Kitab Kematian: Perbedaan antara revisi

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(4 revisi perantara oleh 2 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 28:
'''''Kitab Kematian''''' ([[Bahasa Mesir]]:𓂋𓏤𓈒 𓏌𓏤 𓉐𓂋 𓏏𓂻 𓅓 𓉔𓂋 𓅱 𓇳𓏤,{{lang-en|Book of the Dead}}) adalah sebuah teks pemakaman [[Mesir Kuno|Mesir kuno]], yang digunakan dari awal [[Kerajaan Baru]] (sekitar 1550 SM) hingga sekitar 50 SM.{{sfnp|Taylor|2010|p=54}} Nama asli Mesir untuk teks tersebut, ditransliterasikan: ''rw nw prt m hrw''{{sfnp|Allen|2000|p=316}} yang berarti ''Kitab Keberangkatan Setiap Hari'' (''Book of Coming Forth by Day'').{{sfnp|Taylor|2010|p=55}}{{efn|atau mungkin "''Ucapan Keberangkatan Setiap Hari''" ({{harvnb|D'Auria|Lacovara|Roehrig|1988|p=187}}).}} Terjemahan lain adalah ''Kitab Menuju Cahaya'' (''Book of Emerging Forth into the Light''). "Kitab" adalah istilah paling dekat untuk menggambarkan koleksi teks-teks lepas tersebut, yang terdiri dari sejumlah mantra magis yang dimaksudkan untuk memandu perjalanan orang yang meninggal melewati ''[[Duat]]'', atau [[dunia bawah]], dan ke [[alam baka]] serta ditulis oleh banyak pendeta selama sekitar 1000 tahun.
 
''Kitab Kematian'' merupakan bagian dari tradisi teks pemakaman yang mencakup ''[[Teks Piramida]]'' dan ''[[Teks Peti Mati]]'', yang dituliskan pada objek, bukan [[papirus]]. Beberapa [[mantra]] diambil dari karya-karya yang lebih tua dan berasal dari milenium ke-3 SM. Mantra lainlainnya disusun kemudian pada [[Periode Menengah Ketiga Mesir|Periode Menengah Ketiga]] (abad ke 11 hingga 7 SM). Beberapa mantra yang menyusun kitab tersebut masih terus diukir pada dinding makam dan [[Sarkofagus|''sarcophagi'']], seperti mantra asalnya. ''Kitab Kematian'' diletakkan dalam peti mati atau ruang pemakaman orang yang meninggal.
 
