Teori konspirasi: Perbedaan antara revisi

 

'''Teori konspirasi''' adalah penjelasan untuk suatu peristiwa atau situasi yang memicu persekongkolan oleh kelompok-kelompok jahat dan berkuasa, seringkali bermotif politik,<ref name="Harambam-Aupers 2021">{{cite journal |last1=Harambam |first1=Jaron |last2=Aupers |first2=Stef |date=August 2021 |title=From the unbelievable to the undeniable: Epistemological pluralism, or how conspiracy theorists legitimate their extraordinary truth claims |journal=European Journal of Cultural Studies |publisher=SAGE Publications |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=990–1008 |doi=10.1177/1367549419886045 |doi-access=free |issn=1460-3551}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Ted |last=Goertzel |date=December 1994 |title=Belief in conspiracy theories |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_political-psychology_1994-12_15_4/page/n126 |journal=Political Psychology |publisher=Wiley on behalf of the International Society of Political Psychology |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=731–742 |doi=10.2307/3791630 |issn=1467-9221 |jstor=3791630 |quote=''"explanations for important events that involve secret plots by powerful and malevolent groups"''}}</ref><ref>{{Cite OED |conspiracy theory}} ''"the theory that an event or phenomenon occurs as a result of a conspiracy between interested parties; ''spec''. a belief that some covert but influential agency (typically political in motivation and oppressive in intent) is responsible for an unexplained event"''</ref> ketika penjelasan lain lebih mungkin.<ref name="Harambam-Aupers 2021"/><ref name="BrothertonFrench2013">{{cite journal|last1=Brotherton|first1=Robert|last2=French|first2=Christopher C.|last3=Pickering|first3=Alan D.|title=Measuring Belief in Conspiracy Theories: The Generic Conspiracist Beliefs Scale|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|volume=4|year=2013|page=279|issn=1664-1078|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00279|pmid=23734136|pmc=3659314|s2cid=16685781| quote=A conspiracist belief can be described as 'the unnecessary assumption of conspiracy when other explanations are more probable'.|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="probability">Additional sources:

*{{cite journal|last1=Brotherton|first1=Robert|last2=French|first2=Christopher C.|title=Belief in Conspiracy Theories and Susceptibility to the Conjunction Fallacy|journal=Applied Cognitive Psychology|volume=28|issue=2|year=2014|pages=238–248|issn=0888-4080|doi=10.1002/acp.2995| quote=A conspiracy theory can be defined as an unverified and relatively implausible allegation of conspiracy, claiming that significant events are the result of a secret plot carried out by a preternaturally sinister and powerful group of people.|doi-access=free}}

*{{cite journal |last1=Jonason |first1=Peter Karl |last2=March |first2=Evita |last3=Springer |first3=Jordan |title=Belief in conspiracy theories: The predictive role of schizotypy, Machiavellianism, and primary psychopathy |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=14 |issue=12 |year=2019 |pages=e0225964 |issn=1932-6203 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0225964 |pmid=31794581 |pmc=6890261 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1425964M |quote=Conspiracy theories are a subset of false beliefs, and generally implicate a malevolent force (e.g., a government body or secret society) involved in orchestrating major events or providing misinformation regarding the details of events to an unwitting public, in part of a plot towards achieving a sinister goal.|doi-access=free }}

 

