Kekhalifahan Kordoba: Perbedaan antara revisi

Etnis Arab menduduki puncak hierarki sosial; Muslim memiliki kedudukan sosial yang lebih tinggi daripada orang Yahudi, sedangkan Yahudi memiliki kedudukan sosial yang lebih tinggi daripada orang Kristen. Orang Kristen dan Yahudi dianggap [[Dzimmi]], wajib membayar [[jizyah]] (pajak untuk perang melawan kerajaan Kristen di utara).<ref>{{cite web|title=This day, Mary 15, in Jewish history|url=http://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/cjnconnect/blogs/article_057a78b4-3f44-5375-a20d-a850a62b2194.html|publisher=Cleveland Jewish News|access-date=2018-03-23|archive-date=2014-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519165352/http://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/cjnconnect/blogs/article_057a78b4-3f44-5375-a20d-a850a62b2194.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Kata seorang Muslim dihargai lebih dari orang Kristen atau Yahudi di pengadilan. Beberapa pelanggaran dihukum keras ketika seorang Yahudi atau Kristen adalah pelaku terhadap seorang Muslim bahkan jika pelanggaran diizinkan ketika pelaku adalah seorang Muslim dan korban seorang non-Muslim. Setengah dari populasi di Kordoba digambarkan telah menjadi Muslim pada abad ke-10, dengan peningkatan hingga 70 persen pada abad ke-11. Hal ini disebabkan migrasi Muslim dari sisa Semenanjung [[Iberia]] dan [[Afrika Utara]] dibandingkan perpindahkan keyakinan warga lokal ke dalam agama Islam. Dikombinasikan dengan pengusiran massal orang Kristen dari Kordoba setelah pemberontakan di kota, yang menjelaskan mengapa, selama kekhalifahan, Kordoba adalah pusat Muslim terbesar di wilayah tersebut. Migrasi Yahudi ke Kordoba juga meningkat pada waktu itu.

Populasi pada 1000 M diperkirakan sekitar 7.000.000 jiwa, dari total 9.000.000 jiwa di Semenanjung Iberia. {{sfn|Glick|1999|loc=Chapter 5: Ethnic Relations}}<ref>"The rate of conversion is slow until the tenth century (less than one-quarter of the eventual total number of converts had been converted); the explosive period coincides closely with the reign of 'Abd al-Rahmdn III (912–961); the process is completed (eighty percent converted) by around 1100. The curve, moreover, makes possible a reasonable estimate of the religious distribution of the population. Assuming that there were seven million Hispano-Romans in the peninsula in 711 and that the numbers of this segment of the population remained level through the eleventh century (with population growth balancing out Christian migration to the north), then by 912 there would have been approximately 2.8 million indigenous Muslims (muwalladûn) plus Arabs and Berbers. At this point Christians still vastly outnumbered Muslims. By 1100, however, the number of indigenous Muslims would have risen to a majority of 5.6 million.", (Glick 1999, Chapter 1: At the crossroads of civilization)</ref> Diperkirakan juga bahwa ibu kota menampung sekitar 450.000 orang, menjadikannya kota terbesar di Eropa pada saat itu.<ref name=Chandler>Tertius Chandler, ''Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census'', Lewiston, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1987. {{ISBN|0-88946-207-0}}. Figures in main tables are preferentially cited. Part of Chandler's estimates are summarized or modified at [http://irows.ucr.edu/research/citemp/citemtoc.htm The Institute for Research on World-Systems]; [http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm ''Largest Cities Through History'' by Matt T. Rosenberg] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818124242/http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm |date=2016-08-18 }}; or [http://www.etext.org/Politics/World.Systems/datasets/citypop/civilizations/citypops_2000BC-1988AD The Etext Archives] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211233018/http://www.etext.org/Politics/World.Systems/datasets/citypop/civilizations/citypops_2000BC-1988AD |date=2008-02-11 }}. Chandler defined a city as a continuously built-up area (urban) with suburbs but without farmland inside the municipality.</ref>