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'''Demokrasi sosial''' adalah sebuah filsafat [[Filsafat politik|politik]], [[Filsafat sosial|sosial]], dan [[Filsafat ekonomi|ekonomi]] dalam sistem [[sosialisme]]{{sfnm|1a1=Eatwell|1a2=Wright|1y=1999|1pp=80–103|2a1=Newman|2y=2005|2p=5|3a1=Heywood|3y=2007|3pp=101, 134–136, 139|4a1=Ypi|4y=2018|5a1=Watson|5y=2019}} yang mendukung [[Demokrasi liberal|demokrasi politik]] dan [[demokrasi ekonomi]].{{sfnm|1a1=Wintrop|1y=1983|1p=306|2a1=Archer|2y=1995|3a1=Jones|3y=2001|3p=737|4a1=Ritzer|4y=2004|4p=479}} Dalam praktiknya, [[Daftar partai sosial demokrat dan sosialis demokrat yang pernah memerintah|rezim-rezim pemerintahan demokrasi sosial]] menghasilkan suatu model [[kapitalisme kesejahteraan]] yang dikelola secara sosial (yang sangat berbeda dari [[Ekonomi liberal|kapitalisme liberal]] melalui [[Ekonomi campuran|kepemilikan publik parsial]]), kontrol ekonomi atas pasar, dan kebijakan yang mendorong [[kesetaraan sosial]]. Sarana utama yang digunakan adalah [[Intervensionisme ekonomi|kebijakan intervensionis dalam pengelolaan ekonomi]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lane|first=David|year=2023|title=Global Neoliberal Capitalism and the Alternatives: From Social Democracy to State Capitalisms|location=Bristol|publisher=Bristol University Press|isbn=978-1-5292-2093-3|pages=96–114|chapter=The Decay of Social Democracy}}</ref>
'''Demokrasi sosial''' adalah [[ideologi politik]], [[Ideologi sosial|sosial]], dan ekonomi yang mendukung [[Intervensionisme ekonomi|intervensi ekonomi]] dan [[Intervensionisme sosial|sosial]] untuk mendorong [[keadilan sosial]] dalam kerangka entitas politik [[demokrasi liberal]] dan [[ekonomi campuran]] kapitalis. Protokol dan norma yang digunakan untuk mencapainya melibatkan komitmen pada [[demokrasi perwakilan]] dan [[Demokrasi partisipatoris|partisipatoris]], kebijakan untuk me[[redistribusi pendapatan]] dan [[regulasi ekonomi]] untuk [[kepentingan umum]] dan penyediaan [[kesejahteraan sosial]].{{sfn|Heywood|2012|p=128|ps=: "Social democracy is an ideological stance that supports a broad balance between market capitalism, on the one hand, and state intervention, on the other hand. Being based on a compromise between the market and the state, social democracy lacks a systematic underlying theory and is, arguably, inherently vague. It is nevertheless associated with the following views: (1) capitalism is the only reliable means of generating wealth, but it is a morally defective means of distributing wealth because of its tendency towards poverty and inequality; (2) the defects of the capitalist system can be rectified through economic and social intervention, the state being the custodian of the public interest [...]"}}<ref>{{harvnb|Miller|1998|p=827}}: "The idea of social democracy is now used to describe a society the economy of which is predominantly capitalist, but where the state acts to regulate the economy in the general interest, provides welfare services outside of it and attempts to alter the distribution of income and wealth in the name of social justice."</ref>{{sfn|Badie|Berg-Schlosser|Morlino|2011|p=2423|ps=: "Social democracy refers to a political tendency resting on three fundamental features: (1) democracy (e.g., equal rights to vote and form parties), (2) an economy partly regulated by the state (e.g., through Keynesianism), and (3) a welfare state offering social support to those in need (e.g., equal rights to education, health service, employment and pensions)."}} Dengan cara ini, demokrasi sosial bertujuan untuk menciptakan kondisi bagi kapitalisme untuk mengarah pada hasil yang lebih demokratis, [[Egalitarianisme|egaliter]], dan [[Solidaritas|solidaristik]].{{sfn|Weisskopf|1992|p=10|ps=: "Thus social democrats do not try to do away with either the market or private property ownership; instead, they attempt to create conditions in which the operation of a capitalist market economy will lead to more egalitarian outcomes and encourage more democratic and more solidaristic practices than would a more conventional capitalist system."}} Akibat dari lamanya pemerintahan [[partai demokrat sosial]] dan pengaruhnya pada perkembangan kebijakan sosial ekonomi di [[negara Nordik]], dalam lingkup kebijakan, demokrasi sosial telah diasosiasikan dengan [[model Nordik]] dan [[Keynesianisme]] dalam lingkaran politik pada paruh kedua abad ke-20.{{sfnm|1a1=Gombert|1a2=Bläsius|1a3=Krell|1a4=Timpe|1y=2009|1p=8|2a1=Sejersted|2y=2011}}
 
