Agnostisisme: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Agnostik''' atau '''Agnostisisme''' merupakan suatu pandangan bahwa ada atau tidaknya [[Tuhan]] atau hal-hal [[supranatural]] adalah suatu yang tidak diketahui atau tidak dapat diketahui.<ref name="Hepburn">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Agnosticism |first=Ronald W. |last=Hepburn |publisher=MacMillan Reference USA (Gale) |editor=Donald M. Borchert |origyear=1967 |year=2005 |edition=2nd |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Philosophy|The Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |volume=1 |page=92 |isbn=0-02-865780-2 |quote=In the most general use of the term, agnosticism is the view that we do not know whether there is a God or not.}} (halaman 56 dalam edisi 1967)</ref><ref name="RoweRoutledge">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/?id=VQ-GhVWTH84C&pg=PA122&dq=agnosticism+routledge |title=Agnosticism |first=William L. |last=Rowe |authorlink=William L. Rowe |encyclopedia=[[Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |isbn=978-0-415-07310-3 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1998 |editor=Edward Craig |quote=In the popular sense, an agnostic is someone who neither believes nor disbelieves in God, whereas an atheist disbelieves in God. In the strict sense, however, agnosticism is the view that human reason is incapable of providing sufficient rational grounds to justify either the belief that God exists or the belief that God does not exist. In so far as one holds that our beliefs are rational only if they are sufficiently supported by human reason, the person who accepts the philosophical position of agnosticism will hold that neither the belief that God exists nor the belief that God does not exist is rational.}}</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary |dictionary=OED Online, 3rd ed. |entry=agnostic, agnosticism |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=September 2012 <!--|accessdate=July 22, 2013--> |quote='''agnostic'''. : '''A'''. n[oun]. :# A person who believes that nothing is known or can be known of immaterial things, especially of the existence or nature of God. :# In extended use: a person who is not persuaded by or committed to a particular point of view; a sceptic. Also: person of indeterminate ideology or conviction; an equivocator. : '''B.''' adj[ective]. :# Of or relating to the belief that the existence of anything beyond and behind material phenomena is unknown and (as far as can be judged) unknowable. Also: holding this belief. :# a. In extended use: not committed to or persuaded by a particular point of view; sceptical. Also: politically or ideologically unaligned; non-partisan, equivocal. '''agnosticism''' n. The doctrine or tenets of agnostics with regard to the existence of anything beyond and behind material phenomena or to knowledge of a First Cause or God.}}</ref> Definisi lain yang diberikan adalah pandangan bahwa "alasan yang dimiliki manusia tidak mampu memberikan dasar rasional yang cukup untuk membenarkan keyakinan bahwa Tuhan itu ada atau keyakinan bahwa Tuhan itu tidak ada."<ref name="RoweRoutledge"/>

