Laskar: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''[https://indomanly.com/ Laskar]''' adalah [[pelaut|kelasi]] atau [[milisi]] dari [[Asia Selatan]], [[Asia Tenggara]], [[dunia Arab]], dan negeri-negeri lain di sebelah timur [[Tanjung Harapan]], yang dipekerjakan di atas kapal-kapal [[Eropa]] sejak abad ke-16 sampai pertengahan abad ke-20.

Istilah [https://indomanly.com/ laskar138]laskar (dilafalkan pula sebagai ''lasykar'' dan ''alaskar'') berasal dari kata ''al-askar'', kata Arab untuk pengawal atau prajurit. Kata ini diserap dan diadaptasi oleh [[bahasa Portugis|Portugis]] menjadi istilah ''lascarim'', yang berarti milisi atau pelaut Asia, khususnya yang berasal dari negeri-negeri di sebelah timur Tanjung Harapan. Definisi istilah Portugis ini mencakup semua awak kapal yang berkebangsaan India, Melayu, Tionghoa, dan Jepang. [[Bangsa Inggris|Orang-orang Inggris]] yang bekerja pada [[Perusahaan Hindia Timur Britania|Kompeni Inggris]] mula-mula menyebut para laskar India dengan sebutan ''Portugis Hitam'' atau ''Topaze'', tetapi kelak mengadopsi istilah Portugis dan menyebut mereka sebagai ''laskar''.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Bengali-speaking community in the Port of London - Port communities - Port Cities|url = http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConNarrative.126/chapterId/2599/Bengalispeaking-community-in-the-Port-of-London.html|website = www.portcities.org.uk|access-date = 2016-02-20}}</ref> Para laskar bekerja di atas kapal-kapal Inggris berdasarkan ''"lascar agreement"'' (surat perjanjian kerja laskar). Surat perjanjian kerja ini jauh lebih menguntungkan pihak pemilik kapal jika dibandingkan dengan surat-surat perjanjian kerja biasa. Para laskar dapat saja dipindahkan dari satu kapal ke kapal lain, dan terikat masa kerja sampai dengan tiga tahun untuk sekali kontrak. Sebutan ''laskar'' juga digunakan untuk menyebut para pelayan India, yang biasanya dipekerjakan oleh perwira-perwira militer Inggris.<ref>{{citation|first=Romesh C|last=Butalia|title=The evolution of the Artillery in India|year=1999|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=81-7023-872-2|page=239}}</ref>

Sewaktu mengadopsi istilah [https://indomanly.com/ laskar138]laskar, orang-orang Inggris mula-mula menggunakannya sebagai sebutan untuk semua awak kapal dari Asia, tetapi selepas 1661 dan penyerahan [[Mumbai|Bombay]] oleh Portugis kepada Inggris, istilah ini lebih sering digunakan sebagai sebutan untuk awak kapal dari Asia Selatan atau Asia Tenggara. Istilah lain adalah "Topaze" yang digunakan sebagai sebutan untuk milisi Angkatan Laut [[Indo-Portugis]] khususnya yang berasal dari Bombay, [[Thane|Thana]], dan dari bekas-bekas wilayah kekuasaan Portugis seperti [[Daman dan Diu|Diu]], [[Dammam|Damman]], [[Kochi]], dan [[Sungai Hooghly|Sungai Hugli]]. Istilah [[Sepoy]] digunakan sebagai sebutan untuk para milisi dari Asia Selatan dalam dinas ketentaraan Inggris.

Pada penghujung abad ke-18 dan permulaan abad ke-19, para [https://indomanly.com/ laskar138]laskar bekerja di atas kapal-kapal yang berlayar sampai ke tepi Samudra Pasifik sepanjang pesisir barat laut Amerika Utara. Sebagian besar kapal-kapal itu berlayar dari Makau, tetapi beberapa di antaranya berlayar dari India. Ketika kapal ''[[Gustavus III]]'' mencapai [[Clayoquot Sound]] di pesisir [[Pulau Vancouver]], di antara awak kapalnya terdapat tiga orang Tionghoa, satu orang Goa, dan satu orang Filipina.<ref name="Snow1986">{{cite book|editor= Snow, Captain Elliot |title=Adventures at Sea in the Great Age of Sail: Five Firsthand Narratives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHNZzqi4dp0C&pg=PA294|year=1925|publisher=Dover|location=New York|isbn=978-0-486-25177-6|page=294}}</ref>

