Bahasa Ibrani Alkitab: Perbedaan antara revisi

| name = Bahasa Ibrani AlkitabiahAlkitab

| altname = =Bahasa Ibrani Klasik

|nativename nativename = <span dir="rtl"> {{lang|he|שְֹפַת כְּנַעַן}}, {{lang|he|יְהוּדִית}}, {{lang|he|(לָשׁוֹן) עִבְרִית}}, {{lang|he|לְשׁוֹן הַקֹּדֶשׁ}}</span>

|lc1 lc2 = hbosmp

|ld1 ld2 = Ancient Hebrew (bahasa[[Bahasa Ibrani Purba)Samaria]]

{{Contains Hebrewspecial textcharacters|Hebrew}}

'''[[Bahasa]] Ibrani AlkitabiahAlkitab''' ([[bahasabentuk Ibrani]]jamak: Bahasa Ibrani Alkitabiah; {{Hebrewlang|he|עִבְרִית מִקְרָאִית|rtl=yes}}, {{Audio|ivritmiqrait.ogg|(''Ivrit Miqra'it'')}} atau {{Hebrewlang|he|לְשׁוֹן הַמִּקְרָא|rtl=yes}}, {{Audio|leshonhamiqra.ogg|(''Leshon ha-Miqra''; {{lang-en|Biblical Hebrew)}}), ''Ancientatau Hebrew'',yang ''Classicaljuga Hebrew''),dikenal juga disebutsebagai '''Bahasa Ibrani Klasik''', adalah sebuah bentuk [[wikt:archaic|kuno]] (arkaik)dari [[bahasa Ibrani]], sebuah bahasa dalam rumpun {{PRBahasa|Kanaan}} yang tergolongmerupakan kecabang dalamdari [[rumpun bahasa {{PRBahasa|Semit]]}} [[Canaanitedan languages|Kanaan]] yang dipakaidituturkan oleh [[banibangsa Israel]] dipada wilayah yang disebutdikenal sebagai [[tanahTanah Israel]], yang terutama terletakkira-kira di sisisebelah barat dari [[Sungaisungai YordanYordania]] dan sisidi sebelah timur [[Laut TengahMediterania]]. Istilah "''ivrit'' (Ibrani") taktidak dipakaidigunakan sebagai untuk namamenamai bahasa dalam [[Alkitab]],<ref name=Barton>{{cite book

| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LtD4Xomh4XgC&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false

| quote = Interestingly, the term 'Hebrew' (ibrit) is not used of the language in the biblical text ({{lang-id|Menariknya, istilah 'Ibrani' (ibrit) tidak digunakan untuk bahasa tersebut dalam teks Alkitab}}

}}

{{Hiero | ˁ[[Apiru|Apiru]] (ʕprw)<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Budge|1920|p=119}}</ref> | <hiero>a:p:r-G43-A1</hiero> | align=rightleft | era=default }}

Kerajaan Israel direbut oleh orang Asyur pada tahun 722&nbsp;SM.<ref name="sthist" /> Kerajaan Yehuda ditaklukkan oleh orang Babel pada tahun 586&nbsp;SM, kalangan bangsawan [[Pembuangan ke Babel|dibuang ke Babel]] dan [[Bait Salomo]] dihancurkan.<ref name="sthist" /><ref name="s112" /> Kemudian orang Persia menjadikan Yehuda (Yudea) sebuah provinsi dan mengizinkan orang buangan Yahudi pulang dan membangun Bait Suci kembali.<ref name="sthist" /> Menurut ''[[Gemara]]'', bahasa Ibrani pada periode ini mirip dengan [[Imperial Aramaic|bahasa Aram Kerajaan]];<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=t2bJ1UqfNXAC&lpg=PA115 History of the Jewish People: From Yavneh to Pumbedisa, Meir. Holder, p115]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Qe7WXki-ZQsC&lpg=PA79 One-minute History Lessons: Six Millennia of Great Jewish Leaders, Moshe Goldberger, p79]</ref><ref>[http://m.chabad.org/m/article_cdo/aid/1051040 Aramaic: the Yiddish of the Middle East]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> dalam [[Pesachim (Talmud)|Pesahim]], Tractate 87b, [[Hanina bar Hama|Hanina bar Hama]] mengatakan bahwa Allah mengirimkan orang-orang buangan Yahudi ke Babel karena "bahasa [Babilonia] itu seperti ''Leshon Hakodesh''".