Instrumen yang digunakan dalam sistem demokrasi sosial meliputi komitmen terhadap [[demokrasi perwakilan]] dan [[demokrasi partisipatif]], langkah-langkah [[redistribusi pendapatan]], [[Ekonomi regulasi|regulasi perekonomian]] untuk [[Kebaikan bersama|kepentingan umum]], dan ketentuan [[kesejahteraan sosial]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Miller|1y=1998|1p=827|2a1=Badie|2a2=Berg-Schlosser|2a3=Morlino|2y=2011|2p=2423|3a1=Heywood|3y=2012|3p=128}} Akibat dari lamanya pemerintahan yang didominasi [[Partai Demokrat Sosial|partai demokrat sosial]] dan pengaruhnya pada perkembangan kebijakan sosial ekonomi di [[negara Nordik]], demokrasi sosial sering diasosiasikan dengan [[model Nordik]] dan [[Keynesianisme]] dalam lingkaran politik pada paruh kedua abad ke-20.{{sfnm|1a1=Gombert|1a2=Bläsius|1a3=Krell|1a4=Timpe|1y=2009|1p=8|2a1=Sejersted|2y=2011}} Demokrasi sosial juga dideskripsikan sebagai bentuk paling umum dari sosialisme Barat atau sosialisme modern,{{Sfnm|1a1=Eatwell|1y=1999|2a1=Pruitt|2y=2019|3a1=Berman|3y=2020}} dan gerakan [[Reformisme|reformis]] dari [[sosialisme demokratis]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Williams|1y=1985|1p=289|2a1=Foley|2y=1994|2p=23|3a1=Eatwell|3y=1999|3p=80}}
Demokrasi sosial bermula dari ideologi politik yang menganjurkan transisi [[Reformisme|evolusioner]] dan damai dari kapitalisme menuju [[sosialisme]] melalui proses politik yang mapan, berkebalikan dengan transisi dengan [[Sosialisme revolusioner|pendekatan revolusioner]] yang diasosiasikan kepada [[Marxisme ortodoks]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/social-democracy|title=Social democracy|publisher=''Encyclopædia Britannica''|accessdate=10 August 2015}}</ref> Di awal era pasca-Perang Dunia II di Eropa Barat, partai demokrat sosial menolak model politik dan ekonomi [[Stalinisme|Stalinis]] yang ada di [[Uni Soviet]]. Mereka lebih memilih jalan alternatif menuju sosialisme atau dengan berkompromi antara kapitalisme dan sosialisme.{{sfn|Adams|1993|pp=102-103|ps=: "The emergence of social democracy was partly a result of the Cold War. People argued that if the Stalinist Soviet empire, where the state controlled everything, showed socialism in action, then socialism was not worth having. [...] The consensus policies of a mixed and managed economy and the welfare state, developed by the post-war Labour government, seemed in themselves to provide a basis for a viable socialism that would combine prosperity and freedom with social justice and the possibility of a full life for everyone. They could be seen as a compromise between socialism and capitalism."}} Dalam periode ini, demokrat sosial menganut [[ekonomi campuran]] berdasarkan pada dominasi [[kepemilikan pribadi]], dengan hanya sedikit layanan publik dan utilitas penting yang [[kepemilikan publik|dimiliki publik]]. Hasilnya, demokrasi sosial diidentikan dengan [[ekonomi Keynesian]], intervensionisme negara, dan negara kesejahteraan, ketika mengabaikan tujuan sebelumnya untuk menggantikan sistem kapitalis (pasar faktor, kepemilikan pribadi, dan buruh upahan){{sfn|Weisskopf|1992|p=10|ps=: "Thus social democrats do not try to do away with either the market or private property ownership; instead, they attempt to create conditions in which the operation of a capitalist market economy will lead to more egalitarian outcomes and encourage more democratic and more solidaristic practices than would a more conventional capitalist system."}} dengan [[sistem ekonomi]] sosialis yang berbeda secara kualitatif.<ref>{{harvnb|Miller|1998|p=827}}: "In the second, mainly post-war, phase, social democrats came to believe that their ideals and values could be achieved by reforming capitalism rather than abolishing it. They favored a mixed economy in which most industries would be privately owned, with only a small number of utilities and other essential services in public ownership."</ref>{{sfn|Jones|2001|p=1410|ps=: "In addition, particularly since World War II, distinctions have sometimes been made between social democrats and socialists on the basis that the former have accepted the permanence of the mixed economy and have abandoned the idea of replacing the capitalist system with a qualitatively different socialist society."}}{{sfn|Heywood|2012|pp=125–128|ps=: "As an ideological stance, social democracy took shape around the mid-twentieth century, resulting from the tendency among western socialist parties not only to adopt parliamentary strategies, but also to revise their socialist goals. In particular, they abandoned the goal of abolishing capitalism and sought instead to reform or ‘humanize’ it. Social democracy therefore came to stand for a broad balance between the market economy, on the one hand, and state intervention, on the other."}} Dengan meningkatnya popularitas [[neoliberalisme]] dan [[Kanan Baru]] pada 1980-an,<ref name="Lewis&Surender">Lewis, Jane; Surender, Rebecca (2004). ''Welfare State Change: Towards a Third Way?''. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–4, 16.</ref> banyak partai demokrat sosial memasukkan ideologi [[Jalan Ketiga]],{{sfn|Whyman|2005|pp=1–5}} yang bertujuan untuk memadukan [[Liberalisme ekonomi|ekonomi liberal]] dengan kebijakan [[kesejahteraan]] demokrasi sosial.{{sfn|Whyman|2005|p=61}}{{sfn|Whyman|2005|p=215}} Pada 2010-an, Jalan Ketiga umumnya [[Demokrasi sosial#Penurunan di Eropa Barat (2010-sekarang)|tidak disukai]] dalam fenomena yang dikenal sebagai [[Pasokifikasi|PASOKifikasi]].<ref name="Barbieri">{{cite journal|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/europe/2017-04-25/death-and-life-social-democracy|title=The Death and Life of Social Democracy|last=Barbieri|first=Pierpaolo|journal=Foreign Affairs|date=25 April 2017|accessdate=20 October 2017}}</ref>
 
[[Sejarah sosial demokrasi]] bermula dari [[gerakan buruh]] di abad ke-19. Sosial demokrasi merupakan sebuah ideologi politik [[Politik sayap kiri|sayap kiri]]<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Tsakalotos|2001}}: "...{{Spaces}}most left-wing approaches (social democratic, democratic socialist, and so on) to how the market economy works."); {{Harvard citation no brackets|Brandal|Bratberg|Thorsen|2013}}: "In Scandinavia, as in the rest of the world, 'social democracy' and 'democratic socialism' have often been used interchangeably to define the part of the left pursuing gradual reform through democratic means."</ref> yang bertujuan untuk mendorong [[Reformisme|evolusi]] secara [[Demokrasi|demokratis]] dari laissez-faire atau [[kapitalisme kroni]] menuju [[Ekonomi pasar sosial|kapitalisme sosial]], yang terkadang disebut juga [[ekonomi pasar sosial]].{{Butuh rujukan}}Sosial demokrasi menentang [[Ekonomi terencana|sentralisasi penuh]] perekonomian seperti yang diusulkan oleh beberapa pemikir sosialis. Di awal era pasca-Perang Dunia II di Eropa Barat, partai-partai sosial demokrat menolak model sosialis Soviet. Mereka berkomitmen pada jalur alternatif menuju sosialisme atau kompromi antara kapitalisme dan sosialisme.{{Sfn|Adams|1993|pp=102–103}} Pada periode ini, kelompok sosial demokrat menganut perekonomian campuran berdasarkan [[Properti pribadi|kepemilikan pribadi]] yang mempromosikan [[Keynesianisme|ekonomi Keynesian]], [[Intervensionisme ekonomi|intervensionisme negara]], dan negara kesejahteraan. Akan tetapi, mereka tidak menekankan tujuan untuk mengganti sistem kapitalisme ([[faktor pasar]], [[Properti pribadi|kepemilikan pribadi]], dan [[labor of value|buruh upahan]]) dengan [[Sistem perekonomian|sistem ekonomi]] sosialis yang berbeda secara fundamental.
 
Demokrasi sosial modern ditandai dengan komitmen pada kebijakan yang bertujuan untuk mengurangi [[Ketidaksetaraan sosial|ketidaksetaraan]], penindasan terhadap kelompok kurang mampu dan [[kemiskinan]],{{sfn|Hoefer|2013|p=29}} termasuk dukungan pada [[pelayanan publik]] yang dapat diakses secara universal, seperti [[perawatan lansia]], [[perawatan anak-anak]], [[Pendidikan universal|pendidikan]], [[Pelayanan kesehatan universal|layanan kesehatan]], dan [[kompensasi pekerja]].{{sfn|Meyer|Hinchman|2007|p=137}} Gerakan demokrasi sosial sering kali memiliki koneksi kuat dengan [[gerakan buruh]] dan [[serikat pekerja]] yang mendukung hak [[perundingan bersama]] bagi pekerja serta kebijakan untuk memperluas pengambilan keputusan di luar politik ke lingkup ekonomi dalam bentuk [[kodeterminasi]] bagi pekerja dan pemangku kepentingan ekonomi lainnya.{{sfnm|1a1=Meyer|1a2=Hinchman|1y=2007|1p=91|2a1=Upchurch|2a2=Taylor|2a3=Mathers|2y=2009|2p=51}}
 
