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[[Berkas:Bartolomeu Velho 1568.jpg|jmpl|ka|300px|'''Figure of the heavenly bodies''' (Gambar benda-benda langit) — suatu illustrasi sistem geosentrik Ptolemeus karya kosmografer dan kartografer Portugis [[Bartolomeu Velho]], 1568 (Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris)]]
'''Geosentrisme''' atau disebut '''Teori Geosentrik''', '''Model Geosentrik''' (bahasa Inggris: '''geocentric model''' atau '''geocentrism''', '''Ptolemaic system''') adalah istilah [[astronomi]] yang menggambarkan alam semesta dengan [[bumi]] sebagai pusatnya dan pusat pergerakan semua benda-benda langit. Model ini menjadi sistem kosmologi predominan pada budaya kuno misalnya [[Yunani kuno]], yang meliputi sistem-sistem terkenal yang dikemukakan oleh [[Aristoteles]]
Dua pengamatan umum mendukung pandangan bahwa Bumi adalah pusat dari alam semesta. Pengamatan pertama adalah bintang-bintang, matahari dan planet-planet tampak berputar mengitari bumi setiap hari, membuat bumi adalah pusat sistem ini. Lebih lanjut, setiap bintang berada pada suatu bulatan stelar atau selestial ("''stellar sphere''" atau "''celestial sphere''"), di mana bumi adalah pusatnya, yang berkeliling setiap hari, di seputar garis yang menghubungkan kutub utara dan selatan sebagai aksisnya. Bintang-bintang yang terdekat dengan [[khatulistiwa]] tampak naik dan turun paling jauh, tetapi setiap bintang kembali ke titik terbitnya setiap hari.{{sfn|Kuhn|1957|pp=5-20}} Observasi umum kedua yang mendukung model geosentrik adalah bumi tampaknya tidak bergerak dari sudut pandang pengamat yang berada di bumi, bahwa bumi itu solid, stabil dan tetap di tempat. Dengan kata lain, benar-benar dalam posisi diam.
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Dikarenakan dominansi ilmiah sistem Ptolemaik dalam astronomi Islam, para astronom Muslim menerima bulat model geosentrik.{{refn|group=n|"Semua astronom Islam dari Thabit ibn Qurra pada abad ke-9 sampai Ibn al-Shatir pada abad ke-14, dan semua filsuf alamiah dari al-Kindi sampai Averroes dan seterusnya, diketahui telah menerima ... gambaran dunia menurut budaya Yunani yang terdiri dari dua bulatan, di mana salah satunya, bulatan selestial ... secara bulat membungkus yang lain."<ref>{{cite journal |first= A. I. |last= Sabra |title= Configuring the universe: Aporetic, problem solving, and kinematic modeling as themes of Arabic astronomy |journal= Perspectives on Science |volume= 6 |issue= 3 |year= 1998 |pages= 317–8}}</ref>}}
Pada abad ke-12, [[Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī|Arzachel]] meninggalkan ide Yunani kuno "pergerakan melingkar uniform" (''[[uniform circular motion]]'') dengan membuat hipotesis bahwa planet [[Merkurius]] bergerak dalam orbit eliptik,<ref name="Rufus1939">{{Cite journal |title= The influence of Islamic astronomy in Europe and the far east |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_popular-astronomy_1939-05_47_5/page/233 |last= Rufus |first= W. C. |journal= Popular Astronomy |volume= 47 |issue= 5 |date=May 1939 |pages= 233–8}}</ref><ref name="Hartner1955">{{cite journal |first= Willy |last= Hartner |title= The Mercury horoscope of Marcantonio Michiel of Venice |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_vistas-in-astronomy_1955_1/page/118 |journal= Vistas in Astronomy |volume= 1 |year= 1955 |pages= 118–22}}</ref> sedangkan [[Nur ad-Din al-Bitruji|Alpetragius]] mengusulkan model planetari yang meninggalkan [[equant]], mekanisme epicycle dan eksentrik,<ref name="Goldstein1972"/> meskipun ini menghasilkan suatu sistem yang lebih kurang akurat secara matematik.