Sumber utama materi bahasa Ibrani Alkitabiah adalah Alkitab Ibrani.<ref name="wo8-9"/><ref name="b10" /> Materi [[epigrafi]] dari wilayah Israel ditulis dalam suatu bentuk bahasa Ibrani yang disebut ''Inscriptional Hebrew'', meskipun buktinya tidak banyak.<ref name="b10">{{Harvcoltxt|Blau|2010|p=10}}</ref><ref name="wo8a">{{Harvcoltxt|Waltke|O'Connor|1990|pp=8}}: "Materi linguistik di luar Alkitab (''extrabiblical'') dari Zaman Besi terutama adalah epigrafis, yakni teks-teks yang tertulis pada bahan keras (tembikar, batu, tembok, dll.). Teks epigrafis dari wilayah Israel ditulis dalam bahasa Ibrani dalam suatu bentuk bahasa yang dapat disebut ''Inscriptional Hebrew''; "dialek" ini tidak jauh berbeda dengan bahasa Ibrani yang terlestarikan dalam teks Masoret. Sayangnya, bukti-buktinya hanya sedikit."</ref> Menurut Waltke & O'Connor, Inscriptional Hebrew "tidak jauh berbeda dari bahasa Ibrani yang terlestarikan dalam teks Masoret."<ref name="wo8a"/> Iklim lembap Israel menyebabkan cepatnya kerusakan dokumen papirus dan perkamen, berlawanan dengan lingkungan kering di Mesir, sehingga pelestarian Alkitab Ibrani lebih dikarenakan tekad para jurutulis dalam membuat salinan-salinan.<ref name="wo16">{{Harvcoltxt|Waltke|O'Connor|1990|p=16}}</ref> Tidak ditemukan naskah Alkitab Ibrani sebelum tahun 400&nbsp;SM, meskipun dua gulungan perak (gulungan [[Ketef Hinnom]]) dari abad ke-7 atau ke-6&nbsp;SM yang memuat suatu versi [[Berkat Imamat]].<ref name="wo16" /><ref name="yheb" /><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Tov|1992|p=118}}</ref> Huruf hidup dan tanda-tanda [[kantilasi]] ditambahkan pada lapisan konsonantal yang lebih tua pada Alkitab antara tahun 600&nbsp;M dan awal abad ke-10.<ref name="b7" /><ref group="nb">Ini diketahui karena redaksi akhir [[Talmud]], yang tidak menyebutkan tambahan-tambahan ini, adalah sekitar tahun 600 M, sedangkan naskah dengan vokalisasi bertarikh mulai awal abad ke-10. Lihat {{Harvcoltxt|Blau|2010|p=7}}</ref> Para cendekiawan yang melestarikan pelafalan Alkitab dikenal sebagai [[kaum Masoret]]. Sistem yang dikembangkan dan terlestarikan terbaik serta satu-satunya yang masih digunakan dalam keagamaan adalah vokalisasi Tiberias, tetapi baik vokalisasi Babilonia dan Palestina juga ada bukti keberadaannya.<ref name="b7"/> Sistem Palestinian terlestarikan terutama dalam [[piyyut|piyyutim]]im, yang memuat kutipan-kutipan Alkitab.<ref name="b7"/>