== Definisi ==
Demokrasi sosial merupakan salah satu pemikiran dari [[Tipe sosialisme|tradisi sosialis]].{{sfnm|1a1=Eatwell|1a2=Wright|1y=1999|1pp=80–103|2a1=Newman|2y=2005|2p=5}} Sebagai sebuah [[gerakan politik]], ia bertujuan untuk mencapai sosialisme melalui cara [[Gradualisme|bertahap]] dan [[Demokrasi|demokratis]].{{sfnm|1a1=Steger|1y=1997|2a1=Safra|2y=1998|2p=920|3a1=Stevens|3y=2000|3p=1504|4a1=Duignan|4a2=Kalsang Bhutia|4a3=Mahajan|4y=2014}} Sebagai gerakan politik, ia dipengaruhi oleh [[Reformisme|sosialisme reformis]] [[Ferdinand Lassalle]] dan [[sosialisme revolusioner]] [[Internasionalisme proletariat|internasionalis]] sebagaimana dikemukakan oleh [[Karl Marx]] dan [[Friedrich Engels]].{{Sfn|Aspalter|2001|p=52}} Sebagai sebuah gerakan dan [[ideologi]] politik internasional, demokrasi sosial telah mengalami berbagai transformasi sepanjang sejarahnya.{{sfnm|1a1=Miller|1y=1998|1p=827|2a1=Durlauf|2a2=Lawrence|2y=2008}} Jika pada abad ke-19, ia disebut “Marxisme terorganisir”, demokrasi sosial berubah menjadi “reformisme terorganisir” pada abad ke-20.{{Sfn|Eatwell|Wright|1999|p=80}} Sebagai rezim kebijakan,{{sfnm|1a1=Egle|1a2=Henkes|1a3=Merkel|1a4=Petring|1y=2008|2a1=Kotz|2y=2009|3a1=Foster|3a2=Tsakiroglou|3y=2014}} demokrasi sosial memberikan dukungan terhadap [[ekonomi campuran]] dan langkah-langkah perbaikan yang memberikan keuntungan terhadap [[Buruh|kelas pekerja]] dalam sistem [[kapitalisme demokratis]].{{sfnm|1a1=Hinchman|1a2=Meyer|1y=2007|1p=112|2a1=Badie|2a2=Berg-Schlosser|2a3=Morlino|2y=2011|2p=2423|3a1=Heywood|3y=2012|3p=128}} Pada abad ke-21, rezim kebijakan sosial demokrat{{Refn|"Social democracy therefore came to stand for a broad balance between the market economy, on the one hand, and state intervention, on the other. Although this stance has been most clearly associated with reformist socialism, it has also been embraced, to a greater or lesser extent, by others, notably modern liberals and paternalist conservatives."{{sfn|Heywood|2012}}}} secara umum didefinisikan sebagai peningkatan [[Kesejahteraan sosial|kesejahteraan]] atau peningkatan [[Pelayanan publik|layanan publik]]. Rezim demokrasi sosial biasanya juga digunakan untuk merujuk kepada [[model Nordik]].{{Sfn|Bolton|2020}}
 
Dalam ilmu politik, ''sosialisme demokratis'' dan ''demokrasi sosial'' terkadang dianggap sebagai hal yang sama,{{sfnm|1a1=Busky|1y=2000|1p=8|2a1=Sargent|2y=2008|2p=118|3a1=Heywood|3y=2012|3p=97|4a1=Hain|4y=2015|4p=3}} namun penggunaan kedua istilah ini dibedakan dalam karya jurnalistik.{{sfnm|1a1=Qiu|1y=2015|2a1=Barro|2y=2015|3a1=Tupy|3y=2016|4y=2016|5a1=Cooper|5y=2018|6a1=Rodriguez|6y=2018|7a1=Levitz, April 2019}} Berdasarkan definisi sosialisme demokratis,{{Refn|"Social democracy is a political ideology focusing on an evolutionary road to socialism or the humanization of capitalism. It includes parliamentary process of reform, the provision of state benefits to the population, agreements between labor and the state, and the revisionist movement away from revolutionary socialism."{{sfn|O'Hara|2003|p=538}} "By the early twentieth century, ... many such [social democratic] parties had come to adopt parliamentary tactics and were committed to a gradual and peaceful transition to socialism. As a result, social democracy was increasingly taken to refer to democratic socialism, in contrast to revolutionary socialism."{{sfn|Heywood|2012}}
 
"Social democracy refers to a political theory, a social movement or a society that aims to achieve the egalitarian objectives of socialism while remaining committed to the values and institutions of liberal democracy."{{sfn|Blume|Durlauf|2016|p=606}} "In general, a label for any person or group who advocates the pursuit of socialism by democratic means. Used especially by parliamentary social democrats who put parliamentarism ahead of socialism, and therefore oppose revolutionary action against democratically elected governments. Less ambiguous than social democracy, which has had, historically, the opposite meanings of (1) factions of Marxism, and (2) groupings on the right of socialist parties."{{sfn|Brown|McLean|McMillan|2018}}}} demokrasi sosial adalah sebuah ideologi yang berupaya membangun [[ekonomi sosialis]] secara bertahap melalui institusi [[demokrasi liberal]].{{Sfn|O'Hara|2003|p=538}} Sejak periode pasca perang dunia, demokrasi sosial didefinisikan sebagai rezim kebijakan yang mendorong reformasi kapitalisme agar sejalan dengan cita-cita [[keadilan sosial]].{{Sfn|Kornai|Yingi|2009|pp=11–24}} Pada abad ke-19, demokrasi sosial mencakup berbagai aliran sosialisme non-revolusioner dan revolusioner selain [[anarkisme]].{{sfnm|1a1=Ely|1y=1883|1pp=204–205|2a1=Eatwell|2a2=Wright|2y=1999|2p=80|3a1=Lamb|3y=2015|3pp=415–416}} Pada awal abad ke-20, demokrasi sosial dimanifestasikan dalam dukungan terhadap proses pembangunan masyarakat melalui struktur politik yang ada dan penentangan terhadap cara-cara revolusioner, yang sering dikaitkan dengan Marxisme.{{Sfn|O'Hara|2003|p=538}}
 
Saat ini Demokrasi Sosial berarti perekonomian yang didominasi kapitalisme dengan regulasi ekonomi negara demi kepentingan umum, penyediaan layanan kesejahteraan oleh negara, dan redistribusi pendapatan dan kekayaan. Konsep sosial demokrat mempengaruhi kebijakan sebagian besar negara Barat sejak Perang Dunia II.<ref>[https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/social-democracy/v-1 Social democracy]</ref> Demokrasi sosial sering dianggap sebagai jalan tengah praktis antara kapitalisme dan sosialisme. Demokrasi sosial bertujuan untuk menggunakan aksi kolektif dan demokratis untuk mendorong kebebasan dan kesetaraan dalam perekonomian dan menentang ketidaksetaraan dan penindasan yang disebabkan oleh kapitalisme laissez-faire.<ref>[https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34324/chapter-abstract/291334753?redirectedFrom=fulltext Social democracy]</ref>
 
