminews/> Although the reporter remarked that "electrical engineering is scarcely considered a feminine profession", O'Brien used the opportunity to talk about how engineering presents a great opportunity for women and girls.<ref name=miaminews/>
 
In her time at UVA she was secretary of the Virginia branch of the American Institute of Electrical Engineering and member of the university's Trigon engineering society. She was also president of her sorority, [[Chi Omega]], and president of the Woman's Student association.<ref name=miaminews/> In 1939, she became the first woman to graduate from UVA with a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree in [[electrical engineering]].<ref name=obit/><ref name=crgis/><ref name=cville/> She was selected to receive the [[Algernon Sydney Sullivan Award]], which the university gives to two graduating students each year "for excellence of character and service to humanity".<ref name=award/><ref name=awards/>
 
==Career==
[[File:Kitty O'Brien Joyner - 1964-L-05210.jpg|thumb|upright|Joyner in 1964]]
The [[NACA]] [[Langley Research Center|Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory]] (later the Langley Research Center) hired Joyner as a junior civil engineering aide in September 1939, making her their first woman engineer.<ref name=chambers/><ref name=crgis/><ref name=porterbriggs/> At the time, the organization was expanding its [[aeronautics]] research and development in the time before [[World War II]].<ref name=porterbriggs/> Her career developed quickly, as she shifted her focus from civil to electrical engineering.<ref name=chambers/> Among her responsibilities was the management of the electrical systems for several [[wind tunnel]]s, including supersonic wind tunnels, large, expensive facilities important to testing aircraft.<ref name="crgis" /><ref name=hatch/><ref name=chambers/> She continued working at Langley for more than three decades, continuing at the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) when it replaced NACA in 1958. By the 1960s, she achieved the title Branch Head of the Facilities Cost Estimating Branch, Office of Engineering and Technical Services.<ref name=crgis/>
 
Over the course of her career at NACA/NASA, Joyner made contributions to research on [[aeronautics]], [[supersonic flight]], and the design of [[airfoil]]s.<ref name=hatch/><ref name=introductions/> Her work had implications for military and commercial flight applications, and she was influential in the production of aircraft design standards that continued to be relevant many years later.<ref name="porterbriggs" /><ref name=hatch/> She retired from NASA in May 1971.<ref name=crgis/>
 
Joyner was active in engineering organizations and societies. She was a member of the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE) and Honorary Life Member of the Engineers Club of the Virginia Peninsula.<ref name=crgis/>
 
==Personal life==
O'Brien married Upshur T. Joyner, a [[physicist]] who also worked at NACA/NASA, best known for his contributions at the NASA Langley Landing Loads Dynamics Facility.<ref name=crgis/> Together they had two children: a son named Upshur O'Brien Joyner, who died of [[leukemia]] at the age of 47 in 1990, and a daughter, Kate Bailey.<ref name=crgis/> In 1971, both Kitty and Upshur retired. They lived in [[Poquoson, Virginia]].<ref name=crgis/>
 
In addition to her professional and personal engineering activities, she was a member of the [[P.E.O. Sisterhood]], [[Daughters of the American Colonists]], and [[United Daughters of the Confederacy]], which in 1992 presented her with the Winnie Davis Award, recognizing exceptional dedication or contributions to the organization.<ref name=obit/><ref name=porterbriggs/><ref name=lee/> She also served as first regent and organizer for the Charles Parish Chapter of the [[Daughters of the American Revolution]], which named an annual scholarship after her.<ref name=obit/><ref name=dailypress/>
 
Joyner died on August 16, 1993, at the age of 77. Her husband died a few months later, in November 1993, at the age of 85.<ref name="crgis" /><ref name=obit/>
 