Sebagai suatu bahasa Semit Barat Laut, bahasa Ibrani menunjukkan pergeseran {{IPA|*/w/}} inisial menjadi {{IPA|/j/}}, suatu sistem kata ganti orang independen yang mirip dengan bahasa-bahasa Semit Barat Laut lainnya (dengan kata ganti orang ketiga tidak pernah memuat {{IPA|/ʃ/}}), bentuk-bentuk purba/arkaik, seperti {{IPA|/naħnu/}} "kita" atau "kami", akhiran untuk kata ganti orang pertama tunggal -i atau -ya, dan {{IPA|/n/}} umumnya mendahului akhiran-akhiran kata ganti orang (''pronominal suffixes'').<ref name="sclas" /> Akhiran-akhiran semacam itu dijumpai dalam bahasa-bahasa Semit Barat Laut pada milennium kedua&nbsp;SM, tetapi kemudian menghilang hampir seluruhnya.<ref name="sclas" /> ''[[Mimation|]]''Mimation'']] tidak dijumpai dalam kata-kata benda tunggal/singular, tetapi sering dipertahankan dalam bentuk jamak/plural, sebagaimana dalam bahasa Ibrani.<ref name="sclas"/>

Abjad Fenisia tidak lagi memakai lima huruf menjelang abad ke-12&nbsp;SM, menyisakan dua puluh dua fonem konsonantal bahasa itu.<ref name="s17">{{Harvcoltxt|Sáenz-Badillos|1993|pp=16–18}}</ref> Akibatnya, 22 huruf abjad Ibrani Kuno berjumlah lebih sedikit daripada fonem konsonan Ibrani Alkitabiah; khususnya, huruf-huruf {{angle bracket|{{rtl-lang|he|ח, ע, ש}}}} masing-masing dapat menandai dua fonem berbeda.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Blau|2010|pp=74–75,77}}</ref> Setelah suatu pergeseran bunyi, huruf-huruf {{lang|hbo|ח|rtl=yes}}, {{lang|hbo|ע|rtl=yes}} hanya dapat menandai satu fonem, tetapi (kecuali dalam Ibrani Samaria) {{lang|hbo|ש|rtl=yes}} masih menandai dua fonem. Sistem vokalisasi Babilonia kuno menulis suatu superskrip {{lang|hbo|ס|rtl=yes}} di atas {{lang|hbo|ש|rtl=yes}} untuk mengindikasikan nilai {{IPA|/s/}}, sedangkan kaum Masoret menambahkan [[shin dot|shin dot]] untuk membedakan antara dua variasi huruf itu.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Sperber|1959|p=81}}</ref><ref name="b77"/>

Sifat fonetik sejumlah huruf mati Ibrani Alkitabiah masih diperdebatkan. Apa yang dinamakan "emfatika" ("''emphatics") kemungkinan adalah [[ejective|ejektif]], tetapi bisa jadi ''[[pharyngealized|]]''pharyngealized'']] atau ''velarized''.<ref name="b68">{{Harvcoltxt|Blau|2010|p=68}}</ref><ref name="r73" /> Ada yang berpendapat bahwa {{IPA|/s, z, sʼ/}} adalah ''affricated'' ({{IPA|/ts, dz, tsʼ/}}).<ref name="b68" />

*Later, short vowels lengthened in stressed open syllables.<ref name="Janssens 1982 56-57">{{Harvcoltxt|Janssens|1982|pp=56–57}}</ref> <ref group="nb">Parallels to Aramaic syllable structure suggest pretonic lengthening may have occurred in the Second Temple period. See {{Harvcoltxt|Blau|2010|pp=128–129}}</ref>