<ref name="Gale">{{Cite book|chapter= Ptolemaic Astronomy, Islamic Planetary Theory, and Copernicus's Debt to the Maragha School|title= Science and Its Times|publisher= [[Thomson Gale]]|year= 2006}}</ref> [[Fakhr al-Din al-Razi]] (1149–1209), sehubungan dengan konsepsi fisika dan dunia fisika dalam karyanya ''Matalib'', menolak pandangan Aristotelian dan Avicennian bahwa Bumi berada di pusat alam semesta, melainkan berpendapat bahwa ada "ribuan-ribuan dunia (''alfa alfi 'awalim'') di luar dunia ini sedemikian sehingga setiap dunia ini lebih besar dan masif dari dunia ini serta serupa dengan dunia ini." Untuk mendukung argumen teologinya, ia mengutip dari [[Al Quran]], "All praise belongs to God, Lord of the Worlds," menekankan istilah "Worlds" (''dunia-dunia'').<ref name="Setia2004"/>
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The "Maragha Revolution" refers to the Maragha school's revolution against Ptolemaic astronomy. The "Maragha school" was an astronomical tradition beginning in the [[Maragheh observatory|Maragha observatory]] and continuing with astronomers from the [[Umayyad Mosque|Damascus mosque]] and [[Ulugh Beg Observatory|Samarkand observatory]]. Like their [[Al-Andalus|Andalusian]] predecessors, the Maragha astronomers attempted to solve the [[equant]] problem (the circle around whose circumference a planet or the center of an [[epicycle]] was conceived to move uniformly) and produce alternative configurations to the Ptolemaic model without abandoning geocentrism. They were more successful than their Andalusian predecessors in producing non-Ptolemaic configurations which eliminated the equant and eccentrics, were more accurate than the Ptolemaic model in numerically predicting planetary positions, and were in better agreement with empirical observations.<ref name="Saliba1994">{{cite book |last= Saliba |first= George |authorlink= George Saliba |year= 1994 |title= A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam |url= https://archive.org/details/historyofarabica0000sali |pages=
<ref name="Ragep2001b">{{Cite journal |last= Ragep |first= F. Jamil |year= 2001 |title= Freeing astronomy from philosophy: An aspect of Islamic influence on science |journal= Osiris |series= 2nd Series |volume= 16 |issue= Science in Theistic Contexts: Cognitive Dimensions |pages= 49–64, 66–71 |doi=10.1086/649338}}</ref>
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[[Berkas:Orlando-Ferguson-flat-earth-map edit.jpg|ka|jmpl|300px|''Map of the Square and Stationary Earth'' (Peta Bumi bujursangkar dan stasioner/tidak bergerak), karya Orlando Ferguson (1893)]]
Model Ptolemaik mengenai tata surya masih terus dianut sampai ke awal zaman modern. Sejak akhir abad ke-16 dan seterusnya perlahan-lahan digantikan sebagai penggambaran konsensus oleh model heliosentrisme. Geosentrisme sebagai suatu kepercayaan agamawi terpisah, tidak pernah padam. Di Amerika Serikat antara tahun 1870-1920, misalnya, berbagai anggota [[Gereja Lutheran – Sinode Missouri]] menerbitkan artikel-artikel yang menyerang sistem astronomi Kopernikan, dan geosentrisme banyak diajarkan di dalam sinode dalam periode tersebut.<ref name="Babinski1995">{{cite journal |editor-last= Babinski |editor-first= E. T. |journal= Cretinism of Evilution |issue= 2 |title= Excerpts from Frank Zindler's 'Report from the center of the universe' and 'Turtles all the way down' |url= http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/ce/2/part3.html |publisher= [[TalkOrigins Archive]] |year= 1995 |accessdate= 2013-12-01 |archive-date= 2018-02-09 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180209235618/http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/ce/2/part3.html |dead-url= no }}</ref> Namun, pada tahun 1902 ''Theological Quarterly'', A. L. Graebner menyatakan bahwa sinode itu tidak mempunyai posisi doktrinal terhadap geosentrisme, heliosentrisme, atau model ilmiah lainnya, kecuali kalau itu bertolak belakang dengan [[Alkitab]]. Ia menyatakan pula bahwa deklarasi apapun yang dikemukakan para penganut geosentrisme di dalam sinode bukan merupakan pendapat badan gereja secara keseluruhan.