Jalaluddin Rumi: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Jalāl ad-Dīn MohammadMuhammad Rūmī''' ([[Bahasa Persia]]: {{lang-fanq|جلال‌الدین محمد رومی}}), juga dikenal dengan nama '''Jalāl ad-Dīn MohammadMuhammad Balkhī''' ([[Bahasa Persia]]: {{lang|fanq|جلال‌الدین محمد بلخى}}) atau sering pula disebut '''Rumi''' (30 September 1207 – 17 December 1273), adalah seorang [[penyair]] sufi [[Persia]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yalman|first=Suzan|date=7 July 2016|title=Badr al-Dīn Tabrīzī|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/badr-al-din-tabrizi-COM_25104?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=Mawl%C4%81n%C4%81+Jal%C4%81l+al-D%C4%ABn+R%C5%ABm%C4%AB|journal=Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE|language=en|quote=Badr al-Dīn Tabrīzī was the architect of the original tomb built for Mawlānā Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī (d. 672/1273, in Konya), the great Persian mystic and poet.}}</ref><ref name="EI">Ritter, H.; Bausani, A. "ḎJ̲alāl al-Dīn Rūmī b. Bahāʾ al-Dīn Sulṭān al-ʿulamāʾ Walad b. Ḥusayn b. Aḥmad Ḵh̲aṭībī." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007. Brill Online. Excerpt: "known by the sobriquet Mewlānā, persian poet and founder of the Mewlewiyya order of dervishes"</ref><ref name="lewislewis2">{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Franklin D.|year=2008|title=Rumi: Past and Present, East and West: The life, Teaching and poetry of Jalal Al-Din Rumi|publisher=Oneworld Publication|page=9|quote=How is that a Persian boy born almost eight hundred years ago in Khorasan, the northeastern province of greater Iran, in a region that we identify today as in Central Asia, but was considered in those days as part of the greater Persian cultural sphere, wound up in central Anatolia on the receding edge of the Byzantine cultural sphere, in what is now Turkey, some 1,500 miles to the west?}}</ref> teolog [[Maturidi]], sekaligus [[ulama]] yang lahir di [[Balkh]] (sekarang [[Samarkand]]), [[Persia Raya]].<ref name="lewis2">{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Franklin D.|year=2008|title=Rumi: Past and Present, East and West: The life, Teaching and poetry of Jalal Al-Din Rumi|publisher=Oneworld Publication|page=9|quote=How is that a Persian boy born almost eight hundred years ago in Khorasan, the northeastern province of greater Iran, in a region that we identify today as in Central Asia, but was considered in those days as part of the greater Persian cultural sphere, wound up in central Anatolia on the receding edge of the Byzantine cultural sphere, in what is now Turkey, some 1,500 miles to the west?}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Schimmel|first=Annemarie|date=7 April 1994|title=The Mystery of Numbers|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=51|quote=These examples are taken from the Persian mystic Rumi's work, not from Chinese, but they express the yang-yin{{sic}} relationship with perfect lucidity.}}</ref> Selama tujuh abad terakhir, orang-orang [[Bangsa Iran|Iran]], [[Bangsa Tajik|Tajik]], [[Bangsa Turki|Turki]], [[Bangsa Yunani|Yunani]], [[Pashtun]], orang-orang Islam di [[Asia Tengah]], serta orang-orang Islam di [[Subbenua India]] telah menikmati karya-karyanya. Puisi-puisinya telah diterjemahkan ke dalam berbagai bahasa dan juga diubah ke dalam beragam format. Rumi telah dikenal sebagai salah satu "penyair terpopuler"<ref name="BBC-Haviland">{{cite news|author=Charles Haviland|date=30 September 2007|title=The roar of Rumi—800 years on|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7016090.stm|work=BBC News|access-date=30 September 2007}}</ref> dan juga "penyair terlaris" di [[Amerika Serikat]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Ciabattari|first=Jane|date=21 October 2014|title=Why is Rumi the best-selling poet in the US?|url=http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20140414-americas-best-selling-poet|work=BBC News|access-date=22 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Tompkins|first=Ptolemy|date=29 October 2002|title=Rumi Rules!|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,356133,00.html|newspaper=Time|issn=0040-781X|access-date=22 August 2016}}</ref>

