Cokelat susu: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Pengetik-AM (bicara | kontrib) ←Membuat halaman berisi '{{Infobox food | name = Cokelat susu | image_alt = Sebatang cokelat susu | image = Milk chocolate.jpg | caption = Cokelat susu batangan | type = Makanan manis | country = {{SWI}} | creator = Daniel Peter | year = 1875 | main_ingredient = {{plainlist}} * Mentega kakao * Biji kakao * Susu * Gula {{endplainlist}} | no_recipes= false }} '''Cokelat susu''' adalah cokelat padat yang mengandung kakao, gula, dan susu. Cokelat su...' Tag: Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler Suntingan seluler lanjutan |
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'''Cokelat susu''' adalah [[cokelat]] padat yang mengandung [[kakao]], [[gula]], dan [[susu]]. Cokelat susu awalnya dijual dan dikonsumsi sebagai [[minuman]] pada zaman [[pra-Kolumbus]], dan setelah diperkenalkan ke [[Eropa Barat]]. Produsen utama cokelat susu diantaranya [[Ferrero]], Hershey, [[Mondelēz International|Mondelēz]], [[Mars Incorporated|Mars]], dan [[Nestlé]]. Produsen-produsen ini menguasai pasar dengan lebih dari 50% cokelat susu yang dijual di seluruh dunia. Meskipun 4/5 dari semua cokelat susu dijual di [[Amerika Serikat]] dan [[Eropa]], jumlah produksi yang semakin besar berada di [[Tiongkok]] dan [[Amerika Latin]]. Sementara rasa dan tekstur menjadi kunci keberhasilannya, cokelat susu juga secara historis dipromosikan sebagai makanan sehat, terutama untuk anak-anak. Bukti terbaru menunjukkan bahwa cokelat tersebut dapat memberikan manfaat kesehatan [[antioksidan]].
Kata ''chocolate'' ada dalam [[bahasa Inggris]] sekitar tahun 1600, yang awalnya merujuk pada [[cokelat hitam]]. Istilah "cokelat susu" pertama digunakan untuk minuman yang dibawa ke [[London]] dari [[Jamaika]] pada tahun 1687, namun baru setelah penemu asal [[Swiss]] [[Daniel Peter]] berhasil menggabungkan kakao dan [[susu kental]] pada tahun 1875, dan menciptakan cokelat susu [[Batangan, Pati|batangan]]. Swiss dengan cepat berkembang sebagai pusat produksi cokelat susu, terutama setelah pengembangan mesin ''conching'' oleh Rodolphe Lindt, dan semakin banyak mengekspor ke pasar internasional. Cokelat susu menjadi arus utama pada awal [[abad ke-20]] setelah peluncuran cokelat batangan [[Cadbury Dairy Milk]] dan Hershey, sementara [[Belgia]] melihat berkembangnya pembuat cokelat dengan sembilan puluh produsen di [[Brussel]] pada tahun 1920-an. Pada saat yang sama, cokelat susu digabungkan dengan bahan lain, seperti [[nougat]], untuk membentuk berbagai jenis, termasuk Toblerone pada tahun 1908, Goo Goo Cluster pada tahun 1912 dan [[Kit Kat]] pada tahun 1935. Penyebaran global cokelat susu berlanjut ke abad berikutnya, seiring dengan meningkatnya konsolidasi di pasar. Perkembangan yang lebih baru adalah munculnya Fair Trade dan cokelat bersertifikasi UTZ Certified yang bertujuan untuk memberikan jaminan bagi para pelanggan. Pada tahun 2018, pasar cokelat susu bernilai sekitar $63,2 miliar.