Seorang ahli [[biologi]] [[Inggris]], [[Thomas Henry Huxley]] mencetuskan kata ''agnostic'' pada tahun 1869 dengan mengatakan, "Secara sederhana ini memiliki makna bahwa seseorang tidak sepatutnya mengatakan kalau dirinya tahu atau percaya pada sesuatu yang mana dirinya tidak memiliki dasar ilmiah untuk mengaku tahu atau percaya." Beberapa pemikir lebih awal sebelumnya telah menulis karya-karya yang isinya mengangkat cara pandang agnostik, beberapa di antaranya adalah [[Sanjaya Belatthiputta]], seorang filsuf India dari abad ke -5 [[Sebelum Masehi|SM]], yang mengungkapkan agnostisisme akan kehidupan setelah mati.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.02.0.than.html |title=Samaññaphala Sutta: The Fruits of the Contemplative Life |others=a part of the Digha Nikaya translated in 1997 by Thanissaro Bhikkhu |quote=If you ask me if there exists another world (after death),&nbsp;... I don't think so. I don't think in that way. I don't think otherwise. I don't think not. I don't think not not. |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6NFylf86U?url=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.02.0.than.html |archivedate=February 9, 2014 |deadurl=no |df=mdy }}</ref><ref name="Bhaskar 1972">Bhaskar (1972).</ref><ref name="Ridgeon2003">{{cite book |author=Lloyd Ridgeon |title=Major World Religions: From Their Origins To The Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AubFD0B-a7AC&pg=PA63 |date=March 13, 2003 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-203-42313-4 |pages=63–}}</ref> dan [[Protagoras]], seorang filsuf [[Yunani Kuno|Yunani]] abad ke-5 [[SM]], yang mengungkapkan agnostisisme terhadap keberadaan "Tuhan-Tuhan."<ref name="Protagoras">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/protagor/ |title=The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy&nbsp;– Protagoras (c. 490&nbsp;– c. 420 BCE) |accessdate=July 22, 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6N5BAlO9r?url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/protagor/ |archivedate=February 2, 2014 |quote=While the pious might wish to look to the gods to provide absolute moral guidance in the relativistic universe of the Sophistic Enlightenment, that certainty also was cast into doubt by philosophic and sophistic thinkers, who pointed out the absurdity and immorality of the conventional epic accounts of the gods. Protagoras' prose treatise about the gods began "Concerning the gods, I have no means of knowing whether they exist or not or of what sort they may be. Many things prevent knowledge including the obscurity of the subject and the brevity of human life." |deadurl=no |df=mdy }}</ref><ref name="patri">{{cite web|url=http://www.positiveatheism.org/india/s1990a22.htm |title=Progress of Atheism in India: A Historical Perspective |publisher=Atheist Centre 1940–1990 Golden Jubilee |date=February 1990 |accessdate=June 29, 2014 |author=Patri, Umesh and Prativa Devi |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Qh9396tk?url=http://www.positiveatheism.org/india/s1990a22.htm |archivedate=June 29, 2014 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy }}</ref><ref name="Treharne2012">{{cite book |author=Trevor Treharne |title=How to Prove God Does Not Exist: The Complete Guide to Validating Atheism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JtOzmf_5zLcC&pg=PA34 |year=2012 |publisher=Universal-Publishers |isbn=978-1-61233-118-8 |pages=34 ff.}}</ref><ref name="Schwab2012">{{cite book |author=Helmut Schwab |title=Essential Writings: A Journey Through Time: A Modern "De Rerum Natura" |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8aIKEESkEqoC&pg=PT77 |date=December 10, 2012 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-1-4759-6026-6 |pages=77 ff.}}</ref>

Sebagai seorang ilmuwan, di atas segalanya, [[Thomas Henry Huxley|Huxley]] mempresentasikan agnostisisme sebagai bentuk demarkasi. Sebuah hipotesis tanpa bukti yang mendukung, objektif, dan dapat diuji bukanlah klaim ilmiah yang objektif. Dengan demikian, tidak akan ada cara untuk menguji hipotesis tersebut, sehingga hasilnya tidak konklusif. AgnostisismenyaAgnostisisme-nya tidak kompatibel dalam membentuk keyakinan tentang kebenaran, atau kepalsuan, dari klaim yang ada. [[Karl Popper]] juga menggambarkan dirinya sebagai seorang agnostik.<ref name="Edward Zerin 1998">Edward Zerin: Karl Popper On God: The Lost Interview. ''Skeptic'' '''6''':2 (1998)</ref> Menurut filsuf [[William L. Rowe]], dalam pengertian yang ketat ini, agnostisisme adalah pandangan bahwa akal manusia tidak mampu memberikan alasan rasional yang cukup untuk membenarkan baik keyakinan bahwa Tuhan itu ada atau keyakinan bahwa Tuhan tidak ada.<ref name="RoweRoutledge2" />