Para [https://indomanly.com/ laskar138]laskar juga ikut serta dalam pelayaran-pelayaran Inggris yang pertama ke pesisir Amerika Utara. Para pelaut ini berada di antara awak kapal dari berbagai bangsa yang tiba dari Asia dalam rangka mencari kulit binatang. Satu dari antara kapal-kapal Inggris ini adalah ''Nootka'' yang pada 1786 menyinggahi pelabuhan Rusia di [[Unalaska]] dan kemudian berlayar ke [[Prince William Sound]] di Alaska. Ada sepuluh laskar Asia Selatan dan satu laskar Tionghoa di atas kapal ini. Tiga orang laskar meninggal dunia di Prince William Sound, [[Alaska]]. ''Nootka'' berlayar kembali ke Asia melalui Hawaii, dan para laskar pun tercatat sebagai orang-orang Asia Selatan pertama yang berlayar ke Alaska dan Hawaii.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Portlock, W. H.; Cook, James; Anderson, G. W.; Bligh, William; de Warville, P. Brissot|title=A new, complete and universal collection of authentic and entertaining voyages and travels to all the various parts of the world ...|date=1794|publisher=Alex. Hogg|location=London|page=122|url=http://www.worldcat.org/title/new-complete-and-universal-collection-of-authentic-and-entertaining-voyages-and-travels-to-all-the-various-parts-of-the-world-containing-among-other-voyages-and-travels-undertaken-for-discovery-conquest-settlement-or-the-opening-of-trade-complete-narratives-of-the-following-most-important-journals-viz-new-historical-journals-of-the-voyages-of-captains-phillip-king-ball-white-and-hunter-in-the-ships-sirius-supply-tender-juliana-transport-c-to-botany-bay-port-jackson-sydney-cove-new-south-wales-norfolk-island-c-in-the-southern-ocean-giving-a-circumstantial-useful-and-entertaining-account-of-the-present-transactions-at-those-parts-of-the-world-where-colonies-and-settlements-have-been-formed-by-the-english-government-for-the-punishment-of-convicts-condemned-to-transportation-captain-wilsons-valuable-voyage-from-macoa-to-the-pelew-islands-in-the-western-part-of-the-pacific-ocean-where-they-were-shipwrecked-in-the-antelope-a-packet-belonging-to-the-east-india-company-portlock-and-dixons-voyages-to-the-north-west-coast-of-america-and-round-the-world-in-the-king-george-and-queen-charlotte-the-result-of-which-are-new-discoveries-of-the-utmost-importance-to-the-english-nation-and-the-world-at-large-captains-mears-tipping-and-douglass-voyages-in-the-ships-nootka-sea-otter-felice-and-iphigenia-from-bengal-and-to-china-to-the-north-west-coast-of-america-for-the-further-improvement-of-navigation-and-to-extend-the-commerce-of-the-british-empire-brisson-and-saugniers-voyages-to-the-coast-of-africa-containing-an-interesting-account-of-their-shipwreck-on-board-various-vessels-and-of-their-slavery-with-an-account-of-the-manners-and-customs-of-the-arabs-of-the-desert-and-of-the-slave-trade-as-carried-on-at-senegal-and-galam-translated-from-the-french-rochons-voyage-to-madagascar-and-the-east-indies-including-among-a-great-fund-of-general-information-authentic-memoirs-of-the-chinese-trade-and-merchandize-translated-from-the-abbe-rochon-member-of-the-academy-of-sciences-of-paris-and-petersburgh-astronomer-of-the-marine-keeper-of-the-philosophical-cabinet-c-c-the-interesting-journal-of-lieutenant-blighs-voyage-in-his-majestys-ship-bounty-for-the-purpose-of-conveying-the-bread-fruit-tree-from-the-south-sea-islands-to-the-west-indies-including-a-narrative-of-the-mutiny-on-board-the-bounty-and-the-narrative-of-lieutenant-blighs-subsequent-voyage-with-part-of-the-crew-in-the-ships-boat-from-tofoa-one-of-the-friendly-islands-to-timor-a-dutch-settlement-in-the-east-indies-hamiltons-voyage-round-the-world-in-the-pandora-frigate-in-pursuit-of-the-mutineers-who-practically-carried-off-the-bounty-captain-cooks-voyages-complete-in-his-majestys-ships-the-endeavour-resolution-adventure-and-discovery-to-the-south-seas-and-round-the-world-for-making-new-nautical-philosophical-geographical-and-historical-discoveries-in-the-various-islands-of-the-southern-hemisphere-and-the-great-pacific-ocean-for-discovering-the-supposed-southern-continent-c-to-ascertain-the-practicability-of-a-north-west-passage-from-europe-to-the-east-indies-between-the-continents-of-asia-and-america-and-to-determine-their-position-extent-distance-c-c-c-sir-francis-drakes-celebrated-voyages-round-the-world-performed-by-himself-and-assistants-in-the-ships-pelican-elizabeth-marygold-swan-and-chistopher-the-celebrated-lord-ansons-voyage-round-the-world-in-his-majestys-ship-the-centurion-having-assistants-under-his-command-in-the-ships-gloucester-pearl-severn-wager-trial-and-store-ships-lord-byrons-remarkable-voyage-round-the-world-in-his-majestys-ship-the-dolphin-accompanied-by-capt-mouat-in-the-tamar-sloop-principally-for-making-discoveries-between-the-cape-of-good-hope-and-the-straits-of-magellan-including-among-a-great-fund-of-useful-knowledge-a-particular-account-of-that-gigantic-part-of-the-human-race-the-patagonians-captain-walliss-valuable-voyages-to-the-south-seas-in-the-swallow-prince-frederick-c-for-making-discoveries-the-voyage-of-philip-carteret-esq-round-the-world-in-his-majestys-ship-the-swallow-in-which-is-included-an-account-of-his-perilous-situation-on-the-western-extremity-of-the-magellanic-straits-who-notwithstanding-the-bad-sailing-and-shattered-condition-of-the-swallow-continued-his-voyage-after-separating-from-capt-wallis-and-accomplished-the-complete-circumnavigation-of-the-globe-lord-musgraves-voyage-towards-the-north-pole-in-his-majestys-ship-the-racehorse-with-the-journal-of-capt-lutwich-who-accompanied-him-in-the-carcase-sloop-together-with-an-account-of-the-several-voyages-previously-undertaken-for-the-discovery-of-a-north-east-passage-to-china-and-japan-bruces-most-celebrated-travels-complete-into-abyssinia-to-discover-the-source-of-the-river-nile-in-egypt-hodgess-curious-travels-or-tour-in-india-including-entire-new-descriptions-of-the-manners-customs-and-present-state-of-the-coast-of-coromandel-madras-bengal-calcutta-benares-bidjigur-ahlahabad-lucknow-fyzabad-oud-dowlah-agra-c-history-of-four-travels-or-journeys-into-the-country-of-the-hottentots-and-caffraria-by-lieutenant-patterson-who-having-in-the-course-of-his-travels-visited-many-parts-in-that-quarter-not-hitherto-explored-by-europeans-has-by-this-publication-added-many-facts-and-new-discoveries-to-the-public-stock-of-historical-and-geographical-knowledge-new-travels-through-arabia-and-other-countries-in-the-east-translated-from-the-original-of-m-neibuhr-captain-of-engineers-in-the-service-of-the-king-of-denmark-new-travels-in-the-united-states-of-america-translated-from-the-french-of-m-brissot-de-warville-who-lately-suffered-unfortunately-by-the-guillotine-in-france-also-new-tours-and-travels-through-france-austrian-netherlands-holland-spain-italy-sweden-poland-c-c-together-with-a-new-tour-or-survey-of-the-russian-empire-according-to-its-present-newly-regulated-state-divided-into-different-governments-likewise-the-substance-of-all-other-eminent-navigators-and-travellers-such-as-morse-parkinson-lutwich-moore-hanway-howard-drummond-pocock-shaw-carver-dalrymple-burnet-baretti-thickness-twiss-bridone-wraxhall-johnson-pennant-smollet-forster-furneaux-banks-solander-bouganville-keate-ross-anbury-c-c-c-together-with-other-voyages-and-travels-too-numerous-to-mention-in-this-title-page-describing-in-the-most-accurate-manner-upon-an-entire-new-and-interesting-plan-every-place-worth-of-notice-in-europe-asia-africa-and-america/oclc/123570120&referer=brief_results}}</ref>

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