<ref name="Graebner1902">{{cite journal |title= Science and the church |journal= Theological Quarterly |first= A. L. |last= Graebner |pages= [http://books.google.com/books?id=cxsRAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA37 37–45] |year= 1902 |publisher= Lutheran Synod of Missouri, Ohio and other states, Concordia Publishing |location= St. Louis, MO |volume= 6}}</ref>
Artikel-artikel yang mendukung geosentrisme sebagai pandangan Alkitab muncul pada sejumlah surat kabar sains penciptaan yang berhubungan dengan [[Creation Research Society]]. Umumnya menunjuk kepada beberapa nas [[Alkitab]], yang secara harfiah mengindikasikan pergerakan harian Matahari dan Bulan yang dapat diamati mengelilingi Bumi, bukan karena rotasi Bumi pada aksisnya, misalnya pada {{Alkitab|Yosua 10:12}} di mana Matahari dan Bulan dikatakan berhenti di langit, dan {{Alkitab|Mazmur 93:1}} di mana dunia digambarkan tidak bergerak.<ref name="Numbers1993">{{cite book|title= The Creationists: The Evolution of Scientific Creationism|url= https://archive.org/details/creationistsevol0000numb|publisher= University of California Press|last= Numbers|first= Ronald L.|authorlink= Ronald L. Numbers|year= 1993|page= [https://archive.org/details/creationistsevol0000numb/page/237 237]|isbn= 0520083938}}</ref> Para pendukung kontemporer kepercayaan agamawi itu termasuk [[Robert Sungenis]] (presiden dari[[Bellarmine Theological Forum]] dan pengarang buku terbitan tahun 2006 ''Galileo Was Wrong'' (Galileo keliru)).<ref name="Sefton2006">{{cite news|url= http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_1kaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=XCYEAAAAIBAJ&dq=robert-sungenis&pg=6714%2C4991566|title= In this world view, the sun revolves around the earth|first= Dru|last= Sefton|newspaper= [[Times-News (Hendersonville, North Carolina)|Times-News]]|location= Hendersonville, NC|date= 2006-03-30|page= 5A|access-date= 2014-03-02|archive-date= 2021-04-27|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210427173438/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_1kaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=XCYEAAAAIBAJ&dq=robert-sungenis&pg=6714%2C4991566|dead-url= no}}</ref> Orang-orang ini mengajarkan pandangan bahwa pembacaan langsung Alkitab memuat kisah akurat bagaimana alam semesta diciptakan dan membutuhkan pandangan geosentrik. Kebanyakan organisasi kreasionis kontemporer menolak pandangan ini.{{refn|group=n|Donald B. DeYoung, misalnya, menyatakan bahwa "Similar terminology is often used today when we speak of the sun's rising and setting, even though the earth, not the sun, is doing the moving. Bible writers used the 'language of appearance,' just as people always have. Without it, the intended message would be awkward at best and probably not understood clearly. When the Bible touches on scientific subjects, it is entirely accurate."<ref>{{cite web |last= DeYoung |first= Donald B. |date= 1997-11-05 |title= Astronomy and the Bible: Selected questions and answers excerpted from the book |url= http://www.answersingenesis.org/Docs/399.asp |accessdate= 2013-12-01 |publisher= Answers in Genesis |archive-date= 2011-08-05 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110805222535/http://www.answersingenesis.org/Docs/399.asp |dead-url= no }}</ref>}}