== Referensi ==
=== Kutipan ===
{{reflist}}
=== Bibliografi ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book | last=Beckett | first=Steve T. | title=Industrial Chocolate Manufacture and Use |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xYe5oTopUTAC | publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] | year=2011 | isbn=9781444357554 }}
* {{cite book | last=Beckett | first=Steve T. | title=The Science of Chocolate | location=London | publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry | year=2015 | isbn=978-0-85404-970-7}}
* {{cite book | last=Beckett | first=Steve T. | chapter=Traditional Chocolate Making | editor-last1=Beckett | editor-first1=Steve T. | editor-last2=Fowler | editor-first2=Mark S. | editor-last3=Ziegler | editor-first3=Gregory R.| title=Beckett's Industrial Chocolate Manufacture and Use | location=Chichester | publisher=Wiley | year=2017 | isbn=978-1-11878-014-5 | pages=1–8}}
* {{cite book | last=Burns Windsor | first=David | title=The Quaker Enterprise: Friends in Business | location=London | publisher=Frederick Muller Ltd | year=1980 | isbn=978-0-58410-257-4}}
* {{cite news | last1=Butler | first1=Sarah | last2=Farrell | first2=Sean | title=Thorntons bought by Ferrero for £112m | newspaper=The Guardian | date=22 June 2015 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/jun/22/thorntons-bought-by-ferrero-rocher-for-112m-pounds | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622131949/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/jun/22/thorntons-bought-by-ferrero-rocher-for-112m-pounds | archive-date=22 June 2015 }}
* {{cite journal| last=Byrne | first=Janes | title=Barry Callebaut optimises dairy-free milk chocolate alternative | journal=Confectionery News | url=https://www.confectionerynews.com/Article/2010/09/07/Barry-Callebaut-optimises-dairy-free-milk-chocolate-alternative| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903114517/https://www.confectionerynews.com/Article/2010/09/07/Barry-Callebaut-optimises-dairy-free-milk-chocolate-alternative | archive-date=3 September 2020 | date=5 September 2010}}
* {{cite book | last=Carr | first=David | title=Candymaking in Canada | url=https://archive.org/details/candymakingincan0000carr | location=Toronto | publisher=Dundurn Press | year=2003 | isbn=978-1-550-02395-4}}
* {{cite book | last=Chrystal | first=Paul | title=Rowntree's – The Early History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDgxEAAAQBAJ | publisher=[[Pen and Sword Books|Pen and Sword History]] | year=2021 | isbn=9781526778925 }}
* {{cite book | last1=Coe | first1=Sophie D. | last2=Coe | first2=Michael D. | title=The True History of Chocolate | location=London | publisher=Thames and Hudson | year=2019 | isbn=978-0-50029-474-1}}
* {{cite book | last1=Fabian | first1=Maike | last2=Möge | first2=Sirko | last3=Wünsche | first3=Katja | chapter=Lever mit Schokolade: Wie sich Desdner Geschmacksinn entwickelte | trans-chapter=Leveraging chocolate: How Dresden's sense of taste developed | title=Dresden: ethnografische Erkundungen einer Residenzstadt | trans-title=Dresden: An Ethnographic Exploration of a Royal Seat | location=Leipzig | publisher=Leipzig University Press | year=2006 | isbn=978-3-86583-118-7 | language=de | pages=177–207}}
* {{cite book | last=Fromm | first=Ingrid | chapter=From Small Chocolatiers to Sustainable Sourcing: A Historical Review of the Swiss Chocolate Industry | editor-last1=Squicciarini| editor-first2=Mara P. | editor-last2=Swinnen | editor-first=Johan F. M. | title=The Economics of Chocolate | location=Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2019 | isbn=978-0-19883-340-6 | pages=71–87}}
* {{cite book | last=Goldstein | first=Darra| title=The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets | location=Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2015 | isbn=978-0-19931-339-6}}
* {{cite book | last=Hackenesch | first=Silke | chapter=Advertising Chocolate | title=Chocolate and Blackness: A Cultural History | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Mk9DwAAQBAJ | publisher=Campus Verlag | year=2017 | isbn=9783593507767 }}
* {{cite book | last1=Haver | first1=Gianni | last2=Middleton | first2=Robert| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=py_DBwAAQBAJ | title=Swissness in a Nutshell |location=[[Basel]] | publisher=[[Schwabe (publisher)|Schwabe]] | year=2015| isbn=9783905252644 }}
* {{cite report | author=IMARC | title=Milk Chocolate Market: Global Industry Trends, Share, Size, Growth, Opportunity and Forecast 2019-2024 | location=Arlington | publisher=IMARC | year=2018}}
* {{cite book | last=Kusher | first=Barak | chapter=Sweetness and Empire | editor-last1=Franks | editor-first1=Penelope | editor-last2=Hunter | editor-first2=Janet | title=The Historical Consumer: Consumption and Everyday Life in Japan, 1850–2000 | url=https://archive.org/details/historicalconsum0000unse | location=Basingstoke | publisher=Palgrave-Macmillan| year=2012 | isbn=978-0-230-27366-5 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/historicalconsum0000unse/page/n144 127]–150}}
* {{cite book | last=Lambert | first=Joshua D. | chapter=Nutritional and Health Aspects of Chocolate | editor-last1=Beckett | editor-first1=Steve T. | editor-last2=Fowler | editor-first2=Mark S. | editor-last3=Ziegler | editor-first3=Gregory R.| title=Beckett's Industrial Chocolate Manufacture and Use | location=Chichester | publisher=Wiley | year=2017 | isbn=978-1-11878-014-5 | pages=521–531}}