== Ikhtisar ==
Baris 25 ⟶ 36:
Kebijakan serupa kemudian diadopsi di sebagian besar Eropa Barat, termasuk Prancis dan Britania Raya (lihat [[reformasi kesejahteraan Liberal]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.learningcurve.gov.uk/britain1906to1918/g1/gallery1.htm|title=Liberal Welfare Reforms 1906–11|publisher=Learningcurve.gov.uk|accessdate=24 January 2010|archive-date=2012-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202153903/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/britain1906to1918/g1/gallery1.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=G. R. Searle|authorlink=G. R. Searle|title=A New England?: Peace and War, 1886–1918|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5SGI2Y8vyC4C&pg=PA369|year=2004|page=369|isbn=9780198207146}}</ref> baik oleh partai sosialis dan liberal. Di Amerika Serikat, [[Progresivisme di Amerika Serikat|gerakan progresif]], gerakan demokrat sosial serupa lebih dipengaruhi oleh [[Liberalisme di Amerika Serikat|liberalisme]] dibandingkan [[Sosialisme di Amerika Serikat|sosialisme]], mendukung [[Liberalisme modern di Amerika Serikat|liberal progresif]] seperti [[Presiden Amerika Serikat|presiden]] dari [[Partai Demokrat (Amerika Serikat)|Partai Demokrat]], [[Woodrow Wilson]] dan [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], yang gagasan [[New Freedom]] dan [[New Deal]]-nya mengadopsi banyak kebijakan demokrat sosial. Dengan [[Depresi Besar]], [[intervensionisme ekonomi]] dan [[nasionalisasi]] menjadi umum di dunia dan [[konsensus pascaperang]] yang berlangsung sampai 1973 membuat kebijakan demokrat sosial [[Keynesianisme|Keynesian]] dan [[ekonomi campuran]] diberlakukan. Hal ini kemudian mengarah pada [[ledakan pasca-Perang Dunia II]], di mana Amerika Serikat, Uni Soviet, negara Eropa Barat dan Asia Timur khususnya mengalami [[pertumbuhan ekonomi]] tinggi dan berkelanjutan yang tidak biasa, bersamaan dengan [[lapangan kerja penuh]]. Berkebalikan dengan prediksi awal, pertumbuhan yang tinggi juga termasuk pada negara yang hancur akibat perang seperti Jepang ([[Keajaiban ekonomi Jepang setelah Perang Dunia II]]), Jerman Barat dan Austria ([[Wirtschaftswunder]]), Korea Selatan ([[Keajaiban di Sungai Han]]), Prancis ([[Trente Glorieuses]]), Italia ([[Keajaiban ekonomi Italia]]) dan Yunani ([[Keajaiban ekonomi Yunani]]).<ref>[http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198287414.001.0001/acprof-9780198287414 "The Golden Age of Capitalism: Reinterpreting the Postwar Experience"].</ref><ref>[https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/WESS_2017_ch2.pdf "Post-war reconstruction and development in the Golden Age of Capitalism"].</ref><ref>[http://m.oxfordscholarship.com/mobile/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198287414.001.0001/acprof-9780198287414 "The Golden Age of Capitalism: Reinterpreting the Postwar Experience"].</ref>
 
Akibat dari [[krisis energi 1970-an]], ditinggalkannya [[standar emas]] dan [[sistem Bretton Woods]] bersama dengan kebijakan ekonomi campuran demokrat sosial Keynesian serta implementasi kebijakan [[Ekonomi berorientasi pasar|berorientasi pasar]], [[Monetarisme|monetaris]] dan [[Neoliberalisme|neoliberal]] ([[privatisasi]], [[deregulasi]], [[perdagangan bebas]], [[globalisasi ekonomi]], [[kebijakan fiskal]] anti-[[inflasi]], dan lainnya), negara kesejahteraan demokrat sosial menjadi diragukan.<ref>Lewis, Jane; Surender, Rebecca (2004). ''Welfare State Change: Towards a Third Way?''. Oxford University Press.</ref> Hal ini menyebabkan partai-partai demokrat sosial mengadopsi [[Jalan Ketiga]], ideologi yang menggabungkan [[progresivisme]] dan [[liberalisme sosial]] dengan neoliberalisme.{{sfn|Whyman|2005}} Bagaimanapun, [[Resesi Besar]] pada akhir 2000-an dan awal 2010-an menimbulkan keraguan pada apa yang dinamakan [[Konsensus Washington]] dan [[gerakan antipengetatan anggaran|protes]] terhadap langkah [[pengetatan anggaran]] terjadi, menyebabkan kebangkitan partai-partai dan kebijakan demokrat sosial, khususnya di Amerika Serikat dan Britania Raya dengan [[Bernie Sanders]] dan [[Jeremy Corbyn]], yang menolak demokrasi sosial Jalan Ketiga, <ref name="Tarnoff">Tarnoff, Ben (12 July 2017). [https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/jul/12/social-media-socialism-jeremy-corbyn-bernie-sanders "How social media saved socialism"]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. Retrieved 14 May 2019. "Socialism is stubborn. After decades of dormancy verging on death, it is rising again in the westIn the UK, Jeremy Corbyn just led the Labour party to its largest increase in vote share since 1945 on the strength of its most radical manifesto in decades. In France, the leftist Jean-Luc Melenchon recently came within two percentage points of breaking into the second round of the presidential election. And in the US, the country's most famous socialist – Bernie Sanders – is now its most popular politician. [...] For the resurgent left, an essential spark is social media. In fact, it's one of the most crucial and least understood catalysts of contemporary socialism. Since the networked uprisings of 2011 – the year of the Arab spring, Occupy Wall Street and the Spanish indignados – we've seen how social media can rapidly bring masses of people into the streets. But social media isn't just a tool for mobilizing people. It's also a tool for politicizing them."</ref><ref name="Huges">Huges, Laura (24 February 2016). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/tony-blair/12171297/Tony-Blair-admits-he-cant-understand-the-popularity-of-Jeremy-Corbyn-and-Bernie-Sanders.html "Tony Blair admits he can't understand the popularity of Jeremy Corbyn and Bernie Sanders"]. ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''. Retrieved 14 May 2019. "In a joint ''Guardian'' and ''Financial Times'' interview, Mr Blair said he believed some of Mr Sanders' and Mr Corbyn's success was due to the "loss of faith in that strong, centrist progressive position", which defined his own career. He said: "One of the strangest things about politics at the moment – and I really mean it when I say I'm not sure I fully understand politics right now, which is an odd thing to say, having spent my life in it – is when you put the question of electability as a factor in your decision to nominate a leader, it's how small the numbers are that this is the decisive factor. That sounds curious to me."</ref><ref name="NBC">[https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/elections/democratic-socialism-hits-heartland-ocasio-cortez-sanders-campaign-deep-red-n893076 "Democratic socialism hits the heartland: Ocasio-Cortez, Sanders to campaign in deep-red Kansas"]. NBC News. 20 July 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2019.</ref> setelah [[resesi ekonomi]] yang diakibatkan oleh apa yang disebut [[Pasokifikasi]] oleh berbagai partai demokrat sosial.<ref name="Pasokification1">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-22025714 "How Greece's once-mighty Pasok party fell from grace"].</ref><ref name="Pasokification2">[https://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21695887-centre-left-sharp-decline-across-europe-rose-thou-art-sick "Rose thou art sick"].</ref><ref name="Pasokification3">[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/may/22/jeremy-corbyn-labour-anti-austerity-manifesto "Jeremy Corbyn has defied his critics to become Labour's best hope of survival"].</ref><ref name="Pasokification4">[https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/staggers/2018/02/germany-s-spd-may-have-signed-its-death-warrant "Germany's SPD may have signed its death warrant"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031052342/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/staggers/2018/02/germany-s-spd-may-have-signed-its-death-warrant |date=2018-10-31 }}.</ref><ref name="Pasokification5">[https://www.economist.com/britain/2018/06/30/why-labour-is-obsessed-with-greek-politics "Why Labour is obsessed with Greek politics"].</ref>
 
