Cacar monyet: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Untuk|wabah terkini|Wabah cacar monyet 2022}}
'''Cacar monyet''' ({{Lang-en|monkeypox}}, disingkat '''Mpox''') adalah [[penyakit menular]] yang disebabkan oleh infeksi [[virus cacar monyet]] pada sejumlah hewan, termasuk manusia.<ref name="CDC2015About">{{cite web|date=11 May 2015|title=About Monkeypox|url=https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/about.html|website=CDC|language=en-us|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015202400/https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/about.html|archive-date=15 October 2017|access-date=15 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Gejalanya dimulai dengan [[demam]], sakit kepala, nyari otot, [[pembengkakan kelenjar getah bening]], dan rasa lelah. Hal ini kemudian diikuti oleh munculnya ruam yang membentuk [[lepuh]] dan krusta pada kulit. [[Masa inkubasi]] antara paparan virus hingga timbulnya gejala klinis sekitar 10 hari. Gejala-gejala tersebut akan dialami penderita selama dua pekan.<ref name=CDC2017Sym>{{cite web |title=Signs and Symptoms Monkeypox |url=https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/symptoms.html |website=CDC |access-date=15 October 2017 |language=en-us |date=11 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015202514/https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/symptoms.html |archive-date=15 October 2017 }}</ref> Virus cacar monyet termasuk dalam marga (genus) Orthopoxvirus dalam famili Poxviridae.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nurosalina|first=Bunga|date=2022-08-24|title=5 Fakta Penting Tentang Cacar Monyet Dan Vaksin Yang Disetujui FDA|url=https://www.baperanews.com/5-fakta-penting-tentang-cacar-monyet-dan-vaksin-yang-disetujui-fda|work=Bapera News|access-date=2022-08-29}}</ref>
[[File:Perbedaan Cacar Monyet, Cacar Air, dan Campak.webp|thumb|Perbedaan Cacar Monyet, [[Cacar Air]], dan [[Campak]]]]
Seseorang dapat terinfeksi virus setelah digigit atau dicakar hewan, bersentuhan dengan daging atau cairan tubuh hewan liar terinfeksi, objek terkontaminasi, atau berada dalam jarak dekat dengan orang yang terinfeksi. Virus cacar monyet umumnya bersirkulasi di antara [[hewan pengerat]].<ref name="CDC2015Trans">{{cite web|date=11 May 2015|title=Transmission Monkeypox|url=https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/transmission.html|website=CDC|language=en-us|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015202658/https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/transmission.html|archive-date=15 October 2017|access-date=15 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Diagnosis ditegakkan dengan mendeteksi DNA virus dari sampel luka.<ref name=CDC2015Out>{{cite web |title=2003 U.S. Outbreak Monkeypox|url=https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/outbreak.html |website=CDC |access-date=15 October 2017 |language=en-us |date=11 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015202731/https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/outbreak.html |archive-date=15 October 2017 }}</ref> Tanda klinis penyakit ini mirip dengan [[cacar air]].<ref name=Mc2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = McCollum AM, Damon IK | title = Human monkeypox | journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases | volume = 58 | issue = 2 | pages = 260–267 | date = January 2014 | pmid = 24158414 | doi = 10.1093/cid/cit703 | doi-access = free }}</ref>▼
[[Vaksin cacar]] (variola) dapat mencegah infeksi dengan efektivitas 85%.<ref name="CDC2015Out" /><ref>{{cite web|date=2021-07-18|title=Treatment {{!}} Monkeypox {{!}} Poxvirus {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/clinicians/treatment.html|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615121759/https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/clinicians/treatment.html|archive-date=2019-06-15|access-date=2022-05-18|url-status=live}}</ref> Pada tahun 2019, vaksin cacar monyet, Jynneos (juga dikenal sebagai Imvanex di Uni Eropa dan Imvamune di Kanada<ref name="NIAID Supply">{{cite web|date=26 September 2019|title=Smallpox Vaccine Supply & Strength|url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/smallpox-vaccine|website=[[National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases]] (NIAID)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017060706/https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/smallpox-vaccine|archive-date=17 October 2019|access-date=16 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>), telah disetujui untuk diaplikasikan pada orang dewasa di Amerika Serikat.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|date=24 September 2019|title=FDA approves first live, non-replicating vaccine to prevent smallpox and monkeypox|url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-live-non-replicating-vaccine-prevent-smallpox-and-monkeypox|website=FDA|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017055501/https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-live-non-replicating-vaccine-prevent-smallpox-and-monkeypox|archive-date=17 October 2019|access-date=27 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Terdapat 2 jenis vaksin cacar monyet yang disetujui FDA, yakni vaksin JYNNEOS dan vaksin ACAM2000.