Kebanyakan karya-karya Rumi ditulis dalam bahasa [[Bahasa Persia|Persia]], tetapi ia juga terkadang menggunakan [[bahasa Turki]],<ref name="Annemarie Schimmel">Annemarie Schimmel, The Triumphal Sun: A Study of the Works of Jalaloddin Rumi, SUNY Press, 1993, p. 193: "Rumi's mother tongue was Persian, but he had learned during his stay in Konya, enough Turkish and Greek to use it, now and then, in his verse."</ref> [[Bahasa Arab|Arab]],<ref name="Franklin Lewis">Franklin Lewis: "On the question of Rumi's multilingualism (pp. 315–317), we may still say that he spoke and wrote in Persian as a native language, wrote and conversed in Arabic as a learned "foreign" language and could at least get by at the market in Turkish and Greek (although some wildly extravagant claims have been made about his command of Attic Greek, or his native tongue being Turkish) (Lewis 2008:xxi). (Franklin Lewis, "Rumi: Past and Present, East and West: The Life, Teachings and Poetry of Jalal al-Din Rumi," One World Publication Limited, 2008). Franklin also points out that: "Living among Turks, Rumi also picked up some colloquial Turkish."(Franklin Lewis, "Rumi: Past and Present, East and West: The Life, Teachings and Poetry of Jalal al-Din Rumi," One World Publication Limited, 2008, p. 315). He also mentions Rumi composed thirteen lines in Greek (Franklin Lewis, ''Rumi: Past and Present, East and West: The Life, Teachings and Poetry of Jalal al-Din Rumi'', One World Publication Limited, 2008, p. 316). On Rumi's son, Sultan Walad, Franklin mentions: "[[Sultan Walad]] elsewhere admits that he has little knowledge of Turkish" (Sultan Walad): Franklin Lewis, ''Rumi, "Past and Present, East and West: The Life, Teachings and Poetry of Jalal al-Din Rumi'', One World Publication Limited, 2008, p. 239) and "Sultan Valad did not feel confident about his command of Turkish" (Franklin Lewis, ''Rumi: Past and Present, East and West'', Oneworld Publications, 2000, p. 240)</ref> dan [[Bahasa Yunani|Yunani]]<ref>Δέδες, Δ. 1993. Ποιήματα του Μαυλανά Ρουμή. Τα Ιστορικά 10.18–19: 3–22.</ref><ref>Meyer, G. 1895. Die griechischen Verse in Rabâbnâma. Byzantinische Zeitschrift 4: 401–411.</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=22 April 2009|title=Greek Verses of Rumi & Sultan Walad|url=http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/Play/rumiwalad.html|work=uci.edu|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120805175317/http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/Play/rumiwalad.html|archive-date=5 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> dalam tulisan-tulisannya. Salah satu karyanya, yaitu Kitab Masnawi (''Mathnawi''), yang disusun di [[Konya]], dianggap sebagai salah satu puisi terbaik dalam bahasa Persia.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gardet|first=Louis|year=1977|title=The Cambridge History of Islam, Part VIII: Islamic Society and Civilization|publisher=Cambridge University Press|editor-last=Holt|editor-first=P.M.|page=586|chapter=Religion and Culture|quote=It is sufficient to mention [['Aziz Nasafi|'Aziz al-Din Nasafi]], Farid al-Din 'Attar and Sa'adi, and above all Jalal al-Din Rumi, whose Mathnawi remains one of the purest literary glories of Persia|editor2-last=Lambton|editor2-first=Ann K.S.|editor3-last=Lewis|editor3-first=Bernard}}</ref><ref name="C.E. Bosworth p. 391">C.E. Bosworth, "Turkmen Expansion towards the west" in UNESCO History of Humanity, Volume IV, titled "From the Seventh to the Sixteenth Century", UNESCO Publishing / Routledge, p. 391: "While the Arabic language retained its primacy in such spheres as law, theology and science, the culture of the Seljuk court and secular literature within the sultanate became largely Persianized; this is seen in the early adoption of Persian epic names by the Seljuk rulers (Qubād, Kay Khusraw and so on) and in the use of Persian as a literary language (Turkmen must have been essentially a vehicle for everyday speech at this time). The process of Persianization accelerated in the 13th century with the presence in Konya of two of the most distinguished refugees fleeing before the Mongols, Bahā' al-Dīn Walad and his son Mawlānā Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī, whose Mathnawī, composed in Konya, constitutes one of the crowning glories of classical Persian literature."