''[[Laporan Kebahagiaan Dunia]]'' [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] (PBB) menunjukkan bahwa negara-negara yang paling bahagia terkonsentrasi di negara demokrat sosial, khususnya Eropa Utara, di mana dmeokrasidemokrasi sosial [[model Nordik]] diimplementasikan. Hal ini terkadang dikaitkan dengan keberhasilan model Nordik di kawasan tersebut, di mana partai-partai serupa seperti [[sosialis demokrat]], [[Gerakan buruh|buruh]], dan [[Partai demokrat sosial|demokrat sosial]] mendominasi panggung politik dan meletakan landasan bagi [[Negara kesejahteraan#Tiga dunia negara kesejahteraan|negara-negara kesejahteraan univeral]] pada abad ke-20. Negara-negara Nordik, termasuk di antaranya Denmark, Finlandia, Islandia, Norwegia, Swedia serta Greenland dan Kepulauan Faroe, juga menempati peringkat tertinggi berdasarkan metrik [[PDB per kapita|PDB riil per kapita]], [[kesetaraan ekonomi]], [[harapan hidup]] sehat, [[Solidaritas|memiliki seseorang yang dapat diandalkan]], persepsi [[Kebebasan memilih|kebebasan membuat pilihan hidup]], [[kemurahan hati]] dan [[pengembangan manusia (ekonomi)|pengembangan manusia]].<ref>Gregoire, Carolyn (10 September 2013). [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/10/happiest-countries_n_3894274.html "The Happiest Countries In The World"]. ''[[The Huffington Post]].'' Retrieved 1 October 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Conley|first=Julia|title=Social Democratic Nations Rank Happiest on Global Index (Again). US Ranking Falls (Again)|url=https://www.commondreams.org/news/2019/03/20/social-democratic-nations-rank-happiest-global-index-again-us-ranking-falls-again|work=[[Common Dreams]]|date=20 March 2019|accessdate=31 March 2019}}</ref> Laporan serupa juga telah menempatkan negara Skandinavia dan negara demokrat sosial lainnya di peringkat atas pada indikator seperti [[kebebasan sipil]],<ref>[https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2018 "Freedom in the World 2018"].</ref> [[demokrasi]],<ref>[https://www.eiu.com/topic/democracy-index "Democracy Index 2018"]</ref> [[Kebebasan pers|pers]],<ref>[https://rsf.org/en/ranking "2019 World Press Freedom Index"].</ref> kebebasan [[Hak buruh|buruh]] dan [[Kebebasan ekonomi|ekonomi]],<ref>[https://www.heritage.org/index/pdf/2017/book/index_2017.pdf "2017 Index of Economic Freedom"].</ref> [[perdamaian]]<ref>[http://visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2018/06/Global-Peace-Index-2018-2.pdf "Global Peace Index 2018"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429070743/http://visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2018/06/Global-Peace-Index-2018-2.pdf |date=2019-04-29 }}.</ref> dan kebebasan dari [[korupsi]].<ref>[https://www.transparency.org/cpi2018/results "Corruption Perceptions Index 2018"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053429/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2018/results |date=2019-01-30 }}.</ref>
 
Sejumlah penelitian dan survei menujukkan bahwa orang cenderung hidup lebih bahagia di masyarakat demokrat sosial dibandingkan yang neoliberal.<ref>Brown, Craig (11 May 2009). [http://www.commondreams.org/further/2009/05/11/worlds-happiest-countries-social-democracies "World's Happiest Countries? Social Democracies"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020041538/https://www.commondreams.org/further/2009/05/11/worlds-happiest-countries-social-democracies |date=2017-10-20 }}. [[Commondreams]]. Retrieved 20 October 2014.</ref><ref>Radcliff, Benjamin (25 September 2013). [http://edition.cnn.com/2013/09/25/opinion/radcliff-politics-of-happiness/ "Western nations with social safety net happier"]. [[CNN]]. Retrieved 20 October 2014.</ref><ref>Brown, Andrew (12 September 2014). [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/sep/12/europe-happiest-progressives-conservatives-social-democracies-wellbeing-poll "Who are Europe's happiest people – progressives or conservatives?"]. ''[[The Guardian]].'' Retrieved 20 October 2014.</ref><ref>Eskow, Richard (15 October 2014). [http://ourfuture.org/20141015/new-study-finds-big-government-makes-people-happy-free-markets-dont "New Study Finds Big Government Makes People Happy, "Free Markets" Don't]". Our Future. Retrieved 20 October 2014.</ref>
 
== Kritik ==
Baris 43 ⟶ 54:
Beberapa kritikus mengklaim bahwa demokrasi sosial meninggalkan sosialisme pada 1930-an dengan mendukung [[kapitalisme kesejahteraan]] Keynesian.{{sfnm|1a1=Wright|1y=1999|1pp=91|2a1=Fitzpatrick|2y=2003|2pp=2–3}} Teoretikus politik sosialis demokrat, [[Michael Harrington]], berpendapat bahwa demokrasi sosial secara historis mendukung [[Keynesianisme]] sebagai bagian dari "kompromi demokrasi sosial" antara kapitalisme dan sosialisme. Kompromi ini menciptakan negara kesejahteraan dan Harrington berpendapat bahwa meskipun kompromi ini tidak memungkinkan terciptanya sosialisme secara cepat, kompromi ini "mengakui prinsip nonkapitalis-dan bahkan antikapitalis-kebutuhan manusia melebihi dan di atas keharusan profit".{{sfn|Harrington|2011|p=93}} Baru-baru ini, demokrat sosial yang mendukung [[Jalan Ketiga]] dituduh telah mendukung kapitalisme, termasuk oleh demokrat sosial anti-Jalan Ketiga yang menuduh pendukung Jalan Ketiga seperti [[Anthony Giddens]] sebagai orang yang dalam praktiknya antidemokrasi sosial dan antisosialis.{{sfn|Cammack|2004|p=155}}
 
== Daftar partai ==
== Partai politik demokrat sosial ternama di seluruh dunia ==
{{utama|Daftar partai demokrat sosial}}
{{div col|colwidth=26em}}
 
