Keruntuhan koloni lebah: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Keruntuhan populasikoloni lebah''' adalah fenomena di mana [[lebah]] pekerja pada koloni lebah dari spesies ''[[Apis mellifera]]'' menghilang atau mati. Kejadian ini telah terjadi dalam sejarah [[apikultur]] di Eropa dan dikenal dengan berbagai nama seperti ''disappearing disease'', ''spring dwindle'', ''May disease'', ''autumn collapse'', dan ''fall dwindle disease''.<ref name = "Oldroyd">{{cite journal |last1=Oldroyd |first1=Benjamin P. |title=What's Killing American Honey Bees? |journal=PLoS Biology |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=e168 |year=2007 |pmid=17564497 |pmc=1892840 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0050168}}</ref> Fenomena ini dinamai ''colony collapse disorder'' pada akhir tahun 2006 karena terjadi peningkatan runtuhnya populasikoloni lebah di Amerika Utara.<ref name=Prelim>{{cite news|author = Dennis vanEngelsdorp, Diana Cox-Foster, Maryann Frazier, Nancy Ostiguy, and Jerry Hayes|title = Colony Collapse Disorder Preliminary Report|url = http://www.beekeeping.com/articles/us/ccd.pdf|publisher = Mid-Atlantic Apiculture Research and Extension Consortium (MAAREC)&nbsp;– CCD Working Group|page = 22|date = 5 January 2006|accessdate = 2007-04-24|quote = |archive-date = 2008-07-04|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080704152301/http://www.beekeeping.com/articles/us/ccd.pdf|dead-url = yes}}</ref><ref name="Penn">{{cite news|title = Honey Bee Die-Off Alarms Beekeepers, Crop Growers and Researchers|url = http://agsci.psu.edu/news/radio/2007/dramatic-honey-bee-die-off-worries-beekeepers-and-crop-producers|publisher = Pennsylvania State University College of Agricultural Sciences|date = 29 January 2007|access-date = 2014-07-08|archive-date = 2013-10-04|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220416/http://agsci.psu.edu/news/radio/2007/dramatic-honey-bee-die-off-worries-beekeepers-and-crop-producers|dead-url = yes}}</ref> Fenomena yang sama terjadi di Belgia, Prancis, Belanda, Yunani, Italia, Portugal, Spanyol, dan Irlandia Utara.<ref name=Monde>Gaëlle Dupont, [http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3244,36-948835@51-948933,0.html Les abeilles malades de l'homme]{{Pranala mati|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[Le Monde]]'', 29 August 2007 {{fr icon}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theyworkforyou.com/ni/?id=2009-06-08.9.1 |title=Minutes of Northern Ireland Assembly |publisher=Theyworkforyou.com |date=8 June 2009 |accessdate=2010-06-22}}</ref> Kasus yang lebih ringan terjadi di Swiss dan Jerman.<ref name=sueddeutsche>{{cite news|author = Petra Steinberger|title = Das spurlose Sterben|url = http://www.sueddeutsche.de/wissen/raetselhafter-exitus-der-bienen-das-spurlose-sterben-1.911906|publisher = sueddeutsche.de|date = 12 March 2007|language = German|accessdate=2010-12-31}}</ref>

Keruntuhan koloni lebah merupakan masalah ekonomi yang signifikan karena lebah merupakan salah satu [[polinator]] tanaman pertanian yang menjadi komoditas perdagangan penting Eropa. Berdasarkan data FAO, kontribusi penyerbukan oleh lebah di seluruh dunia mencapai 200 miliar USD pada tahun 2005.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/ag/magazine/0512sp1.htm Spotlight: Protecting the pollinators] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707032901/http://www.fao.org/ag/magazine/0512sp1.htm |date=2015-07-07 }}. Fao.org. Diakses 2014-04-12.</ref> Kelangkaan lebah telah menyebabkan meningkatnya biaya produksi tanaman pangan karena petani harus menyewa atau membawa polinator dari tempat lain.<ref name=TimesWines>{{cite news|last=Wines|first=Michael|title=Mystery Malady Kills More Bees, Heightening Worry on Farms|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/29/science/earth/soaring-bee-deaths-in-2012-sound-alarm-on-malady.html|accessdate=31 March 2013|newspaper=New York Times|date=28 March 2013}}</ref>

Keruntuhan populasikoloni lebah sepanjang sejarah telah terjadi karena berbagai hal, diantaranya karena penggunaan [[pestisida]] [[neonikotinoida]], infeksi tungau [[Varroa]] dan [[Acarapis woodi|Acarapis]], [[malagizi]], [[patogen]], [[genetika]], [[imunodefisiensi]], [[pengrusakan habitat]], perubahan pola pemeliharaan lebah, atau kombinasi dari faktor-faktor tersebut.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.3news.co.nz/Multiple-causes-for-colony-collapse---report/tabid/1160/articleID/296401/Default.aspx|work= 3 News NZ|title= Multiple causes for colony collapse – report|date= May 3, 2013|access-date= 2014-07-08|archive-date= 2013-10-29|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191137/http://www.3news.co.nz/Multiple-causes-for-colony-collapse---report/tabid/1160/articleID/296401/Default.aspx|dead-url= yes}}</ref> Neonicotinoida terbukti menjadi penyebab runtuhnya populasikoloni lebah sehingga dibutuhkan alternatif pestisida yang tidak menyebabkan dampak tersebut.<ref name=vanderSluijs>{{cite journal|last1=van der Sluijs|first1=Jeroen P|last2=''et al''|title=Neonicotinoids, bee disorders and the sustainability of pollinator services|journal=Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability|date=September 2013|volume=5|issue=3–4|doi=10.1016/j.cosust.2013.05.007|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877343513000493|accessdate=6 July 2014}}</ref>