[[George H. Smith]], meskipun mengakui bahwa definisi sempit [[Ateisme|ateis]] adalah definisi yang umum digunakan untuk kata itu,<ref>George H. Smith, Atheism: The Case Against God, pg. 9</ref> dan mengakui bahwa definisi luas agnostik adalah definisi yang umum digunakan untuk kata itu,<ref>George H. Smith, Atheism: The Case Against God, pg. 12</ref> mengusulkan perluasan definisi ateis dan mempersempit definisi agnostik. Smith menolak agnostisisme sebagai alternatif ketiga dari [[teisme]] dan [[ateisme]] dan mengajukan istilah-istilah seperti ateisme agnostik (pandangan mereka yang tidak memiliki keyakinan akan keberadaan Tuhan apa pun, tetapi mengklaim bahwa keberadaan Tuhan tidak diketahui atau tidak dapat diketahui secara inheren) dan teisme agnostik (pandangan mereka yang percaya pada keberadaan Tuhan(-Tuhan), tetapi mengklaim bahwa keberadaan Tuhan tidak diketahui atau tidak dapat diketahui secara inheren).<ref name="Smith19792">{{cite book|last=Smith|first=George H|year=1979|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FI7ZAAAAMAAJ&q=agnostic+theist|title=Atheism: The Case Against God|isbn=978-0-87975-124-1|pages=10–11|quote=Properly considered, agnosticism is not a third alternative to theism and atheism because it is concerned with a different aspect of religious belief. Theism and atheism refer to the presence or absence of belief in a god; agnosticism refers to the impossibility of knowledge with regard to a god or supernatural being. The term ''agnostic'' does not, in itself, indicate whether or not one believes in a god. Agnosticism can be either theistic or atheistic.|author-link=George H. Smith}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Harrison|first=Alexander James|year=1894|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c3QrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA21|title=The Ascent of Faith: or, the Grounds of Certainty in Science and Religion|location=London|publisher=Hodder and Stroughton|page=21|oclc=7234849|ol=21834002M|quote=Let Agnostic Theism stand for that kind of Agnosticism which admits a Divine existence; Agnostic Atheism for that kind of Agnosticism which thinks it does not.}}</ref><ref name="barker-agnostic-atheism">{{cite book|last=Barker|first=Dan|year=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fAjPWYgIfCoC&pg=PA96|title=Godless: How an Evangelical Preacher Became One of America's Leading Atheists|location=New York|publisher=Ulysses Press|isbn=978-1-56975-677-5|page=96|ol=24313839M|quote=People are invariably surprised to hear me say I am both an atheist and an agnostic, as if this somehow weakens my certainty. I usually reply with a question like, "Well, are you a Republican or an American?" The two words serve different concepts and are not mutually exclusive. Agnosticism addresses knowledge; atheism addresses belief. The agnostic says, "I don't have a knowledge that God exists." The atheist says, "I don't have a belief that God exists." You can say both things at the same time. Some agnostics are atheistic and some are theistic.|author-link=Dan Barker}}</ref>

''Agnostic'' ({{ety|grc|ἀ- (a-)|tanpa||[[wikt:γνῶσις|γνῶσις]] (gnōsis)|pengetahuan}}) digunakan oleh Thomas Henry Huxley dalam pidatonya pada pertemuan Metaphysical Society pada tahun 1869 untuk menggambarkan filosofinya, yang menolak semua klaim pengetahuan spiritual atau mistis.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dixon|first=Thomas|year=2008|title=Science and Religion: A Very Short Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/sciencereligionv00dixo_676|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-929551-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/sciencereligionv00dixo_676/page/n79 63]}}</ref><ref name="EB-Agnosticism2">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Antony|first=Flew|title=Agnosticism|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/9356/agnosticism|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=December 15, 2011}}</ref>

: Pandangan bahwa dengan perdebatan sebanyak apapun tetap tidak dapat membuktikan atau membantah keberadaan satu atau lebih Tuhan. Dan jika satu atau lebih Tuhan itu ada, mereka sepertinya tidak peduli dengan keadaan manusia. Oleh karena itu, keberadaan Tuhan memiliki sedikit atau bahkan tidak ada dampak pada persoalan pribadi manusia dan hendaknya tidak begitu dipedulikan. Seorang agnostik yang apatis akan berkata, "Saya tidak tahu apakah Tuhan itu ada atau tidak, dan saya tidak peduli apakah Tuhan itu ada atau tidak."<ref>{{cite web|author=John Tyrrell|year=1996|title=Commentary on the Articles of Faith|url=http://www.apatheticagnostic.com/ourchurch/faith.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807021506/http://www.apatheticagnostic.com/ourchurch/faith.html|archive-date=2007-08-07|quote=To believe in the existence of a god is an act of faith. To believe in the nonexistence of a god is likewise an act of faith. There is no verifiable evidence that there is a Supreme Being nor is there verifiable evidence there is not a Supreme Being. Faith is not knowledge. We can only state with assurance that we do not know.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Austin Cline|title=What is Apathetic Agnosticism?|url=http://atheism.about.com/od/Agnosticism-Types-Forms/a/Apathetic-Agnosticism-Gods.htm|access-date=2022-08-19|archive-date=2016-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118162807/http://atheism.about.com/od/Agnosticism-Types-Forms/a/Apathetic-Agnosticism-Gods.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>Rauch, Jonathan, ''Let It Be: Three Cheers for Apatheism'', ''[[The Atlantic Monthly]]'', May 2003</ref>

* {{en}} [http://www.agnosticuniverse.org/ingersoll-why_i_am_an_agnostic.html Kenapa saya seorang Agnostis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060718144400/http://www.agnosticuniverse.org/ingersoll-why_i_am_an_agnostic.html |date=2006-07-18 }} oleh Robert G. Ingersoll, [1896].

* {{en}} [http://www.religioustolerance.org/agnostic.htm ReligiousTolerance.org - Agnostisisme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219191643/http://www.religioustolerance.org/ |date=2010-02-19 }}