{{quote|Dari semuanya, Kopernikanisme merupakan kemenangan besar pertama sains atas agama, sehingga tidak dapat dihindari bahwa sejumlah orang berpikir semua yang salah dengan dunia ini bermula dari sana. (Steven Dutch dari [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]]) <ref>
[[Morris Berman]] mengutip bahwa hasil survei menyatakan saat ini sekitar 20% penduduk Amerika Serikat percaya bahwa matahari mengitari bumi (geosentrisme) bukan bumi mengitari matahari (heliosentrisme), sementara 9% mengatakan tidak tahu.<ref name="Berman2006">{{cite book|last= Berman|first= Morris|authorlink= Morris Berman|title= Dark Ages America: The Final Phase of Empire|url= https://archive.org/details/darkagesamericaf00berm|year= 2006|publisher= W.W. Norton & Company|isbn= 9780393058666}}</ref> Beberapa poll yang dilakukan oleh [[The Gallup Organization|Gallup]] pada tahun 1990-an mendapati bahwa 16% orang Jermans, 18% orang Amerika dan 19% orang Inggris/Britania Raya percaya bahwa Matahari mengitari Bumi.<ref name="Crabtree1999">{{cite web |url= http://www.gallup.com/poll/3742/new-poll-gauges-americans-general-knowledge-levels.aspx |title= New Poll Gauges Americans' General Knowledge Levels |first= Steve |last= Crabtree |publisher= [[The Gallup Organization|Gallup]] |date= 1999-07-06 |access-date= 2014-03-02 |archive-date= 2014-03-27 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140327130003/http://www.gallup.com/poll/3742/New-Poll-Gauges-Americans-General-Knowledge-Levels.aspx |dead-url= no }}</ref> Suatu studi yang dilakukan pada tahun 2005 oleh Jon D. Miller dari [[Northwestern University]], seorang pakar pemahaman publik akan sains dan teknologi,<ref name="MillerBio">{{cite web |url= http://www.cmb.northwestern.edu/faculty/jon_miller.htm |title= Jon D. Miller |work= Northwestern University website |accessdate= 2007-07-19 |archive-date= 2009-02-04 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090204023220/http://www.cmb.northwestern.edu/faculty/jon_miller.htm |dead-url= no }}</ref> mendapati sekitar 20%, atau seperlima, orang dewasa Amerika percaya bahwa Matahari mengitari Bumi.<ref name="Dean2005">{{cite news|url= http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/30/science/30profile.html?ex=1184990400&en=2fb126c3132f89ae&ei=5070|title= Scientific savvy? In U.S., not much|first= Cornelia|last= Dean|date= 2005-08-30|newspaper= New York Times|accessdate= 2007-07-19|archive-date= 2014-08-25|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140825022235/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/30/science/30profile.html?ex=1184990400&en=2fb126c3132f89ae&ei=5070|dead-url= no}}</ref> Menurut poll tahun 2011 oleh [[VTSIOM]], 32% orang [[Russia]] percaya bahwa Matahari mengitari Bumi.<ref name="RussianStudy2011">{{citation |url= http://wciom.ru/index.php?id=459&uid=111345 |title= 'СОЛНЦЕ - СПУТНИК ЗЕМЛИ', ИЛИ РЕЙТИНГ НАУЧНЫХ ЗАБЛУЖДЕНИЙ РОССИЯН |trans_title= 'Sun-earth', or rating scientific fallacies of Russians |issue= Пресс-выпуск №1684 <nowiki>[</nowiki>Press release no. 1684<nowiki>]</nowiki> |date= 2011-02-08 |language= ru |publisher= ВЦИОМ <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[VTSIOM|All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> |postscript= . |accessdate= 2014-03-02 |archive-date= 2018-01-31 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180131184406/https://wciom.ru/index.php?id=459&uid=111345 |dead-url= yes }}</ref>
[[Albert Einstein]] berpendapat:
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Menurut [[Muhammad Nashiruddin Al-Albani|Syaikh Albani]], "Dalam [[ilmu Geograf]]i bumi memang bulat dan berputar, akan tetapi dalam ilmu agama, ia lebih cenderung memilih pendapat bahwa bumi dalam keadaan tetap dan datar, dengan dalil yang tersirat (bukan dalil tegas), karena tidak ada dalil yang tegas bahwa bumi itu bulat.