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=award>{{cite web|title=Algernon Sydney Sullivan Award Recipients |publisher=[[University of Virginia]] |url=https://vpsa.virginia.edu/awards/algernon |access-date=April 16, 2019}}</ref>
<ref name=awards>{{cite web|title=Awards|publisher=[[University of Virginia]]|url=https://vpsa.virginia.edu/awards|access-date=April 18, 2019}}</ref>
<ref name=chambers>{{cite book |page=49 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2F1IcuEgsoC&pg=PA49 |title=A Century at Langley: The Storied Legacy and Soaring Future of NASA Langley Research Center |author=Joseph R. Chambers |publisher=Government Printing Office |year=2017|isbn = 9780160941474}}</ref>
<ref name=crgis>{{cite web|work=NASA CRGIS|title=Kitty O'Brien Joyner|publisher=NASA|url=http://crgis.ndc.nasa.gov/historic/Kitty_O'Brien_Joyner|access-date=April 16, 2019}}{{PD-notice}}</ref>
<ref name=cville>{{cite web|title=Local author spotlights under-the-radar female mathematicians at NASA|first=Joshua|last=Adams|date=December 23, 2016|work=C-Ville|url=http://www.c-ville.com/local-author-spotlights-radar-female-mathematicians-nasa/#.WoZbQ-jwY2w|access-date=April 16, 2019}}</ref>
<ref name=dailypress>{{cite web|work=Daily Press|title=Faces/scholarships/degrees/honors|date=July 5, 1989|url=http://articles.dailypress.com/1989-07-05/news/8906300084_1_full-tuition-student-leaders-attend/2|access-date=April 16, 2019}}</ref>
<ref name=hatch>{{cite book|title=Changing Our World: True Stories of Women Engineers |last=Hatch |first=Sybil E. |publisher=ASCE Publications |date=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dKptTDl6eUcC&pg=PA149 |location=Reston, VA |oclc=835993427 |isbn=978-0-7844-0835-3 |page=149}}</ref>
<ref name=introductions>{{cite web|work=Introductions Necessary|url=http://introductionsnecessary.com/2016/03/03/kitty-obrien-joyner/|title=Kitty O'Brien Joyner|date=March 3, 2016|access-date=April 16, 2019|last=Hutchison|first=Nicole}}</ref>
<ref name=lee>{{cite book|pages=78|last=Lee|first=Heath Hardage|title=Winnie Davis: Daughter of the Lost Cause|publisher=Potomac Books, Inc.|date=2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IxwfAwAAQBAJ|isbn=978-1-61234-637-3}}</ref>
<ref name=miaminews>{{cite news|date=November 29, 1938|work=[[The Miami News]]|pages=7|title=Girl Engineer Talks: Kitty O'Brien Finds Field 'Opportunity For Women'}}</ref>
▲<ref name=obit>{{cite web|work=Daily Press|url=http://articles.dailypress.com/1993-08-20/news/9308200268_1_mrs-banks-senior-choir-kiwanis-club/2|title=Obituaries – Kitty Joyner|date=August 20, 1993|last=Lineberry|first=Tricia|access-date=April 16, 2019}}</ref>
<ref name=porterbriggs>{{cite web|work=PorterBriggs|title=Kitty O'Brien Joyner, First Lady of Aeronautics|last=Glaser|first=Emily|url=http://porterbriggs.com/kitty-obrien-joyner-first-lady-of-aeronautics/|access-date=April 16, 2019|date=April 18, 2017}}</ref>
<ref name=voicesandvisibility>{{cite web|url=http://voicesandvisibilityuva.org/about-these-portraits/women-at-uva-history/|title=History of Women at UVA|work=(Re)Imaging Women in Stem|access-date=April 16, 2019}}</ref>
}}
 
Baris 76 ⟶ 36:
 
== Kehidupan awal dan pendidikan ==
Kitty Wingfield O'Brien lahir di [[Charlottesville, Virginia]], pada 11 Juli 1916.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1853-11-05|title=Nelly O'brien and Kitty Fisher|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nq/s1-viii.210.440g|journal=Notes and Queries|volume=s1-VIII|issue=210|pages=440–440|doi=10.1093/nq/s1-viii.210.440g|issn=1471-6941}}</ref> Ayahnya adalah seorang insinyur. Hal tersebut menginspirasi  seorang Joyner untuk mengejar karier yang sama.<ref name=":0">Girl Engineer Talks: Kitty O'Brien Finds Field 'Opportunity For Women'". ''The Miami News''. November 29, 1938. p. 7.</ref> Setelah SMA, dia ingin kuliah di University of Virginia (UVA). Undang-undang negara bagian Virginia telah mengizinkan perempuan untuk menghadiri universitas negeri sejak tahun 1920, tetapi UVA menerapkan beberapa persyaratan bagi perempuan yang ingin mendaftar sehingga mengharuskan mereka bersekolah di tempat lain selama dua tahun pertama dan sudah berusia 20 tahun.<ref name=":0" /> Persyaratan ini masih berlaku pada tahun 1935, Kitty akhirnya kuliah di Sweet Briar College selama dua tahun antara tahun 1935 dan 1937, kemudian berhasil mengajukan petisi ke UVA untuk mendapatkan izin masuk.<ref name=":1">"Kitty O'Brien Joyner". ''NASA CRGIS''. NASA.</ref>
 
Peluang wanita untuk bekerja dilapangan jauh berbeda dengan laki-laki. Joyner mengatakan kepada reporter Miami News bahwa "dia selalu berharap dia laki-laki sehingga dia bisa mengikuti profesinya".<ref name=":0" /> Reporter menulis tentang dia ketika dia berada di Florida menghadiri konferensi teknik di mana makalahnya "Fluoresensi, Cahaya Masa Depan" memenangkan tempat kedua di antara makalah mahasiswa lain. Meskipun reporter mengatakan bahwa "teknik elektro hampir tidak dianggap sebagai profesi feminin", O'Brien menggunakan kesempatan itu untuk berbicara tentang bagaimana teknik menghadirkan peluang besar bagi wanita dan anak perempuan.<ref name=":0" />
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Kitty_O%27Brien_Joyner"