* {{cite book | last1=Langen | first1=Nina | last2=Hartmann | first2=Monika | chapter=Chocolate Brands' Communication of CSR in Germany | editor-last1=Squicciarini| editor-first2=Mara P. | editor-last2=Swinnen | editor-first=Johan F. M. | title=The Economics of Chocolate | location=Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2019 | isbn=978-0-19883-340-6 | pages=247–267}}
* {{cite book | last1=Li | first1=Fan | last2=Mo | first2=Di | chapter=The Burgeoning Chocolate Market in China | editor-last1=Squicciarini| editor-first2=Mara P. | editor-last2=Swinnen | editor-first=Johan F. M. | title=The Economics of Chocolate | location=Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2019 | isbn=978-0-19883-340-6 | pages=383–399}}
* {{cite book | last=Martin | first=Kathy | title=Famous Brand Names and Their Origins | location=Barnsley | publisher=Pen & Sword History | year=2016 | isbn=978-1-78159-015-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c76wDQAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book | last1=Meloni | first1=Giulia | last2=Swinnen | first2=Loreto | chapter=Chocolate Regulations | editor-last1=Squicciarini| editor-first2=Johan | editor-last2=Swinnen | editor-first=Johan F. M. | title=The Economics of Chocolate | location=Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2019 | isbn=978-0-19883-340-6 | pages=268–306}}
* {{cite book |last=Meo |first=Carlo |date=2012 |title=Design marketing. Innovare cambiando i significati del consumo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_2ts8-non0C |language=Italian |location=Milan |publisher=Gruppo 24 Ore |isbn= 9788863454413}}
* {{cite book | last1=Mo | first1=Di | last2=Rozelle | first2=Scott | last3=Zhang | first3=Linxiu | chapter=Chocolate Brands and Preferences of Chinese Consumers | editor-last1=Squicciarini| editor-first2=Mara P. | editor-last2=Swinnen | editor-first=Johan F. M. | title=The Economics of Chocolate | location=Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2019 | isbn=978-0-19883-340-6 | pages=170–179}}
* {{cite book | last1=Moramarco | first1=Stefania | last2=Nemi | first2=Loreto | chapter=Nutritional and Health Effects of Chocolate | editor-last1=Squicciarini| editor-first2=Mara P. | editor-last2=Swinnen | editor-first=Johan F. M. | title=The Economics of Chocolate | location=Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2019 | isbn=978-0-19883-340-6 | pages=134–156}}
* {{cite book | last1=Morton | first1=Marcia | last2=Morton | first2=Freceric | title=Chocolate, an Illustrated History | url=https://archive.org/details/chocolateillustr0000mort | location=Oxford | publisher=Crown | year=1986 | isbn=978-0-51755-765-5}}
* {{cite journal | last=Noble | first=Mark D. |title=Chocolate and the Consumption of Forests: A Cross-National Examination of Ecologically Unequal Exchange in Cocoa Exports | journal=Journal of World-Systems Research | year=2017 | volume=23 | number=2 | pages=236–268 | doi=10.5195/JWSR.2017.731| doi-access=free }}
* {{cite book | last1=Poelmans | first1=Eline | last2=Swinnen | first2=Johann | chapter=A Brief Economic History of Chocolate | editor-last1=Squicciarini| editor-first2=Mara P. | editor-last2=Swinnen | editor-first=Johan F. M. | title=The Economics of Chocolate | location=Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2019 | isbn=978-0-19883-340-6 | pages=11–42}}
* {{cite book | last=Sloane | first=Paul | chapter=Daniel Peter | title=Think Like An Innovator: 76 inspiring business lessons from the world's greatest thinkers and innovators | location=London | publisher=Pearson UK | year=2016 | isbn=9781292142234 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sa8oDQAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book | last=Smith |first=Andrew F. |title=Fast Food and Junk Food: An Encyclopedia of What We Love to Eat| url=https://archive.org/details/fastfoodjunkfood0002smit | location=Santa Barbara | publisher=Greenwood | year=2011 | isbn=978-0-31339-394-5}}
* {{cite journal | last=Stenzel | first=Paulette L. | title=Mainstreaming Fair Trade: From Coffee and Chocolate to Clothing and Beyond | journal=GlobalEdge Business Review | volume=5 | number=5 | year=2011 | pages=1–2 |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/content/gbr/gbr5-5.pdf}}
* {{cite book | last1=Wilson | first1=Philip K. | last2=Hurst | first2=W. Jeffrey | title=Chocolate as Medicine: A Quest Over the Centuries | url=https://archive.org/details/chocolateasmedic0000wils | location=London | publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-84973-411-0}}
* {{cite book | last=Wohlmuth | first=Edward G. | chapter=Recipes | editor-last1=Beckett | editor-first1=Steve T. | editor-last2=Fowler | editor-first2=Mark S. | editor-last3=Ziegler | editor-first3=Gregory R.| title=Beckett's Industrial Chocolate Manufacture and Use | location=Chichester | publisher=Wiley | year=2017 | isbn=978-1-11878-014-5 | pages=492–508}}
* {{cite book | last=Wright | first=Kai D. |title=Follow the Feeling: Brand Building in a Noisy World | location=Hoboken | publisher=Wiley | year=2019 | isbn=978-1-11960-049-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U7-cDwAAQBAJ}}
[[Kategori:Jenis cokelat|Susu]]
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