== Planetarium ==
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|publisher= [[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn= 1851095349|ref={{Harvid|Lawson|2004}}}}</ref>
<ref name="Fraser2006">{{cite book|last= Fraser|first= Craig G.|title= The Cosmos: A Historical Perspective|url= https://archive.org/details/cosmoshistorical00fras_616|year= 2006|page= [https://archive.org/details/cosmoshistorical00fras_616/page/n26 14]}}</ref>
<ref name="Goldstein1967">{{cite journal|title= The Arabic version of Ptolemy's planetary hypothesis|url= https://archive.org/details/sim_transactions-of-the-american-philosophical-society_1967-06_57_4/page/6|first= Bernard R.|last= Goldstein|page= 6|journal= Transactions of the American Philosophical Society|year= 1967|volume= 57|issue= pt. 4|jstor= 1006040}}</ref>
<ref name="Goldstein1972">{{cite journal|first= Bernard R.|last= Goldstein|year= 1972|title= Theory and observation in medieval astronomy|journal= Isis|volume= 63|issue= 1|page= 41}}</ref>
<ref name="Setia2004">{{Cite journal|title= Fakhr Al-Din Al-Razi on physics and the nature of the physical world: A preliminary survey|first= Adi|last= Setia|journal= Islam & Science|volume= 2|year= 2004}}</ref>
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<ref name="Lindberg2010">{{cite book|last= Lindberg|first= David C.|title= The Beginnings of Western Science: The European Scientific Tradition in Philosophical, Religious, and Institutional Context, Prehistory to A.D. 1450|edition= 2nd|year= 2010|publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn= 9780226482040|page= [http://books.google.com/books?id=dPUBAkIm2lUC&pg=PA197 197]}}</ref>
<ref name="Russell1945">{{cite book|last= Russell|first= Bertrand|authorlink= Bertrand Russell|title= [[A History of Western Philosophy]]|origyear= 1945|year= 2013|publisher= Routledge|page= 215|isbn= 9781134343676}}</ref>
<ref name="Nussbaum2007">{{Cite journal|url= http://www.skeptic.com/the_magazine/featured_articles/v12n03_orthodox_judaism_and_evolution.html|title= Orthodox Jews & science: An empirical study of their attitudes toward evolution, the fossil record, and modern geology|accessdate= 2008-12-18|last= Nussbaum|first= Alexander|date= 2007-12-19|journal= Skeptic Magazine|archive-date= 2010-07-04|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100704183723/http://www.skeptic.com/the_magazine/featured_articles/v12n03_orthodox_judaism_and_evolution.html|dead-url= no}}</ref>
<ref name="Nussbaum2002">{{cite journal|first= Alexander|last= Nussbaum|title= Creationism and geocentrism among Orthodox Jewish scientists|journal= Reports of the National Center for Science Education|date=January–April 2002|pages= 38–43}}</ref>
<ref name="SchneersohnGotfryd2003">{{cite book|last1= Schneersohn|first1= Menachem Mendel|authorlink1= Menachem Mendel Schneerson|last2= Gotfryd|first2= Arnie|title= Mind over Matter: The Lubavitcher Rebbe on Science, Technology and Medicine|pages= [http://books.google.com/books?id=FmabnhsgSVAC&pg=PA76 76ff.]; cf. xvi-xvii, [http://books.google.com/books?id=FmabnhsgSVAC&pg=PA69 69], [http://books.google.com/books?id=FmabnhsgSVAC&pg=PA100 100–1], [http://books.google.com/books?id=FmabnhsgSVAC&pg=PA171 171–2], [http://books.google.com/books?id=FmabnhsgSVAC&pg=PA408 408ff.]|year= 2003|publisher= Shamir|isbn= 9789652930804}}</ref>
<ref name="Mishneh Torah">{{cite book|title= Mishneh Torah|url= http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/947929/jewish/Chapter-Eleven.htm|chapter= Sefer Zemanim: Kiddush HaChodesh: Chapter 11|page= Halacha 13–14|nopp= y|others= Translated by Touger, Eliyahu|publisher= Chabad-Lubavitch Media Center|access-date= 2014-03-02|archive-date= 2023-06-22|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230622200831/https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/947929/jewish/Chapter-Eleven.htm|dead-url= no}}</ref>