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nurosalina|first=Bunga|date=2022-08-24|title=5 Fakta Penting Tentang Cacar Monyet Dan Vaksin Yang Disetujui FDA|url=https://www.baperanews.com/5-fakta-penting-tentang-cacar-monyet-dan-vaksin-yang-disetujui-fda|work=Baperanews.com|access-date=2022-08-29}}</ref> Terapi standar yang digunakan saat ini adalah [[tecovirimat]], antivirus yang secara khusus ditujukan untuk mengobati infeksi [[Orthopoxvirus|virus orthopox]] seperti cacar dan cacar monyet. Obat ini disetujui untuk mengobati cacar monyet di Uni Eropa dan Amerika Serikat. [[Cidofovir]] atau [[brincidofovir]] mungkin juga bermanfaat untuk penyakit ini.<ref name="Mc2014" /><ref name="CDC2019Tx">{{cite web|date=28 December 2018|title=Treatment {{!}} Monkeypox {{!}} Poxvirus {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/clinicians/treatment.html|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615121759/https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/clinicians/treatment.html|archive-date=15 June 2019|access-date=11 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Risiko kematian, jika tidak diobati, dilaporkan sebesar 10% hingga 11% untuk klad Cekungan Kongo (Afrika Tengah).<ref name="CDC2017Sym" /><ref name=":1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Marriott KA, Parkinson CV, Morefield SI, Davenport R, Nichols R, Monath TP | title = Clonal vaccinia virus grown in cell culture fully protects monkeys from lethal monkeypox challenge | journal = Vaccine | volume = 26 | issue = 4 | pages = 581–588 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 18077063 | doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.10.063 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Multi-country monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic countries|url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON385|website=[[World Health Organization]]|access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref>▼
▲Seseorang dapat terinfeksi virus setelah digigit atau dicakar hewan, bersentuhan dengan daging atau cairan tubuh hewan liar terinfeksi, objek terkontaminasi, atau berada dalam jarak dekat dengan orang yang terinfeksi. Virus cacar monyet umumnya bersirkulasi di antara hewan pengerat.<ref name="CDC2015Trans">{{cite web|date=11 May 2015|title=Transmission Monkeypox|url=https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/transmission.html|website=CDC|language=en-us|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015202658/https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/transmission.html|archive-date=15 October 2017|access-date=15 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Diagnosis ditegakkan dengan mendeteksi DNA virus dari sampel luka.<ref name=CDC2015Out>{{cite web |title=2003 U.S. Outbreak Monkeypox|url=https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/outbreak.html |website=CDC |access-date=15 October 2017 |language=en-us |date=11 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015202731/https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/outbreak.html |archive-date=15 October 2017 }}</ref> Tanda klinis penyakit ini mirip dengan [[cacar air]].<ref name=Mc2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = McCollum AM, Damon IK | title = Human monkeypox | journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases | volume = 58 | issue = 2 | pages = 260–267 | date = January 2014 | pmid = 24158414 | doi = 10.1093/cid/cit703 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
▲[[Vaksin cacar]] (variola) dapat mencegah infeksi dengan efektivitas 85%.<ref name="CDC2015Out" /><ref>{{cite web|date=2021-07-18|title=Treatment {{!}} Monkeypox {{!}} Poxvirus {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/clinicians/treatment.html|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615121759/https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/clinicians/treatment.html|archive-date=2019-06-15|access-date=2022-05-18|url-status=live}}</ref> Pada tahun 2019, vaksin cacar monyet, Jynneos (juga dikenal sebagai Imvanex di Uni Eropa dan Imvamune di Kanada<ref name="NIAID Supply">{{cite web|date=26 September 2019|title=Smallpox Vaccine Supply & Strength|url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/smallpox-vaccine|website=[[National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases]] (NIAID)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017060706/https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/smallpox-vaccine|archive-date=17 October 2019|access-date=16 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>), telah disetujui untuk diaplikasikan pada orang dewasa di Amerika Serikat.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|date=24 September 2019|title=FDA approves first live, non-replicating vaccine to prevent smallpox and monkeypox|url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-live-non-replicating-vaccine-prevent-smallpox-and-monkeypox|website=FDA|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017055501/https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-live-non-replicating-vaccine-prevent-smallpox-and-monkeypox|archive-date=17 October 2019|access-date=27 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Terapi standar yang digunakan saat ini adalah [[tecovirimat]], antivirus yang secara khusus ditujukan untuk mengobati infeksi [[Orthopoxvirus|virus orthopox]] seperti cacar dan cacar monyet. Obat ini disetujui untuk mengobati cacar monyet di Uni Eropa dan Amerika Serikat. [[Cidofovir]] atau [[brincidofovir]] mungkin juga bermanfaat untuk penyakit ini.