Various more specific conditioned shifts of vowel quality have also occurred. Diphthongs were frequently monopthongized, but the scope and results of this shift varied among dialects. In particular, the Samaria ostraca show {{IPA|/jeːn/}} < {{IPA|*/jajn/}} < {{IPA|*/wajn/}}<ref group="nb">For {{IPA|/w-/}} > {{IPA|/j-/}}, see above. The Semitic form {{IPA|*/wajn-/}} was borrowed into [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] as {{IPA|*/wojn-om/}}, eventually yielding Latin ''vīnum'' and English ''wine''.</ref> for Southern {{IPA|/jajin/}} ('wine'), and Samaritan Hebrew shows instead the shift {{IPA|*/aj/}} > {{IPA|/iː/}}.<ref name="sclas" /><ref name="ssam" /> Original {{IPA|*/u/}} tended to shift to {{IPA|/i/}} (e.g. {{lang|hbo|אֹמֶר|rtl=yes}} and {{lang|hbo|אִמְרָה|rtl=yes}} 'word'; {{lang|hbo|חוץ|rtl=yes}} 'outside' and {{lang|hbo|חיצון|rtl=yes}} 'outer') beginning in the second half of the second millennium&nbsp;BC.<ref name="sdis">{{Harvcoltxt|Sáenz-Badillos|1993|pp=138–139}}</ref> This was carried through completely in Samaritan Hebrew but met more resistance in other traditions such as the Babylonian and Qumran traditions.<ref name="sdis" /> [[Philippi's law]] is the process by which original {{IPA|*/i/}} in closed stressed syllables shifts to {{IPA|/a/}} (e.g. {{IPA|/*bint/}} > {{lang|hbo|בַּת|rtl=yes}} {{IPA|/bat/}} 'daughter'), or sometimes in the Tiberian tradition {{IPA|/ɛ/}} (e.g. {{IPA|/*ʔamint/}} > {{lang|hbo|אֱמֶת|rtl=yes}} {{IPA|/ɛ̆mɛt/}} 'truth').<ref name="bphil">{{harvcoltxt|Blau|2010|pp=133–136}}</ref><ref group="nb">Note that this {{IPA|/a/}} does not become {{IPA|/ɔ/}} in pause, thus {{lang|hbo|בת|rtl=yes}} has a patah vowel in pause as well as in context. {{cite book|title=Eblaitica: essays on the Ebla archives and Eblaite language, Volume 1|url=https://archive.org/details/eblaiticaessayso0004unse|year=1987|publisher=Eisenbrauns|isbn=978-0-931464-34-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/eblaiticaessayso0004unse/page/20 20]}}</ref> This is absent in the transcriptions of the Secunda,<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Janssens|1982|p=66}}</ref> but there is evidence that the law's onset predates the Secunda. In the Samaritan tradition Philippi's law is applied consistently, e.g. {{IPA|*/libː-u/}} > {{IPA|/lab/}} ('heart').<ref name="bhp">{{Harvcoltxt|Ben-Ḥayyim|2000|p=79}}</ref><ref group="nb">The only known case where Philippi's Law does not apply is in the word {{lang|hbo|קן|rtl=yes}} {{IPA|/qen/}} < {{IPA|*/qinn-u/}} ('nest'). The shift {{IPA|*/i/}} > {{IPA|/a/}} has been extended by analogy to similar forms, e.g. {{IPA|*/ʃim-u/}} > {{IPA|/ʃam/}} ('name'; but {{IPA|*/ʃim-u/}} > {{IPA|/ʃem/}} 'reputation'!). {{Harvcoltxt|Ben-Ḥayyim|2000|pp=76,79}}</ref> In some traditions the short vowel {{IPA|/*a/}} tended to shift to {{IPA|/i/}} in unstressed closed syllables: this is known as the [[law of attenuation]]. It is common in the Tiberian tradition, e.g. {{IPA|*/ʃabʕat/}} > Tiberian {{lang|hbo|שִבְעָה|rtl=yes}} {{IPA|/ʃivˈʕɔ/}} ('seven'), but exceptions are frequent.<ref name="b132">{{Harvcoltxt|Blau|2010|p=132}}</ref> It is less common in the Babylonian vocalization, e.g. {{IPA|/ʃabʕɔ/}} ('seven'), and differences in Greek and Latin transcriptions demonstrate that it began quite late.<ref name="b132" /> Attenuation generally did not occur before {{IPA|/i⁓e/}}, e.g. Tiberian {{lang|hbo|מַפְתֵּחַ|rtl=yes}} {{IPA|/mafˈteaħ/}} ('key') versus {{lang|hbo|מִפְתַּח|rtl=yes}} {{IPA|/mifˈtaħ/}} ('opening [construct]'), and often was blocked before a geminate, e.g. {{lang|hbo|מתנה|rtl=yes}} ('gift').<ref name="b132" /> Attenuation is rarely present in Samaritan Hebrew, e.g. {{lang|hbo|מקדש|rtl=yes}} {{IPA|/maqdaʃ/}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ben-Ḥayyim|2000|p=81}}</ref><ref group="nb">Verbal forms such as {{lang|hbo|יפקד|rtl=yes}} = Samaritan {{IPA|/jifqɒd/}} < {{IPA|*/jafqud/}} may be examples of Barth's law rather than attenuation.</ref> In the Tiberian tradition {{IPA|/e i o u/}} take offglide {{IPA|/a/}} before {{IPA|/h ħ ʕ/}}.<ref name="b83">{{Harvcoltxt|Blau|2010|p=83}}</ref><ref group="nb">This is known as ''pataḥ furtivum'', literally 'stolen pataḥ' and perhaps a mistranslation of Hebrew {{lang|hbo|פתח גנובה|rtl=yes}} ('pataḥ of the stolen [letter]'), as if {{lang|hbo|אֵ|rtl=yes}} were being inserted. See {{Harvcoltxt|Blau|2010|p=83}}</ref> This is absent in the Secunda and in Samaritan Hebrew but present in the transcriptions of Jerome.<ref name="ssam">{{Harvcoltxt|Sáenz-Badillos|1993|p=156}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Janssens|1982|pp=43,133}}</ref> In the Tiberian tradition an ultrashort [[echo vowel]] is sometimes added to clusters where the first element is a guttural, e.g. {{lang|hbo|יַאֲזִין|rtl=yes}} {{IPA|/jaʔăzin/}} ('he will listen') {{lang|hbo|פָּעֳלוֹ|rtl=yes}} {{IPA|/pɔʕɔ̆lo/}} ('his work') but {{lang|hbo|יַאְדִּיר|rtl=yes}} {{IPA|/jaʔdir/}} ('he will make glorious') {{lang|hbo|רָחְבּוֹ|rtl=yes}} {{IPA|/ʀɔħbo/}} 'its breadth'.<ref name="b84-85" /><ref group="nb">It is evident that this epenthesis must have been a late phenomenon, since a short vowel preceding a guttural is preserved even though it becomes in an open syllable, see {{Harvcoltxt|Blau|2010|p=85}}.</ref><ref group="nb">This is less common when the consonant following the guttural is a [[begadkefat]] letter, e.g. {{lang|hbo|תֵּחְבֹּל|rtl=yes}} {{IPA|/taħbol/}} ('you take in pledge'). This suggests that begadkefat spirantization was no longer automatic by the time that this epenthesis occurred, see {{Harvcoltxt|Blau|2010|p=79}}</ref><!--loss of final short vowels – differences bw/ nouns and verbs--><!-- {{IPA|/i/}} > {{IPA|/a/}} / gutterals -->