=== Partai demokrat sosial atau partai dengan faksi demokrat sosial ===
* Albania: [[Partai Sosialis Albania]], [[Gerakan Sosialis untuk Integrasi]]
* Andorra: [[Partai Demokrat Sosial (Andorra)|Partai Demokrat Sosial]]
* Argentina: ''[[Radical Civic Union]]''
* Austria: [[Partai Demokrat Sosial Austria]]
* Australia: [[Australia Hijau]], [[Partai Buruh Australia]]
* Belgia: [[Partai Sosialis (Belgia)|Partai Sosialis]], [[Socialistische Partij Anders]]
* Brasil: [[Partai Buruh Demokratik (Brasil)|Partai Buruh Demokratik]], [[Partai Sosialis Brasil]]
* Bosnia dan Herzegovina: [[Partai Demokrat Sosial Bosnia dan Herzegovina|Partai Demokrat Sosial]], [[Front Demokratik (Bosnia dan Herzegovina)|Front Demokratik]]
* Kanada: [[Partai Demokratik Baru]]
* Chile: [[Partai untuk Demokrasi (Chile)|Partai untuk Demokrasi]]
* Kroasia: [[Partai Demokratik Sosial (Kroasia)|Partai Demokrat Sosial]]
* Republik Ceko: [[Partai Demokrat Sosial Ceko]]
* Denmark: [[Demokrat Sosial (Denmark)|Demokrat Sosial]]
* Estonia: [[Partai Demokrat Sosial (Estonia)|Partai Demokrat Sosial]]
* Finlandia: [[Partai Demokrat Sosial Finlandia]], [[Demokrat Sosial Åland]]
* Prancis: [[Partai Sosialis (Prancis)|Partai Sosialis]]
* Jerman: [[Partai Demokrat Sosial Jerman]]
* Ghana: [[Kongres Demokrasi Nasional (Ghana)|Kongres Demokrasi Nasional]]
* Yunani: [[Gerakan Sosialis Pan-Yunani]]
* Greenland: [[Siumut]]
* Hungaria: [[Partai Sosialis Hungaria]]
* Islandia: [[Aliansi Demokrat Sosial]]
* India: [[Kongres Nasional India]]
* Irlandia: [[Partai Buruh (Irlandia)|Partai Buruh]], [[Demokrat Sosial (Irlandia)|Demokrat Sosial]]
* Israel: [[Partai Buruh Israel]], [[Meretz]]
* Italia: [[Partai Demokrat (Italia)|Partai Demokrat]]
* Lithuania: [[Partai Demokrat Sosial Lithuanian]]
* Luxembourg: [[Partai Pekerja Sosialis Luxembourg]]
* Malaysia: [[Partai Aksi Demokratik]]
* Malta: [[Partai Buruh (Malta)|Partai Buruh]]
* Meksiko: [[Partai Revolusi Demokratik]], [[Gerakan Regenerasi Nasional]]
* Moldova: [[Partai Demokratik Moldova]]
* Mongolia: [[Partai Rakyat Mongolia]]
* Montenegro: [[Partai Demokratik Sosialis Montenegro]], [[Partai Demokrat Sosial Montenegro]]
* Belanda: [[Partai Buruh (Belanda)|Partai Buruh]]
* Selandia Baru: [[Partai Buruh Selandia Baru]]
* Norwegia: [[Partai Buruh (Norwegia)|Partai Buruh]]
* Pakistan: [[Partai Rakyat Pakistan]]
* Palestina: [[Fatah]]
* Polandia: [[Aliansi Kiri Demokratik]]
* Portugal: [[Partai Sosialis (Portugal)|Partai Sosialis]], [[Partai Buruh Portugal]]
* Romania: [[Partai Demokrat Sosial (Romania)|Partai Demokrat Sosial]]
* Rusia: [[Rusia Berkeadilan]]
* San Marino: [[Partai Sosialis dan Demokrat]]
* Serbia: [[Partai Demokratik (Serbia)|Partai Demokratik]], [[Partai Demokrat Sosial (Serbia)|Partai Demokrat Sosial]], [[Partai Demokrat Sosial Serbia]], [[Liga Demokrat Sosial Vojvodina]]
* Singapura: [[Partai Pekerja Singapura]]
* Slovakia: [[Arah- Demokrasi Sosial]]
* Slovenia: [[Demokrat Sosial (Slovenia)|Demokrat Sosial]]
* Afrika Selatan: [[Kongres Nasional Afrika]]
* Korea Selatan: [[Partai Keadilan (Korea Selatan)|Partai Keadilan]]
* Spanyol: [[Partai Pekerja Sosialis Spanyol]]
* Swedia: [[Partai Pekerja Demokrat Sosial Swedia]]
* Swiss: [[Partai Demokrat Sosial Swiss]]
* Turki: [[Partai Rakyat Republik (Turkey)|Partai Rakyat Republik]]
* Britania Raya: [[Partai Buruh (Britania Raya)|Partai Buruh]], [[Demokrat Liberal (Britania Raya)|Demokrat Liberal]], [[Partai Demokrat Sosial dan Buruh]]
* Amerika Serikat: [[Demokrat Keadilan]]
* Venezuela: [[Aksi Demokratik (Venezuela)|Aksi Demokratik]]
* Zimbabwe: [[Gerakan untuk Perubahan Demokratik – Tsvangirai|Gerakan untuk Perubahan Demokratik]]
{{div col end}}
 
=== Partai demokrat sosial terdahulu atau yang memiliki faksi demokrat sosial ===
* Australia: [[Partai Komunis Australia]]
* Austria: [[Partai Pekerja Demokrat Sosial Austria]]
* Belgia: [[Partai Buruh Belgia]], [[Partai Sosialis Belgia]]
* Kanada: [[Federasi Persemakmuran Kooperatif]]
* Prancis: [[Seksi Perancis dari Internasional Pekerja]]
* Jerman: [[Partai Pekerja Demokrat Sosial Jerman]]
* Islandia: [[Partai Demokrat Sosial (Islandia)|Partai Demokrat Sosial]], [[Kebangkitan Nasional (Iceland)|Kebangkitan Nasional]]
* Israel: [[Mapai]], [[Jajaran (Israel)|Jajaran]]
* Italia: [[Partai Aksi (Italia)|Partai Aksi]], [[Partai Sosialis Italia]], [[Partai Sosialis Demokrat Italia]], [[Partai Demokrat Kiri]], [[Demokrat Kiri]]
* Jepang: [[Partai Sosialis Demokratik (Jepang)|Partai Sosialis Demokrat]], [[Partai Demokrat Sosial (Jepang)|Partai Demokrat Sosial]]
* Belanda: [[Partai Pekerja Demokrat Sosial (Belanda)|Partai Pekerja Demokrat Sosial]], [[Sosialis Demokrat '70]]
* Polandia: [[Demokrasi Sosial Republik Polandia]]
* San Marino: [[Partai Sosialis San Marino]], [[Partai Sosialis Demokrat Independen San Marino]]
* Turki: [[Partai Demokrasi Sosial (Turki)|Partai Demokrasi Sosial]]
{{div col end}}
 