Tidak ada ''Kitab Kematian'' yang tunggal atau resmi. Papirus yang masih bertahan berisi beragam pilihan teks keagamaan dan magis serta sangat bervariasi dalam ilustrasinya. Beberapa orang tampaknya memesan salinan ''Kitab Kematian'' mereka sendiri, mungkin dengan pemilihan mantra yang mereka anggap paling penting demi pencapaian mereka di alam baka. ''Kitab Kematian'' biasanya ditulis dalam aksara [[Hieroglif Mesir|hieroglif]] atau [[hieratik]] pada gulungan papirus, dan sering diilustrasikan dengan [[Sketsa (gambar)|sketsa]] yang menggambarkan mendiang dan perjalanannya ke alam baka.
Baris 156:
* {{Cite book|title=The Egyptian Book of the Dead: Documents in the Oriental Institute Museum at the University of Chicago|last=Allen|first=Thomas George|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1960|location=Chicago|language=en|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Allen|first=Thomas George|year=1974|title=The Book of the Dead or Going Forth by Day. Ideas of the Ancient Egyptians Concerning the Hereafter as Expressed in Their Own Terms|journal=SAOC|language=en|location=Chicago|publisher=University of Chicago Press|volume=37|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|title=Death and Salvation in Ancient Egypt|url=https://archive.org/details/deathsalvationin0000assm|last=Assmann|first=Jan|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=2005|isbn=0-8014-4241-9|language=en|orig-year=2001|translator-first=David|translator-last=Lorton}}
* {{cite book|title=Le Livre des morts des anciens Égyptiens|last=Barguet|first=Paul|publisher=Éditions du Cerf|year=1967|location=Paris|language=French|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|title=Egypt's Place in Universal History: an Historical Investigation in Five Books|first= Christian C. J. |last=Bunsen|volume=Vol. 5|date=1867|publisher=Longmans, Green, and Company|place=London|language=en|ref=harv}}
Baris 162:
* {{Cite book|title=The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead|publisher=University of Texas Press|year=1972|editor-first1=Raymond O|place=Austin|language=en|ref=harv|editor-last2=Andrews|editor-first2=Carol|editor-last1=Faulkner}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Egyptian Book of the Dead, The Book of Going forth by Day. The First Authentic Presentation of the Complete Papyrus of Ani|last=Faulkner|first=Raymond O.|publisher=Chronicle Books|year=1994|editor-last=von Dassow|editor-first=Eva|place=San Francisco|language=en|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Ancient Egyptian books of the Afterlife|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientegyptianb00horn|year=1999|isbn=0-8014-8515-0|place=Cornell University Press|language=en|ref=harv|last1=Hornung|first1=Erik|last2=Lorton|first2=D}}
* {{cite book|last1=Kemp|first1=Barry|title=How to Read the Egyptian Book of the Dead|date=2007|publisher=Granta Publications|location=New York|language=en|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Papyrus of Nu (Catalogue of Books of the Dead in the British Museum)|last=Lapp|first=G|publisher=British Museum Press|year=1997|place=London|language=en|ref=harv}}
Baris 173:
{{refend}}
==Bacaan selanjutnya==
*Allen, James{{cite P., ''book|title=Middle Egyptian – An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs'', edisi pertama|last=Allen|first=James edition, P.|publisher=Cambridge University Press, 2000|url=https://www. {{ISBNgoogle.co.id/books/edition/Middle_Egyptian/cK-BAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover|year=2000|isbn=0-521-77483-7|location=|ref={{sfnref|Allen|2000}}|url-status=live}}
*Allen, Thomas George,{{cite ''book|title=The Egyptian Book of the Dead: Documents in the Oriental Institute Museum at the University of Chicago''.|last=Allen|first=Thomas George|publisher=University of Chicago Press, |url=|year=1960|isbn=|location=Chicago |ref={{sfnref|Allen|1960.}}|url-status=live}}
*Allen, Thomas George,{{cite ''book|title=The Book of the Dead or Going Forth by Day. Ideas of the Ancient Egyptians Concerning the Hereafter as Expressed in Their Own Terms,'' SAOC vol. 37;|last=Allen|first=Thomas George|publisher=University of Chicago Press, |url=https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/publications/saoc/saoc-37-book-dead-or-going-forth-day-ideas-ancient-egyptians-concerning|year=1974|isbn=|location=Chicago, |ref={{sfnref|Allen|1974.}}|url-status=live}}
*Assmann, Jan (2005){{cite [2001]. ''book|title=Death and Salvation in Ancient Egypt''., TranslatedTerjemahan byoleh David Lorton.|last=Assmann|first=Jan |publisher=Cornell University Press|url=https://www. {{ISBNgoogle.co.id/books/edition/Death_and_Salvation_in_Ancient_Egypt/l7Bfd0zy_YQC?hl=en&gbpv=1|year=1960|isbn=0-8014-4241-9|location=|ref={{sfnref|Assmann|1960}}|url-status=live}}
*D'Auria, S{{cite (''et al.'') ''book|title=Mummies and Magic: the Funerary Arts of Ancient Egypt|last=D'Auria, S ('.'et al.'')|first=|publisher=Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, |url=|year=1989. {{ISBN|isbn=0-87846-307-0|location=Boston|ref={{sfnref|D'Auria, S (''et al.'')|1989}}|url-status=live}}
*Faulkner, Raymond O; Andrews, Carol (editor),{{cite ''book|title=The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead''.|last=Faulkner|first=Raymond O|publisher=University of Texas Press, |url=|year=1972|isbn=|location=Austin, |ref={{sfnref|Faulkner|1972.}}|url-status=live}}
*Faulkner, Raymond O (translator); von Dassow, Eva (editor),{{cite ''book|title=The Egyptian Book of the Dead, The Book of Going forth by Day. The First Authentic Presentation of the Complete Papyrus of Ani''.|last=Faulkner|first=Raymond O|publisher=Chronicle Books, |url=|year=1994|isbn=|location=San Francisco, |ref={{sfnref|Faulkner|1994.}}|url-status=live}}
*Hornung, Erik; Lorton, D{{cite (translator), ''book|title=The Ancient Egyptian books of the Afterlife''. |last=Hornung|first=Erik|publisher=Cornell University Press, 1999|url=https://www. {{ISBNgoogle.co.id/books/edition/The_Ancient_Egyptian_Books_of_the_Afterl/7j2PVRZ4ETUC?hl=en&gbpv=1|year=1999|isbn=0-8014-8515-0|location=|ref={{sfnref|Hornung|1999}}|url-status=live}}
*Lapp, G,{{cite ''book|title=The Papyrus of Nu (Catalogue of Books of the Dead in the British Museum)''. |last=Lapp|first=G|publisher=British Museum Press, |url=|year=1997|isbn=|location=London, |ref={{sfnref|Lapp|1997.}}|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|title=The Papyrus of Nu (Catalogue of Books of the Dead in the British Museum), British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan|last=Marcus|first=Müller-Roth|publisher=British Museum Press|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/353403563/EGYPTIAN-the-Book-of-the-Dead-Project-Past-Present-and-Future-2010|year=2010|isbn=|location=London|ref={{sfnref|Marcus|2010}}|url-status=live}}
*Müller-Roth, Marcus, "The Book of the Dead Project: Past, present and future." ''British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan'' 15 (2010): 189-200.
* {{Ill|Niwinski,cite Andrzej|plbook|Andrzej Niwiński }}, ''title=Studies on the Illustrated Theban Funerary Papyri of the 11th and 10th Centuries B.C.''. OBO vol. 86; |last=Niwinski|first=Andrzej|publisher=Universitätsverlag, |url=|year=1989|isbn=|location=Freiburg, |ref={{sfnref|Niwinski|1989.}}|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|title=Magic in Ancient Egypt|last=Geraldine|first=Pinch|publisher=British Museum Press|url=https://books.google.co.id/books/about/Magic_in_Ancient_Egypt.html?id=YXP2HUHn1j0C&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y|year=1994|isbn=0-7141-0971-1|location=London|ref={{sfnref|Geraldine|1994}}|url-status=live}}
*Pinch, Geraldine, ''Magic in Ancient Egypt''. British Museum Press, London, 1994. {{ISBN|0-7141-0971-1}}
*Taylor, John H.{{cite (Editor), ''book|title=Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead: Journey through the afterlife''.|last=Taylor|first=John H.(Editor)|publisher=British Museum Press, London, 2010|url=https://www. {{ISBNgoogle.co.id/books/edition/Journey_Through_the_Afterlife/BcuOoz_1l5wC?hl=en&gbpv=1|year=2010|isbn=978-0-7141-1993-9|location=London|ref={{sfnref|Taylor|2010}}|url-status=live}}
 
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