</ref> Karya ini merupakan salah satu karya paling berpengaruh dalam dunia [[Sufisme]], dan kerap disebut sebagai "Quran dalam bahasa Persia".<ref>{{cite book|author=Jawid Mojaddedi|year=2004|title=Rumi, Jalal al-Din. The Masnavi, Book One|publisher=Oxford University Press (Kindle Edition)|page=xix|chapter=Introduction}}</ref>

Hingga saat ini, karya-karya Rumi dalam bahasa aslinya telah dan masih banyak dibaca di wilayah Persia Raya dan juga wilayah-wilayah yang menuturkan bahasa Persia.<ref>{{Cite news|date=9 August 2010|title=Interview: 'Many Americans Love Rumi...But They Prefer He Not Be Muslim'|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/Interview_Many_Americans_Love_RumiBut_They_Prefer_He_Not_Be_Muslim/2122973.html|newspaper=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty|language=en|access-date=22 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Interview: A mystical journey with Rumi|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/LH14Ak01.html|website=Asia Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816123932/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/LH14Ak01.html|archive-date=16 August 2010|access-date=22 August 2016|url-status=unfit}}</ref> Sementara itu, hasil terjemahan karya-karyanya juga amat populer, terutama di [[Turki]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Amerika Serikat]], dan wilayah [[Asia Selatan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dîvân-i Kebîr Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī|url=http://www.omifacsimiles.com/brochures/divan.html|website=OMI – Old Manuscripts & Incunabula|access-date=22 August 2016}}</ref> Puisi-puisinya membawa pengaruh siginifikan, tidak hanya teradap [[sastra Persia]], tapi juga terhadap tradisi sastra yang ditulis dalam bahasa [[Bahasa Turki Utsmaniyah|Turki Utsmaniyah]], [[Bahasa Chagatai|Chagatai]], [[Bahasa Urdu|Urdu]], [[Bahasa Bengali|Bengali]] dan [[Bahasa Pashtun|Pashtun]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rahman|first=Aziz|date=27 August 2015|title=Nazrul: The rebel and the romantic|url=http://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/70741/Nazrul:-The-rebel-and-the-romantic|work=The Daily Sun|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417122146/http://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/70741/Nazrul:-The-rebel-and-the-romantic|archive-date=17 April 2017|access-date=12 July 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Khan, Mahmudur Rahman|date=30 September 2018|title=A tribute to Jalaluddin Rumi|url=https://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/339651/A-tribute-to-Jalaluddin-Rumi|work=The Daily Sun}}</ref>

Ayahnya yang masih merupakan keturunan [[Abu Bakar]] bernama Bahauddin Walad, sedangkan ibunya berasal dari keluarga kerajaan Khwarazm. Ayah Rumi merupakan seorang cendekia yang saleh, berpandangan ke depan, dan seorang guru yang terkenal di Balkh. Saat Rumi berusia tiga tahun, karena terancam oleh serbuan Mogol, keluarganya meninggalkan Balkh melalui Khurasan dan Suriah, sampai ke Provinsi Rum di Anatolia tengah, yang merupakan bagian Turki sekarang. Mereka menetap di Qonya, ibu kota provinsi Rum. Dalam pengembaraan dan pengungsiannya tersebut, keluarganya sempat singgah di kota Nishapur yang merupakan tempat kelahiran penyair dan ahli matematika Omar Khayyam. Di kota inilahini, saat Rumi berusia 6 tahun, ayahnya mengajak Rumi bertemu dengan Attarseorang yangsufi meramalkanterkenal si[[Fariduddin bocahAttar]] pengungsi iniyang kelakmeramalkannya akan masyhurtermasyhur yang akan menyalakan api gairah ketuhanan.

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