== Demokrat sosial ternama ==
Baris 212 ⟶ 145:
: {{cite book|last1=Berger|first1=Mark T.|year=2004|title=The Battle for Asia: From Decolonization to Globalization|series=Asia's Transformations|location=London|publisher=RoutledgeCurzon|isbn=978-0-415-32529-5|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Berman|first1=Sheri|year=1998|title=The Social Democratic Moment: Ideas and Politics in the Making of Interwar Europe|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-44261-0|ref=harv|url=https://archive.org/details/socialdemocratic00berm_0}}
: {{cite book|last1=Berman|first1=Sheri|author-mask1={{long dash}}|year=2006|title=The Primacy of Politics: Social Democracy and the Making of Europe's Twentieth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/primacyofpolitic0000berm|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-81799-8|ref=harv}}
: {{cite conference|url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~ces/conferences/left/left_papers/berman.pdf|title=Understanding Social Democracy|last=Berman|first=Sheri|author-mask1={{long dash}}|year=2008|conference=What's Left of the Left: Liberalism and Social Democracy in a Globalized World|conference-url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~ces/conferences/left/left_papers.html|publisher=Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Harvard University|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|accessdate=29 January 2016|ref=harv|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195218/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~ces/conferences/left/left_papers/berman.pdf|dead-url=yes}}
: {{cite book|last1=Bernstein|first1=Eduard|author-link1=Eduard Bernstein|year=2004|orig-year=1993|editor1-last=Tudor|editor1-first=Henry|translator-last=Tudor|translator-first=Henry|title=The Preconditions of Socialism|series=Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought|location=Cambridge, England|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-39121-4|ref=harv}}
Baris 222 ⟶ 155:
: {{cite book|last1=Busky|first1=Donald F.|year=2000|title=Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey|location=Westport, Connecticut|publisher=Praeger Publishers|isbn=978-0-275-96886-1|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Cammack|first1=Paul|year=2004|chapter=Giddens's Way with Words|editor1-last=Hale|editor1-first=Sarah|editor2-last=Leggett|editor2-first=Will|editor3-last=Martell|editor3-first=Luke|title=The Third Way and Beyond: Criticisms, Futures and Alternatives|publisher=Manchester University Press|pages=151–166|isbn=978-0-7190-6598-9|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Ceplair|first1=Larry|year=1987|title=Under the Shadow of War: Fascism, Anti-Fascism, and Marxists, 1918–1939|url=https://archive.org/details/undershadowofwar0000cepl|location=New York|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-06532-0|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Chickering|first1=Roger|author-link1=Roger Chickering|title=Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914–1918|year=1998|url=https://archive.org/details/imperialgermany00roge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Childs|first1=David|author-link1=David Childs (academic)|year=2000|title=The Two Red Flags: European Social Democracy and Soviet Communism since 1945|url=https://archive.org/details/tworedflagseurop0000chil|location=London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-22195-5|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Clapson|first1=Mark|year=2009|title=The Routledge Companion to Britain in the Twentieth Century|series=Routledge Companions to History|location=Abingdon, Oxfordshire|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-27535-4|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last=Clarke|first=Peter|title=Liberals and Social Democrats|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1981|isbn=978-0-521-28651-0|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Corfe|first1=Robert|year=2010|title=The Future of Politics: With the Demise of the Left/Right Confrontational System|url=https://archive.org/details/futureofpolitics0000corf|location=Bury St Edmunds, England|publisher=Arena Books|isbn=978-1-906791-46-9|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Diamond|first1=Patrick|author-link1=Patrick Diamond|year=2012|chapter=From Fatalism to Fraternity: Governing Purpose and Good Society|editor1-last=Cramme|editor1-first=Olaf|editor2-last=Diamond|editor2-first=Patrick|title=After the Third Way: The Future of Social Democracy in Europe|location=London|publisher=I.B. Tauris|pages=1–27|isbn=978-1-84885-992-0|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Edinger|first1=Lewis Joachim|year=1956|title=German Exile Politics: The Social Democratic Executive Committee in the Nazi Era|url=https://archive.org/details/germanexilepolit0000unse|location=Berkeley|publisher=University of California Press|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Ellis|first1=Catherine|year=2004|chapter=Total Abstinence and a Good Filing-System? Anthony Crosland and the Affluent Society|editor1-last=Black|editor1-first=Lawrence|editor2-last=Pemberton|editor2-first=Hugh|title=An Affluent Society? Britain's Post-War 'Golden Age' Revisited|url=https://archive.org/details/affluentsocietyb0000unse|series=Modern Economic and Social History|location=Aldershot, England|publisher=Ashgate|pages=69–84[https://archive.org/details/affluentsocietyb0000unse/page/n84 69]–84|isbn=978-0-7546-3528-4|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Fitzpatrick|first1=Tony|year=2003|title=After the New Social Democracy: Social Welfare for the Twenty-First Century|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-6477-7|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Gamble|first1=Andrew|author-link1=Andrew Gamble|year=2012|chapter=Debt and Deficits: The Quest for Economic Competence|editor1-last=Cramme|editor1-first=Olaf|editor2-last=Diamond|editor2-first=Patrick|editor2-link=Patrick Diamond|title=After the Third Way: The Future of Social Democracy in Europe|location=London|publisher=I.B. Tauris|pages=45–59|isbn=978-1-84885-992-0|ref=harv}}
Baris 239 ⟶ 172:
: {{cite book|last1=Hart|first1=John M.|year=1986|chapter=Agrarian Reform|editor1-last=Raat|editor1-first=W. Dirk|editor2-last=Beezley|editor2-first=William H.|title=Twentieth-Century Mexico|location=Lincoln, Nebraska|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|pages=6–16|isbn=978-0-8032-8914-7|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last=Heywood|first=Andrew|year=2012|title=Political Ideologies: An Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/politicalideolog0000heyw_r1d6|edition=5th|location=Basingstoke, England|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-36725-8|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Hinnfors|first1=Jonas|year=2006|title=Reinterpreting Social Democracy: A History of Stability in the British Labour Party and Swedish Social Democratic Party|url=https://archive.org/details/reinterpretingso0000hinn|series=Critical Labour Movement Studies|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-7362-5|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last=Hoefer|first=Richard|year=2013|chapter=Social Welfare Policy and Politics|editor1-last=Colby|editor1-first=Ira C.|editor2-last=Dolmus|editor2-first=Catherine N.|editor3-last=Sowers|editor3-first=Karen M.|title=Connecting Social Welfare Policy to Fields of Practice|location=Hoboken, New Jersey|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-17700-6|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Hollander|first1=Samuel|author-link1=Samuel Hollander|year=2011|title=Friedrich Engels and Marxian Political Economy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-76163-5|ref=harv}}
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: {{cite book|last1=Ishay|first1=Michelle R.|year=2008|orig-year=2005|title=The History of Human Rights: From Ancient Times to the Globalization Era|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofhumanri0000isha_l5h5|location=Berkeley|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-25641-5|ref=harv}}