* {{cite journal| last = Rainey| first = Anson| title = Shasu or Habiru. Who Were the Early Israelites?| journal = Biblical Archeology Review| volume = 34| issue = 6 (Nov/Dec)| publisher = Biblical Archaeology Society| year = 2008| url = http://www.bib-arch.org/bar/article.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=34&Issue=6&ArticleID=9| ref = harv| access-date = 2018-11-08| archive-date = 2012-05-31| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120531102030/http://www.bib-arch.org/bar/article.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=34&Issue=6&ArticleID=9| dead-url = yes}}

* {{cite book|last1=Waltke|first1=Bruce K.|last2 = O'Connor|first2=M.|title = An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontobi0000walt|year=1990|publisher=Eisenbrauns|location=Winona Lake, Indiana|isbn=0-931464-31-5|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|last=Yahalom|first=Joseph|title = Palestinian Vocalised Piyyut Manuscripts in the Cambridge Genizah Collections|url=https://archive.org/details/palestinianvocal0000camb|year=1997|publisher=Cambridge University|isbn=0-521-58399-3|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|last = Yardeni|first = Ada|title = The Book of Hebrew Script|url = https://archive.org/details/bookofhebrewscri0000yard|year = 1997|publisher = Carta|location= Jerusalem|isbn=965-220-369-6|ref=harv}}

** [http://www.biblescripture.net/Hebrew.html The Alphabet of Biblical Hebrew] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015041252/http://biblescripture.net/Hebrew.html |date=2007-10-15 }}