<ref name="Rabinowitz1987">{{cite web|url= http://www.pages.nyu.edu/%7Eair1/GeoCentrism%20&%20EgoCentrism,%20Existentialist%20Despair%20&%20Significance.htm|first= Avi|last= Rabinowitz|year= 1987|title= EgoCentrism and GeoCentrism; Human Significance and Existential Despair; Bible and Science; Fundamentalism and Skepticalism|work= Science & Religion|accessdate= 2013-12-01|archive-date= 2011-03-14|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110314150928/http://www.pages.nyu.edu/~air1/GeoCentrism|dead-url= yes}} Published in {{cite book|editor1-last= Branover|editor1-first= Herman|editor2-last= Attia|editor2-first= Ilana Coven|title= Science in the Light of Torah: A B'Or Ha'Torah Reader|url= https://archive.org/details/scienceinlightof0000unse|year= 1994|publisher= Jason Aronson|isbn= 9781568210346}}</ref>
<ref name="Hort1822">{{cite book|first= William Jillard|last= Hort|title= A General View of the Sciences and Arts|url= https://archive.org/details/ageneralviewsci01hortgoog|year= 1822|page= [https://archive.org/details/ageneralviewsci01hortgoog/page/n196 182]}}</ref>
Baris 197 ⟶ 194:
* {{cite book|last= Evans|first= James|title= The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy|location= New York|publisher= Oxford University Press|year= 1998|ref={{Harvid|Evans|1998}}}}
* {{cite book|last= Heath|first= Thomas|authorlink= T. L. Heath|title= Aristarchus of Samos|url= https://archive.org/details/aristarchusofsam0000heat|location= Oxford|publisher= Clarendon Press|year= 1913|ref={{Harvid|Heath|1913}}}}
* {{cite book|authorlink= Sir Fred Hoyle|last= Hoyle|first= Fred|title= Nicolaus Copernicus|url= https://archive.org/details/bwb_P8-BLU-347|year= 1973|ref={{Harvid|Hoyle|1973}}}}
* {{cite book|authorlink= Arthur Koestler|last= Koestler|first= Arthur|title= The Sleepwalkers: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe|origyear= 1959|publisher= Penguin Books|year= 1986|isbn= 014055212X|ref={{Harvid|Koestler|1959}}}} 1990 reprint: ISBN 0-14-019246-8.
* {{cite book|authorlink= Thomas Samuel Kuhn|last= Kuhn|first= Thomas S.|title= The Copernican Revolution|url= https://archive.org/details/copernicanrevolu0008kuhn|location= Cambridge|publisher= Harvard University Press|year= 1957|isbn= 0674171039|ref={{Harvid|Kuhn|1957}}}}
* {{cite book|title= From Eudoxus to Einstein—A History of Mathematical Astronomy|last= Linton|first= Christopher M.|publisher= Cambridge University Press|year= 2004|location= Cambridge|isbn= 9780521827508|ref={{Harvid|Linton|2004}}}}
* {{cite book|editor-last= Walker|editor-first= Christopher|title= Astronomy Before the Telescope|url= https://archive.org/details/astronomybeforet0000unse_b2s7|location= London|publisher= British Museum Press|year= 1996|isbn= 0714117463|ref={{Harvid|Walker|1996}}}}
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.astro.utoronto.ca/~zhu/ast210/geocentric.html Another demonstration of the complexity of observed orbits when assuming a geocentric model of the solar system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330002544/http://www.astro.utoronto.ca/~zhu/ast210/geocentric.html |date=2009-03-30 }}
* [http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~pogge/Ast161/Movies/#ptolemaic Geocentric Perspective animation of the Solar System in 150AD] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508074738/http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~pogge/Ast161/Movies/#ptolemaic |date=2021-05-08 }}
* [http://library.thinkquest.org/29033/history/ptolemy.htm Ptolemy’s system of astronomy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015162256/http://library.thinkquest.org/29033/history/ptolemy.htm |date=2007-10-15 }}
* [http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/theories/ptolemaic_system.html The Galileo Project – Ptolemaic System] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408231957/http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/theories/ptolemaic_system.html |date=2014-04-08 }}
{{Astronomi Yunani}}
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[[Kategori:Astronomi]]
[[Kategori:Ancient Greek astronomy]]
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