: {{cite encyclopedia|last=Jackson|first=Ben|year=2008|title=Social Democracy|editor1-last=Durlauf|editor1-first=Steven N.|editor1-link=Steven N. Durlauf|editor2-last=Blume|editor2-first=Lawrence E.|editor2-link=Lawrence E. Blume|encyclopedia=[[The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics]]|volume=7|edition=2nd|location=Basingstoke, England|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-333-78676-5|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Janowsky|first1=Oscar Isaiah|year=1959|title=Foundations of Israel: Emergence of a Welfare State|url=https://archive.org/details/foundationsofisr0000jano|location=Princeton, New Jersey|publisher=Van Nostrand|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Jeffreys|first1=Kevin|year=1999|title=Leading Labour: From Keir Hardie to Tony Blair|url=https://archive.org/details/leadinglabourfro0000unse|location=London|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-86064-453-5|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Johnson|first1=Elliott|last2=Walker|first2=David|last3=Gray|first3=Daniel|year=2014|title=Historical Dictionary of Marxism|series=Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements|edition=2nd|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3798-8|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|year=2001|editor-last=Jones|editor-first=R. J. Barry|title=Routledge Encyclopedia of International Political Economy|volume=3|location=London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-14532-9|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Kreisky|first1=Bruno|year=2000|editor-last1=Berg|editor-first1=Matthew Paul|editor-last2=Lewis|editor-first2=Jill|editor-last3=Rathkolb|editor-first3=Oliver|title=The Struggle for a Democratic Austria: Bruno Kreisky on Peace and Social Justice|url=https://archive.org/details/strugglefordemoc0000krei|translator-last1=Atkins|translator-first1=Helen|translator-last2=Berg|translator-first2=Matthew Paul|location=New York|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-57181-155-4|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Lafontaine|first1=Oskar|author-link1=Oskar Lafontaine|year=2009|title=Left Parties Everywhere?|series=Socialist Renewal|location=Nottingham, England|publisher=Spokesman Books|isbn=978-0-85124-764-9|ref=harv}}
: {{cite encyclopedia|year=2006|editor1-last=Lamb|editor1-first=Peter|editor2-last=Docherty|editor2-first=James C.|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Socialism|edition=2nd|series=Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements|volume=73|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-5560-1|ref=harv}}
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: {{cite book|last1=Schorske|first1=Carl E.|author-link1=Carl Emil Schorske|year=1993|origyear=1955|title=German Social Democracy, 1905–1917: The Development of the Great Schism|series=Harvard Historical Studies|volume=65|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-35125-7|ref=harv}}
: {{cite encyclopedia|last=Schweickart|first=David|author-link=David Schweickart|editor1-last=Anderson|editor1-first=Gary L.|editor2-last=Herr|editor2-first=Kathryn G.|year=2007|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice|title=Democratic Socialism|publisher=Sage Publications|volume=1|location=Thousand Oaks, California|isbn=978-1-4129-1812-1|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Sejersted|first1=Francis|author-link1=Francis Sejersted|editor-last1=Adams|editor-first1=Madeleine B.|translator-last=Daly|translator-first=Richard|year=2011|title=The Age of Social Democracy: Norway and Sweden in the Twentieth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/ageofsocialdemoc0000seje|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-14774-1|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Slomp|first1=Hans|year=2011|title=Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics|volume=1|location=Santa Barbara, California|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-39182-8|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Steger|first1=Manfred B.|author-link1=Manfred Steger|year=1997|title=The Quest for Evolutionary Socialism: Eduard Bernstein and Social Democracy|url=https://archive.org/details/questforevolutio0000steg_n7r6|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-58200-1|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Steger|first1=Manfred B.|author-link1=Manfred Steger|author-mask1={{long dash}}|year=1999|chapter=Friedrich Engels and the Origins of German Revisionism: Another Look|editor-last1=Steger|editor-first1=Manfred B.|editor-link1=Manfred Steger|editor-last2=Carver|editor-first2=Terrell|editor-link2=Terrell Carver|title=Engels After Marx|location=University Park, Pennsylvania|publisher=Pennsylvania State University|pages=181–196|isbn=978-0-271-01891-1|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Tansey|first1=Stephen D.|last2=Jackson|first2=Nigel|year=2008|title=Politics: The Basics|url=https://archive.org/details/politicsbasics0004tans|edition=4th|location=London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-42244-4|ref=harv}}
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: {{cite book|last1=Ticktin|first1=Hillel|author-link1=Hillel Ticktin|year=1998|chapter=The Problem is Market Socialism|editor1-last=Ollman|editor1-first=Bertell|editor1-link=Bertell Ollman|title=Market Socialism: The Debate Among Socialists|url=https://archive.org/details/marketsocialismd00schw|location=New York|publisher=Routledge|pages=[https://archive.org/details/marketsocialismd00schw/page/n34 55]–80|isbn=978-0-415-91966-1|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|editor1-last=Tucker|editor1-first=Spencer C.|editor1-link=Spencer C. Tucker|editor2-last=Roberts|editor2-first=Priscilla Mary|title=World War I: A Student Encyclopedia|location=Santa Barbara, California|publisher=ABC-CLIO|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Upchurch|first1=Martin|last2=Taylor|first2=Graham|last3=Mathers|first3=Andrew|year=2009|title=The Crisis of Social Democratic Trade Unionism in Western Europe: The Search for Alternatives|url=https://archive.org/details/crisisofsocialde0000upch|series=Contemporary Employment Relations|location=Farnham, England|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|isbn=978-0-7546-7053-7|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Van Oudenaren|first1=John|year=1991|title=Détente in Europe: The Soviet Union and the West since 1953|url=https://archive.org/details/dtenteineurope01vano|location=Durham, North Carolina|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-1133-1|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Ward|first1=Paul|year=1998|title=Red Flag and Union Jack: Englishness, Patriotism and the British Left, 1881–1924|series=Studies in History|location=Woodbridge, England|publisher=Boydell Press|isbn=978-0-86193-239-9|issn=0269-2244|ref=harv}}
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: {{cite book|year=2012|editor1-last=Evans|editor1-first=Bryan|editor2-last=Schmidt|editor2-first=Ingo|title=Social Democracy After the Cold War|url=https://archive.org/details/SocialDemocracyAfterTheColdWar|location=Edmonton, Alberta|publisher=Athabasca University Press|isbn=978-1-926836-87-4}}
: {{cite book|last=Kenworthy|first=Lane|author-link=Lane Kenworthy|year=2014|title=Social Democratic America|url=https://archive.org/details/socialdemocratic0000kenw|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-932251-0}}
: {{cite book|last=Lavelle|first=Ashley|year=2008|title=The Death of Social Democracy: Political Consequences in the 21st Century|url=https://archive.org/details/nlsiu.320.531.lav.33964|location=Aldershot, England|publisher=Ashgate|isbn=978-0-7546-7014-8}}
: {{cite web|last=Martell|first=Luke|year=2011|title=Conflicts in Cosmopolitanism and the Global Left|url=http://www.policy-network.net/pno_detail.aspx?ID=4089|location=London|publisher=Policy Network|accessdate=3 August 2016|archive-date=2018-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204020826/http://www.policy-network.net/pno_detail.aspx?ID=4089|dead-url=yes}}
: {{cite magazine|last=Sachs|first=Jeffrey D.|author-link=Jeffrey Sachs|year=2006|title=The Social Welfare State, beyond Ideology|url=http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&articleID=000AF3D5-6DC9-152E-A9F183414B7F0000&colID=31|magazine=[[Scientific American]]|volume=295|issue=5|page=42|location=New York|issn=0036-8733|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012141326/http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&articleID=000AF3D5-6DC9-152E-A9F183414B7F0000&colID=31|archivedate=12 October 2007|accessdate=2 August 2016}}
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