<ref name="Mc2014" /><ref name="CDC2019Tx">{{cite web|date=28 December 2018|title=Treatment {{!}} Monkeypox {{!}} Poxvirus {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/clinicians/treatment.html|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615121759/https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/clinicians/treatment.html|archive-date=15 June 2019|access-date=11 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Risiko kematian, jika tidak diobati, dilaporkan sebesar 10% hingga 11% untuk klad Cekungan Kongo (Afrika Tengah).<ref name="CDC2017Sym" /><ref name=":1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Marriott KA, Parkinson CV, Morefield SI, Davenport R, Nichols R, Monath TP | title = Clonal vaccinia virus grown in cell culture fully protects monkeys from lethal monkeypox challenge | journal = Vaccine | volume = 26 | issue = 4 | pages = 581–588 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 18077063 | doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.10.063 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Multi-country monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic countries|url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON385|website=[[World Health Organization]]|access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref>
Cacar monyet pertama kali diidentifikasi pada tahun 1958 di antara monyet laboratorium di [[Kopenhagen]], Denmark.<ref name="CDC2015Main">{{cite web|date=11 May 2015|title=Monkeypox|url=https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/index.html|website=CDC|language=en-us|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015113128/https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/index.html|archive-date=15 October 2017|access-date=15 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Walaupun demikian, monyet bukanlah reservoir alami virus tersebut.<ref name=WHONR>https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/monkeypox</ref> Kasus pertama pada manusia ditemukan pada tahun 1970 di [[Republik Demokratik Kongo]].<ref name="CDC2015Main" /> Wabah cacar monyet yang terjadi di Amerika Serikat pada tahun 2003 diduga berasal dari toko hewan peliharaan, tempat penjualan hewan pengerat yang diimpor dari Ghana.<ref name="CDC2015Out" /> Wabah cacar monyet tahun 2022 merupakan insiden pertama penularan masyarakat secara luas di luar Afrika, yang dimulai di Inggris pada Mei 2022, dengan kasus-kasus berikutnya dikonfirmasi di Eropa, Amerika Utara, Australia dan Israel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Monkeypox cases investigated in Europe, the United States, Canada and Australia|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-61506562|website=[[BBC News]]|access-date=20 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="1stisrael">{{Cite news|last=Efrati|first=Ido|title=Israel Confirms First Case of Monkeypox Virus|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/israel-discovers-first-case-of-monkeypox-virus-1.10812439|work=Haaretz|language=en|access-date=21 May 2022}}</ref>
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Kasus cacar monyet pertama kali ditemukan pada tahun 1970, yaitu di Republik Demokratik Kongo.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ladnyj ID, Ziegler P, Kima E | title = A human infection caused by monkeypox virus in Basankusu Territory, Democratic Republic of the Congo | journal = Bulletin of the World Health Organization | volume = 46 | issue = 5 | pages = 593–7 | pmid = 4340218 | pmc = 2480792 | year = 1972 }}</ref> Lalu, pada tahun 1996 hingga 1997 wabah kedua penyakit ini terjadi lagi di Republik Demokratik Kongo.
Kasus cacar monyet pertama di luar benua Afrika ditemukan pada tahun 2003 di [[Amerika Serikat]]. Sebagian besar pasien ini diduga telah melakukan dengan anjing [[padang rumput]] peliharaan yang terinfeksi. Anjing ini teinfeksi oleh tikus Afrika yang diimpor ke Amerika Serikat.<ref>{{cite web |title=What You Should Know About Monkeypox |work=Fact Sheet |publisher=[[Centers for disease control and prevention]] |date=2003-06-12 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/monkeypox/pdf/factsheet2.pdf |access-date=2008-03-21 |deadurl=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625212950/http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/monkeypox/pdf/factsheet2.pdf |archive-date=2008-06-25 |df= }}</ref>
Pada 8 Mei 2019, seorang lelaki berusia 38 tahun yang baru saja kembali dari Nigeria, dirawat di bangsal isolasi [[National Centre for Infectious Diseases]] Singapura. Setelah dikonfirmasi sebagai kasus cacar monyet pertama di negara itu, alhasilnya, 22 orang terdekatnya telah dikarantina.<ref name="CIDRAPMay2019">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2019/05/news-scan-may-09-2019|title=News Scan for May 09, 2019, Singapore sees first monkeypox case — in Nigerian national|last=|first=|date=|website=CIDRAP|publisher=[[Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy]], [[University of Minnesota]]|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=10 May 2019}}</ref>
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