Teori konspirasi menolak pemalsuan dan diperkuat oleh penalaran melingkar: baik bukti yang menentang konspirasi dan tidak adanya bukti untuk itu ditafsirkan kembali sebagai bukti kebenarannya,<ref name="Byford" /><ref name="Keeley1999">{{Cite journal |last=Keeley |first=Brian L. |date=March 1999 |title=Of Conspiracy Theories |journal=The Journal of Philosophy |volume=96 |issue=3 |pages=109–126 |doi=10.2307/2564659|jstor=2564659 }}</ref> dimana konspirasi menjadi masalah iman daripada sesuatu yang dapat dibuktikan atau disangkal.<ref name="Barkun2003">{{cite book|last1=Barkun|first1=Michael|author-link1=Michael Barkun|title=A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America|date=2003|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cultureconspirac00bark_286/page/n15 3]–4|title-link=A Culture of Conspiracy}}</ref><ref name="Barkun2011">{{cite book|last1=Barkun|first1=Michael|author-link1=Michael Barkun|title=Chasing Phantoms: Reality, Imagination, and Homeland Security Since 9/11|url=https://archive.org/details/chasingphantomsr11bark|date=2011|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|location=Chapel Hill|page=[https://archive.org/details/chasingphantomsr11bark/page/n30 10]}}</ref> Studi telah menghubungkan kepercayaan pada teori konspirasi dengan ketidakpercayaan pada otoritas dan sinisme politik.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Swami |first=Viren |date=2012-08-06 |title=Social Psychological Origins of Conspiracy Theories: The Case of the Jewish Conspiracy Theory in Malaysia |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |location=London, UK |volume=3 |pages=280 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00280 |issn=1664-1078 |pmc=3412387 |pmid=22888323|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Radnitz |first=Scott |title=Citizen Cynics: How People Talk and Think about Conspiracy |date=2021 |url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780197573532.001.0001/oso-9780197573532-chapter-9 |publication-place=University of Washington |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oso/9780197573532.003.0009 |isbn=978-0-19-757353-2 |access-date=2022-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jolley |first1=Daniel |last2=Douglas |first2=Karen M. |date=2014-02-20 |title=The Effects of Anti-Vaccine Conspiracy Theories on Vaccination Intentions |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |publication-place=University of Kent |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=e89177 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0089177 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3930676 |pmid=24586574|bibcode=2014PLoSO...989177J |doi-access=free }}</ref> Beberapa peneliti menyarankan bahwa '''ide konspirasi'''—kepercayaan pada teori konspirasi—mungkin berbahaya secara psikologis atau patologis,<ref name="Freeman 595–604">{{Cite journal|last1=Freeman|first1=Daniel|last2=Bentall|first2=Richard P.|date=29 March 2017|title=The concomitants of conspiracy concerns|journal=Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology|language=en|volume=52|issue=5|pages=595–604|doi=10.1007/s00127-017-1354-4|issn=0933-7954|pmc=5423964|pmid=28352955}}</ref><ref name="Barron 156–159">{{Cite journal|last1=Barron|first1=David|last2=Morgan|first2=Kevin|last3=Towell|first3=Tony|last4=Altemeyer|first4=Boris|last5=Swami|first5=Viren|date=November 2014|title=Associations between schizotypy and belief in conspiracist ideation|journal=Personality and Individual Differences|language=en|volume=70|pages=156–159|doi=10.1016/j.paid.2014.06.040|url=http://westminsterresearch.wmin.ac.uk/14570/1/1-s2.0-S0191886914003821-main.pdf}}</ref> dan itu berkorelasi dengan pemikiran analitis yang lebih rendah, kecerdasan rendah, proyeksi psikologis, paranoia, dan Machiavellianisme.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Douglas|first1=Karen M.|last2=Sutton|first2=Robbie M.|date=12 April 2011|title=Does it take one to know one? Endorsement of conspiracy theories is influenced by personal willingness to conspire|url=http://kar.kent.ac.uk/26187/1/Douglas%20%26%20Sutton%202011%20BJSP.pdf|journal=British Journal of Social Psychology|volume=10|issue=3|pages=544–552|doi=10.1111/j.2044-8309.2010.02018.x|pmid=21486312|access-date=28 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103180834/https://kar.kent.ac.uk/26187/1/Douglas%20%26%20Sutton%202011%20BJSP.pdf|archive-date=3 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Psikolog biasanya mengaitkan kepercayaan pada teori konspirasi dan menemukan konspirasi di mana tidak ada sejumlah kondisi psikopatologis seperti paranoid, skizotip, narsisisme, dan keterikatan yang tidak aman,<ref name="Andrade2020"/> atau ke bentuk bias kognitif yang disebut "persepsi pola ilusi".<ref>{{cite web |title=Conspiracy Theorists Really Do See The World Differently, New Study Shows |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/conspiracy-theory-beliefs-illusory-pattern-perception-cognitive-science |first=Signe |last=Dean |publisher=Science Alert |date=23 October 2017 |access-date=17 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Conspiracy Theorists Have a Fundamental Cognitive Problem, Say Scientists |url=https://www.inverse.com/article/37463-conspiracy-beliefs-illusory-pattern-perception |first=Sarah |last=Sloat |publisher=Inverse |date=17 October 2017 |access-date=17 June 2020}}</ref> Namun, konsensus ilmiah saat ini menyatakan bahwa sebagian besar ahli teori konspirasi tidak patologis, justru karena keyakinan mereka pada akhirnya bergantung pada kecenderungan kognitif yang tertanam secara neurologis pada spesies manusia dan mungkin memiliki asal-usul evolusioner yang mendalam, termasuk kecenderungan alami terhadap kecemasan dan deteksi agensi.<ref name="Andrade2020"/>

'''Bacaan lanjutan'''

* {{Cite book|last=Aaronovitch|first=David|title=Voodoo Histories: The Role of the Conspiracy Theory in Shaping Modern History|year=2010|publisher=Riverhead|isbn=978-1-59448-895-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/voodoohistoriesr0000aaro}}

* Burnett, Thom. ''Conspiracy Encyclopedia: The Encyclopedia of Conspiracy Theories''

* Butter, Michael, and Peter Knight. "Bridging the great divide: conspiracy theory research for the 21st century." ''Diogenes'' (2016): 0392192116669289. [http://hssfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/KX-48-20-abstracts.pdf online]

* {{cite book|author=Chase, Alston|year=2003|title=Harvard and the Unabomber: The Education of an American Terrorist|location=New York|publisher=W. W. Norton|isbn=978-0-393-02002-1|url=https://archive.org/details/harvardunabomber00chas}}

* {{cite book | editor = Coward, Barry |year = 2004 | title = Conspiracies and Conspiracy Theory in Early Modern Europe: From the Waldensians to the French Revolution | publisher = Ashgate Publishing | isbn = 978-0-7546-3564-2}}

* {{cite news | last1 = Cziesche | first1 = Dominik | author2 = Jürgen Dahlkamp, Ulrich Fichtner, Ulrich Jaeger, Gunther Latsch, Gisela Leske, Max F. Ruppert | year = 2003 |url= https://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/cover-story-panoply-of-the-absurd-a-265160.html | title = Panoply of the Absurd | work = Der Spiegel | access-date = 6 June 2006 }}

* De Graaf, Beatrice and Zwierlein, Cornel (eds.) [https://www.gesis.org/en/hsr/full-text-archive/2013/381-security-and-conspiracy/ ''Security and Conspiracy in History, 16th to 21st Century'']. Historical Social Research 38, Special Issue, 2013

* Fleming, Chris and Emma A. Jane. ''Modern Conspiracy: The Importance of Being Paranoid''. New York and London: Bloomsbury, 2014. {{ISBN|978-1-62356-091-1}}.

* Harris, Lee. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130114231139/http://american.com/archive/2013/january/the-trouble-with-conspiracy-theories ''"The Trouble with Conspiracy Theories"'']. The American, 12 January 2013.

* Hofstadter, Richard. ''The paranoid style in American politics'' (1954). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170116220729/http://www.fuminyang.com/michelle/Paranoid%20Style.pdf online]

 

[[Kategori:Teori konspirasi]]